Yttrium (Y)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
88.90584 u電子配置
[Kr] 5s2 4d1融点
1521.85 °C沸点
3344.85 °C密度
4470 kg/m³酸化数
0, +1, +2, +3電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.22第1イオン化エネルギー
6.21726 eV発見年
1794原子半径
180 pm詳細
Yttrium is a silvery transition metal grouped with the rare-earth elements because it commonly occurs with lanthanides and forms predominantly trivalent cations. Its chemistry is close to the heavier lanthanides, especially holmium and erbium, rather than to scandium. Although not itself a lanthanide, yttrium is a key component of phosphors, ceramics, lasers, and high-temperature oxide materials.
Yttrium has a silver-metallic luster and is relatively stable in air. Turnings of the metal, however, ignite in air if their temperature exceeds 400°C. Finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air.
The name derives from the Swedish village of Ytterby where the mineral gadolinite was found. In 1794, the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium in the mineral ytterbite, which was later renamed gadolinite for Gadolin. Gadolin originally called the element ytterbium after ytterbite. The name was subsequently shortened to yttrium, and later another element was given the name ytterbium.
Yttrium was discovered by Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10) in 1789. Gadolinite, which was named for Johan Gadolin, was discovered several years earlier in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden. Today, yttrium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.
Namded after Ytterby, a village in Sweden near Vauxholm. Yttria earth containing yttrium was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusual minerals containing rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium, and ytterbium as well as yttrium.
In 1843 Mosander showed that yttira could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was reserved for the most basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia.
Pure yttrium is a soft, silvery-white metal with a metallic luster. It is reasonably stable in dry air at room temperature because a thin oxide film forms, but finely divided metal is more reactive and can ignite when heated.
Yttrium is used mainly through its compounds and oxide ceramics. Yttrium oxide, Y₂O₃, is a host and stabilizer in red phosphors, optical ceramics, and refractory materials. Yttrium aluminum garnet, Y₃Al₅O₁₂, is the host crystal for Nd:YAG lasers. Yttria-stabilized zirconia is used in oxygen sensors, thermal-barrier coatings, and solid oxide fuel cells. Small additions of yttrium improve oxidation resistance and grain behavior in some alloys.
Although metallic yttrium is not widely used, several of its compounds are. Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) are both combined with europium to produce the red phosphor used in color televisions. Garnets made from yttrium and iron (Y3Fe5O12) are used as microwave filters in microwave communications equipment. Garnets made from yttrium and aluminum (Y3Al5O12) are used in jewelry as simulated diamond.
Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It is widely used in making YVO4 europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Hundreds of thousands of pounds are now used in this application.
Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters.
Yttrium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionally efficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also finding use as a gemstone (simulated diamond).
Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys.
Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of nuclear explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility.
Yttrium also can be used in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions.
It also has potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass.
Isotopes in Medicine
Carbon nanotubes (CNT), which are nano-scaled carbon tubes, are being examined in nanobiotechnology research studies because it has been discovered that CNTs labeled with 86Y (with a half-life of 0.6 day) are soluble when they are injected into mice. This discovery was made after mice were given an intravenous or intraperitoneal (directly into a body cavity) injection with the 86Y CNT and then were examined using positron emission tomography (PET) scans to observe whether the 86Y had been flushed from their systems. The PET scan determined that accumulation of 86Y occurred in the liver, kidney, and spleen with very rapid blood clearance. This has broad implications for developing drug treatments [303] M. R. McDevitt, D. Chattopadhyay, J. S. Jaggi, R. D. Finn, P. B. Zanzonico, C. Villa, D. Rey, J. Mendenhall, C. A. Batt, J. T. Njardarson, D. A. Scheinberg. PLoS One2, e907 (2007).. Radiomicrosphere therapy (RT) that uses 90Y (with a half-life of 64 h) microspheres is a proven therapy that helps treat hepatic (liver) cancer (Fig. IUPAC.39.1) [304] C. D. South, M. M. Meyer, G. Meis, E. Y. Kim, F. B. Thomas, A. A. Rikabi, H. Khabiri, M. Bloomston. World J. Surg. Oncol.6, 93 (2008).. 90Y is also used in radiosynovectomy to reduce joint pain [305] E. ‐C. Rodríguez‐Merchán, L. A. Valentino (Eds.), Current and Future Issues in Hemophilia Care, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2011)..
Yttrium most often occurs in the +3 oxidation state, forming colorless or white salts because Y³⁺ has no f electrons. Yttrium oxide, Y₂O₃, is basic and refractory, and yttrium fluoride, YF₃, is a stable, sparingly soluble fluoride. Yttrium chloride, YCl₃, and yttrium nitrate, Y(NO₃)₃, are common soluble laboratory precursors. Mixed oxides such as yttrium barium copper oxide, YBa₂Cu₃O₇−δ, are important in superconductivity, with properties strongly dependent on oxygen content.
See more information at the Yttrium compound page.
Massive yttrium metal has low acute toxicity, but metal dust is a fire hazard and can irritate the lungs or skin. Soluble yttrium salts can be harmful if inhaled or ingested in significant amounts, and insoluble dusts require ordinary industrial dust control. Radioisotope ⁹⁰Y is a strong beta emitter used medically; its hazard is isotope-specific and mainly radiological, not a property of stable natural yttrium.
Yttrium is dispersed in the crust and is usually associated with rare-earth minerals rather than concentrated in its own ores. It is relatively immobile under neutral to alkaline conditions because Y³⁺ hydrolyzes and binds to oxides, phosphates, and organic matter. Weathering can concentrate yttrium with heavy rare earths in ion-adsorption clays and lateritic deposits. No essential biological role is known.
Yttrium is produced as part of rare-earth mining and separation, not as an independent primary metal commodity. Important sources include xenotime, monazite, bastnäsite fractions, and heavy-rare-earth-rich ion-adsorption clays. Separation is difficult because yttrium tracks the heavy lanthanides chemically, so solvent extraction and ion-exchange processes are central to supply. Demand is tied to phosphors, ceramics, lasers, and stabilized zirconia, with substitution possible in some phosphor applications but harder in structural ceramic uses. Recycling is limited and mostly associated with specialized phosphor and electronic waste streams.
Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content.
It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques.
Yttrium is a trace element in the cosmos, made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar environments. In the Solar System it is far less abundant than iron-group elements but more abundant than many neighboring heavy elements. Its single stable isotope, ⁸⁹Y, makes extraterrestrial yttrium isotopically simple compared with many rare earths.
- Yttrium has only one stable isotope, ⁸⁹Y.
- It was named from Ytterby, the Swedish village linked to several rare-earth discoveries.
- Y³⁺ is diamagnetic, unlike many neighboring lanthanide ions.
- Yttrium is often counted with the heavy rare earths in mining and trade.
- Nd:YAG laser crystals contain yttrium in the host lattice, not as the lasing ion.
- Yttria-stabilized zirconia conducts oxide ions at high temperature.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 180 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 190 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 219 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 162 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 4470 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0198 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 1521.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 3344.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.298 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 26.53 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 六方最密充填構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.22 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.12
- 電子親和力
- 0.307 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 6.21726 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 12.223642 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 20.524481 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 60.607409 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 75.350259 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- 0, +1, +2, +3 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 3 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Kr] 5s2 4d1
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.11836037 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 3.762243 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 4.394465 eV
- 原子化熱
- 4.394465 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 4.40172 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 39 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 50 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 35 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 1 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Y-89
- 発見年
- 1794
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 33 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 1.3 × 10−5 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 365 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-65-5 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 2D3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Y
- InChI Key
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Y: 4d¹ 5s²[Kr] 4d¹ 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹ 5s²原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 89 安定 | 88.9058403 ± 0.0000024 | 100.0000% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（1521.85 °C）より1496.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全39件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y I | 0 | 361 | 189 | 351 |
| Y II | +1 | 116 | 66 | 116 |
| Y III | +2 | 113 | 0 | 0 |
| Y IV | +3 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
| Y V | +4 | 632 | 632 | 632 |
| Y VII | +6 | 168 | 168 | 168 |
| Y VIII | +7 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Y I | 0 | 194 |
| Y II | +1 | 249 |
| Y III | +2 | 51 |
| Y IV | +3 | 130 |
| Y V | +4 | 114 |
| Y VI | +5 | 2 |
| Y VII | +6 | 57 |
| Y VIII | +7 | 33 |
| Y IX | +8 | 2 |
| Y X | +9 | 2 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 90 pm |
| +3 | 7 | データなし | 96 pm |
| +3 | 8 | データなし | 101.89999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 9 | データなし | 107.5 pm |
化合物
同位体 (1)
Natural yttrium contains one isotope, 89Y. Nineteen other unstable isotopes have been characterized.
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 89 安定 | 88.9058403 ± 0.0000024 | 100.0000% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
全266件中50件を表示しています。 初期設定では、強度の測定値があるスペクトル線のみを表示します。
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 410.23691 nm | 9900 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 407.735998 nm | 9400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 412.829876 nm | 8900 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 414.28358 nm | 7500 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 404.76281 nm | 2400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 416.750671 nm | 2400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 423.5934 nm | 2200 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 408.37033 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 417.41339 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 464.368813 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.48486 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 619.17183 nm | 1200 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 643.50036 nm | 1000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 403.982219 nm | 940 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 452.72342 nm | 890 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 483.9861 nm | 770 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 552.75472 nm | 740 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 546.6464 nm | 710 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 558.18694 nm | 620 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 563.01301 nm | 560 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 484.56655 nm | 550 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 450.59441 nm | 500 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 452.77815 nm | 440 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 476.09753 nm | 410 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 485.26766 nm | 410 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 485.98428 nm | 330 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 425.11994 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).5d e 4G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 448.74634 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 550.3466 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 622.25784 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 543.82242 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 546.62434 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).6s e 4D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 679.37029 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 524.08001 nm | 181 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d2.(1G).5p z 2H* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 447.69471 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 469.67994 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d2.(1D).5p w 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 479.92999 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 513.51993 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d2.(1G).5p z 2H* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 557.74153 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 2G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 447.57178 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 472.8516 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.6s e 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 478.68762 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d2.(3P).5p x 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 421.77985 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.(2D).5d e 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 447.74436 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 475.2787 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3P).5p x 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 570.67133 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).6s e 4D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 492.18769 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.6s e 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 613.84349 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 668.75669 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 465.37837 nm | 140 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d2.(3P).5p y 4P* | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 163 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 130 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 124 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 240 pm
- Alvarez
- 275 pm
- UFF
- 334.5 pm
- MM3
- 271 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 274 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 180 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 12
- Pettifor
- 19
- Glawe
- 21
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 162 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 12 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2600 Ha·Bohr6
化学親和力
- プロトン親和力
- 967 kJ/mol
- 気相塩基性
- 945.9 kJ/mol
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 19.9 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 2
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 97
- 相対供給リスク
- 10
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 50
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 24
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 24
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 1795.15 K |
| 沸点 | 3618.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (10)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.8244 |
| 2 | p | 3.9968 |
| 2 | s | 10.3778 |
| 3 | d | 13.6029 |
| 3 | p | 15.9075 |
| 3 | s | 15.4485 |
| 4 | d | 23.0416 |
| 4 | p | 26.2544 |
| 4 | s | 24.7364 |
| 5 | s | 32.744 |
結晶半径の詳細 (4)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 104 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VII | 110 | ||
| 3 | VIII | 115.9 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 121.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
同位体の崩壊形式 (60)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 75 | B+ | — |
| 75 | B+p | — |
| 75 | p | — |
| 76 | B+ | — |
| 76 | p | — |
| 76 | B+p | — |
| 77 | B+ | 100% |
| 77 | B+p | — |
| 77 | p | — |
| 78 | B+ | 100% |
X線散乱因子 (619)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2.26036 |
| 10.1617 | — | 2.25621 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.25207 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.24793 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.2438 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.23968 |
| 11.0105 | — | 2.23344 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.21122 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.18921 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.16742 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.3×101 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.3×10-5 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content.
It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Yttrium https://periodic.lanl.gov/39.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Yttrium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.