Zinc (Zn)
transition-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
65.38 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Ar] 4s2 3d10गलनांक
419.53 °Cक्वथनांक
906.85 °Cघनत्व
7134 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−2, 0, +1, +2विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
1.65आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
9.394197 eVखोज का वर्ष
1746परमाणु त्रिज्या
135 pmविवरण
Zinc is a moderately reactive, bluish-white transition metal with a filled 3d shell and chemistry dominated by the +2 oxidation state. It is an essential trace element for living organisms and an important industrial metal, especially for corrosion protection of steel. In minerals it occurs chiefly as sulfide and carbonate ores, and in technology it is valued for sacrificial galvanic behavior, alloy formation, and stable, often colorless Zn²⁺ compounds.
Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150°C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide.
It exhibits superplasticity. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 35°K. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not been fully investigated.
The name derives from the German zink of unknown origin. It was first used in prehistoric times, where its compounds were used for healing wounds and sore eyes and for making brass. Zinc was recognized as a metal as early as 1374.
Although zinc compounds have been used for at least 2,500 years in the production of brass, zinc wasn't recognized as a distinct element until much later. Metallic zinc was first produced in India sometime in the 1400s by heating the mineral calamine (ZnCO3) with wool. Zinc was rediscovered by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746 by heating calamine with charcoal. Today, most zinc is produced through the electrolysis of aqueous zinc sulfate (ZnSO4).
From the German word Zink, of obscure origin. Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. An alloy containing 87 percent zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania.
Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746. He demonstrated that zinc could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal.
Pure zinc is a lustrous bluish-white metal when freshly cut, but it dulls in air as a thin protective surface film forms. It is brittle near room temperature in coarse cast form, becomes more workable when warmed, and melts at a comparatively low temperature for a structural metal.
The largest use of zinc is galvanizing, where a zinc coating protects iron and steel by forming a barrier and by acting as a sacrificial anode. Zinc is also used in brass and other alloys, die-cast components, roofing sheet, and anodes for batteries. Zinc oxide is used in rubber, ceramics, pigments, sunscreens, and topical preparations. Zinc is essential in nutrition, but supplemental or medicinal uses depend on specific compounds and doses rather than the metal itself.
Roughly one third of all metallic zinc produced today is used in a process known as galvanization. During galvanization, an object that is subject to corrosion, such as an iron nail, is given a protective coating of zinc. The zinc can be applied to an object by dipping it in a pool of molten zinc, but it is most often applied through an electroplating process. Sacrificial zinc anodes are used in cathodic protection systems to protect exposed iron from corrosion. Metallic zinc is also used to make dry cell batteries, roof cladding and die castings.
Zinc is used to make many useful alloys. Brass, an alloy of zinc that contains between 55% and 95% copper, is probably the best known zinc alloy. Brass was first used about 2,500 years ago and was widely used by the ancient Romans, who used it to make such things as coins, kettles and decorative items. Brass is still used today, particularly in musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion. Zinc is alloyed with lead and tin to make solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Prestal®, an alloy containing 78% zinc and 22% aluminum, is a strange material that is nearly as strong as steel but is molded as easily as plastic. Nickel silver, typewriter metal, spring brass and German silver are other common zinc alloys.
Zinc oxide (ZnO), a common zinc compound, forms when metallic zinc is exposed to the air and forms a protective coating that protects the rest of the metal. Zinc oxide is used in paints, some rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics, printing inks, soap and batteries, among other things. Zinc sulfide (ZnS), another zinc compound, glows when it is exposed to ultraviolet light, X-rays or electrons and is used to make luminous watch dials, television screens and fluorescent light bulbs. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is another zinc compound that is used to protect wood from decay and insects.
The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring bronze, German silver, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys.
Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, which are used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal(R), consisting of 78 percent zinc and 22 percent aluminum, is reported to be almost as strong as steel and as easy to mold as plastic. The alloy said to be so moldable that it can be molded into form using inexpensive ceramics or cement die casts.
Zinc is also used extensively to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material for modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment.
Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights.
The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50 percent more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of zinc possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of zinc in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.30.1). Stable zinc isotopes have been used as tracers to investigate biogeochemical and chemical processes in environmental contamination sites [243] M. Bigalke, S. Weyer, J. Kobza, W. Wilcke. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta74, 6801 (2010).. The isotope-amount ratio n(66Zn)/n(64Zn) can be used as an environmental tracer for detecting the pathways of anthropogenic zinc [244] Y. Sivry, J. Riotte, J. E. Sonke, S. Audry, J. Schafer, J. Viers, G. Blanc, R. Freydier, B. Dupre. Chem. Geol.255, 295 (2008)., [245] C. Cloquet, J. Carignan, G. Libourel. Environ. Sci. Technol.40, 6594 (2006)., [246] J. Chen, J. Gaillardet, P. Louvat. Environ. Sci. Technol.42, 6494 (2008)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Oral tracers of enriched 67Zn and intravenously injected stable isotopic tracers with enriched 70Zn are used simultaneously to determine the fraction of dietary zinc absorbed in humans, maintaining the amount or concentration of a nutrient or biomolecule in organs and body fluids. For example, zinc-isotope tracers can be administered to humans to determine if zinc absorption in their bodies may be impaired by ingestion of certain foods, food components, or dietary supplements. One such study conducted with Peruvian women showed that prenatal iron supplements affected the absorption of zinc during pregnancy. Another isotope tracer study investigated zinc deficiency in children with Crohn’s disease (an inflammatory disease of the intestines, especially the colon and ileum) [249] K. O’Brien, N. Zavaleta, L. Caulfield, J. Wen, S. Abrams. J. Nutr.130, 2251 (2000)., [250] I. J. Griffin, S. C. Kim, P. D. Hicks, L. K. Liang, S. A. Abrams. Pediatr. Res.56, 235 (2004).. Zinc radioisotopes (e.g. 65Zn, with a half-life of 244 days) can also be used for determining zinc absorption in humans, but they are now used rarely because of radiation hazards [251] K. B. Payton, P. R. Flanagan, E. A. Stinson, D. P. Chodirker, M. J. Chamberlain, L. S. Valberg. Gastroenterology83, 1264 (1982)., [252] N. M. Lowe, L. R. Woodhouse, J. S. Matel, J. C. King. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.71, 523 (2000).. ZnO nanoparticles enriched with 67Zn have been used as biological/environmental nanotoxicity tracers [253] A. D. Dybowska, M. N. Croteau, S. K. Misra, D. Berhanu, S. N. Luoma, P. Christian, P. O’Brien, E. Valsami-Jones. Environ. Pollut.159, 266 (2011)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
The 68Zn (p, 2p) 67Cu (with a half-life of 62 h) reaction in which targets with zinc enriched in 68Zn are irradiated and the neutron induced reaction 67Zn (n, p) 67Cu are both processes for producing 67Cu for radiotherapy [254] T. Katabuchi, S. Watanabe, N. S. Ishioka, Y. Iida, H. Hanaoka, K. Endo, S. Matsuhashi. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.277, 467 (2008).. Irradiation of 64Zn with a deuteron (the nucleus of 2H, consisting of a proton and a neutron) in a cyclotron will produce the radioisotope 64Cu (with a half-life of 12.7 h), which can be used for therapeutic applications and diagnosis with positron emission tomography (PET) via the 64Zn (d, 2p) 64Cu reaction [255] K. Abbas, J. Kozempel, M. Bonardi, F. Groppi, A. Alfarano, U. Holzwarth, F. Simonelli, H. Hofman, W. Horstmann, E. Menapace, L. Leseticky, N. Gibson. Appl. Radiat. Isot.64, 1001 (2006)..
Zinc chemistry is mainly Zn²⁺, with little stable redox chemistry in water because the d¹⁰ ion is not easily oxidized or reduced under ordinary conditions. Important compounds include zinc oxide, ZnO, a white amphoteric oxide; zinc sulfide, ZnS, a major ore mineral and phosphor host; zinc sulfate, ZnSO₄, used in industry and agriculture; and zinc chloride, ZnCl₂, a hygroscopic Lewis-acidic salt. Zinc also forms many coordination complexes, and organozinc reagents are useful in synthetic chemistry.
See more information at the Zinc compound page.
Zinc is nutritionally essential, but excessive intake of soluble zinc salts can cause toxicity and can interfere with copper metabolism. Fumes from freshly formed zinc oxide, ZnO, produced during welding or cutting galvanized metal, can cause metal fume fever. Zinc dust is combustible under suitable conditions, and some soluble or strongly acidic zinc compounds are irritants or environmentally hazardous at elevated concentrations. The stable isotopes are not radioactive hazards.
Zinc is not considered to be toxic, but when freshly formed ZnO is inhaled a disorder known as oxide shakes or zinc chills sometimes occurs. Where zinc oxide is encountered, recommendations include providing good ventilation to avoid concentration exceeding 5 mg/m3, (time-weighted over an 8-hour exposure, 40-hour work week).
Zinc is naturally released by rock weathering, volcanic emissions, and biological cycling, and it is also mobilized by mining, smelting, tire wear, galvanized materials, and waste streams. In soils and waters it partitions among dissolved Zn²⁺, mineral surfaces, organic matter, sulfides, and carbonates, so pH and redox conditions strongly affect mobility. It is an essential micronutrient, but elevated bioavailable zinc can harm aquatic organisms and soil microbiota.
Zinc is a major base metal produced primarily from sphalerite-rich ores, commonly after concentration by flotation. Roasted concentrates are processed by electrolytic or pyrometallurgical routes, with sulfur captured largely as sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄, in modern plants. Demand is closely tied to steel galvanizing, construction, transport, die casting, brass, and batteries. Recycling is significant from brass scrap, galvanized steel dusts, and die-cast alloys, although dispersed coatings are harder to recover efficiently than bulk metal scrap.
The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). One method of zinc extraction involves roasting its ores to form the oxide and reducing the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal.
Zinc is less cosmically abundant than iron-group elements such as iron and nickel, but it is a normal constituent of the solar system and of many stellar spectra. Its stable isotopes are produced by several nucleosynthetic pathways in massive stars and supernova environments. In planetary materials zinc is moderately volatile, so its abundance can record thermal processing during planet formation and impact history.
- Zinc coatings can protect exposed scratches because zinc corrodes preferentially to iron.
- Brass, a copper-zinc alloy, was made long before zinc was isolated as a pure metal in Europe.
- Zinc oxide is white, but it turns yellow when hot and becomes white again on cooling.
- Many enzymes use Zn²⁺ as a structural or catalytic center without changing its oxidation state.
- Sphalerite, the main zinc ore, can contain economically important cadmium, indium, or germanium impurities.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 135 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 122 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 139 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 121 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 7134 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0092 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 419.53 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 906.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 116 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.388 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 25.39 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- षट्कोणीय सघन संकुलित सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.65 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 1.59
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- -0.6 eV (ऋणात्मक मान — परमाणु द्वारा अतिरिक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन बांधने की भविष्यवाणी नहीं)
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 9.394197 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 17.964452 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 39.723437 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 59.573205 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 82.600284 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −2, 0, +1, +2 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 12 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Ar] 4s2 3d10
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.07617764 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 1.195004 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 1.351505 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 1.351505 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 1.351505 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 30 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 36 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 33 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 3 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Zn-66
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1746
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 70 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 0.005 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 266 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-66-6 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Zn
- InChI कुंजी
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Zn: 3d¹⁰ 4s²[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 66 स्थिर | 65.92603381 ± 0.00000094 | 27.7300% | स्थिर |
| 67 स्थिर | 66.92712775 ± 0.00000096 | 4.0400% | स्थिर |
| 68 स्थिर | 67.92484455 ± 0.00000098 | 18.4500% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (419.53 °C) से 394.5 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
30 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zn I | 0 | 570 | 16 | 564 |
| Zn II | +1 | 96 | 22 | 90 |
| Zn III | +2 | 39 | 0 | 0 |
| Zn IV | +3 | 119 | 0 | 0 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Zn I | 0 | 380 |
| Zn II | +1 | 94 |
| Zn III | +2 | 316 |
| Zn IV | +3 | 245 |
| Zn V | +4 | 158 |
| Zn VI | +5 | 193 |
| Zn VII | +6 | 134 |
| Zn VIII | +7 | 5 |
| Zn IX | +8 | 2 |
| Zn X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 60 pm |
| +2 | 5 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 68 pm |
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 74 pm |
| +2 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 90 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (3)
Naturally occurring zinc contains five stable isotopes. Sixteen other unstable isotopes are recognized.
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 66 स्थिर | 65.92603381 ± 0.00000094 | 27.7300% ± 0.9800% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 67 स्थिर | 66.92712775 ± 0.00000096 | 4.0400% ± 0.1600% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 68 स्थिर | 67.92484455 ± 0.00000098 | 18.4500% ± 0.6300% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 387.9141 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.7d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 396.543 nm | 78000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.8s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 411.31114 nm | 81000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.6d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 429.2883 nm | 32000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 429.8325 nm | 49000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.7s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 455.326 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.30p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 455.548 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.29p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 455.795 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.28p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 456.073 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.27p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 456.388 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.26p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 456.745 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.25p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 457.155 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.24p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 457.623 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.23p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 458.167 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.22p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 458.796 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.21p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 459.541 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.20p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 460.423 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.19p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 461.482 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.18p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 462.768 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.17p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 462.980809 nm | 390000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.5d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.351 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.16p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 466.559 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.15p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 468.013589 nm | 540000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 469.143 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.14p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 472.215691 nm | 1000000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 472.527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.13p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 477.071 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.12p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 481.053206 nm | 1100000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 506.866 nm | 77000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.9p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 506.943 nm | 21000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.9p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 506.998 nm | 3300 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.9p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 518.19819 nm | 120000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.6s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 530.866 nm | 380000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.8p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 531.017 nm | 160000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.8p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 531.101 nm | 56000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.8p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 577.205 nm | 490000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.7p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 577.5452 nm | 210000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.7p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 577.7033 nm | 85000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.7p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 623.78967 nm | 93000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.4d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 623.9169 nm | 38000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.4d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 636.23458 nm | 240000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.4d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 647.9184 nm | 55000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 1S → 3d10.4s.7p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 692.8295 nm | 40000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 693.8449 nm | 20000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 694.3184 nm | 7000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 118 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 120 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (ब्रैग)
- 132 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 239 pm
- UFF
- 276.3 pm
- MM3
- 229 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 222 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 134 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 77
- Pettifor
- 76
- Glawe
- 74
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 38.67 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.3 a.u.
- C₆
- 284 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 276 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक बंधुता
- प्रोटॉन बंधुता
- 608.6 kJ/mol
- गैसीय क्षारकता
- 586 kJ/mol
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 9.17 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 2
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 30
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 5
- भंडार वितरण
- 22
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 75
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 692.68 K |
| क्वथनांक | 1180.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (7)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.6755 |
| 2 | p | 3.902 |
| 2 | s | 8.172 |
| 3 | d | 16.1217 |
| 3 | p | 14.6307 |
| 3 | s | 13.7808 |
| 4 | s | 24.0348 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (4)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 74 | ||
| 2 | V | 82 | ||
| 2 | VI | 88 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 2 | VIII | 104 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (49)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 54 | 2p | 87% |
| 55 | B+ | 100% |
| 55 | B+p | 91% |
| 56 | B+ | 100% |
| 56 | B+p | 88% |
| 57 | B+ | 100% |
| 57 | B+p | 87% |
| 58 | B+ | 100% |
| 58 | B+p | 0.7% |
| 59 | B+ | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (504)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2.21675 |
| 10.1617 | — | 2.11915 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.02585 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.93665 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.85138 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.76986 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.69194 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.63293 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.57784 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.5246 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
7.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4.9×10-3 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). One method of zinc extraction involves roasting its ores to form the oxide and reducing the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Zinc https://periodic.lanl.gov/30.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Zinc.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.