Copper (Cu)
transition-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
63.546 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Ar] 4s1 3d10गलनांक
1084.62 °Cक्वथनांक
2561.85 °Cघनत्व
8933 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
1.9आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
7.72638 eVखोज का वर्ष
उपलब्ध नहींपरमाणु त्रिज्या
135 pmविवरण
Copper is a transition metal with high electrical and thermal conductivity, good ductility, and a chemistry dominated by the +1 and +2 oxidation states. It is one of the few metals found naturally in native form and has been worked since prehistory. Modern importance rests on electrical conductors, plumbing, heat exchangers, alloys, and catalytic or biological redox chemistry. Its surfaces oxidize slowly in air, often developing protective films rather than deep rusting.
Copper is reddish and takes on a bright metallic luster. It is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity).
The name derives from the Latin cuprum for Cyprus, the island where the Romans first obtained copper. The symbol Cu also comes from the Latin cuprum. The element has been known since prehistoric times.
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using copper for at least 11,000 years. Relatively easy to mine and refine, people discovered methods for extracting copper from its ores at least 7,000 years ago. The Roman Empire obtained most of its copper from the island of Cyprus, which is where copper's name originated. Today, copper is primarily obtained from the ores cuprite (CuO2), tenorite (CuO), malachite (CuO3·Cu(OH)2), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS) and bornite (Cu6FeS4). Large deposits of copper ore are located in the United States, Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru and Canada.
From the Latin word cuprum, from the island of Cyprus. It is believed that copper has been mined for 5,000 years.
Pure copper is a reddish-orange, lustrous metal when freshly polished. It is soft, malleable, and ductile, and it can be drawn into fine wire. In air it darkens as oxide and sulfide films form; long outdoor exposure may produce a green patina of basic copper salts.
The largest use of copper is in electrical wiring, power equipment, motors, generators, and electronics, where its conductivity and workability are central. Copper tubing and sheet are used in plumbing, roofing, heat exchangers, and refrigeration. Important alloys include brass, bronze, cupronickel, and beryllium copper, each chosen for combinations of strength, corrosion resistance, machinability, or spring properties. Copper surfaces and salts also have established antimicrobial and fungicidal applications, although soluble copper compounds require controlled use.
Used in large amounts by the electrical industry in the form of wire, copper is second only to silver in electrical conductance. Since it resists corrosion from the air, moisture and seawater, copper has been widely used in coins. Although once made nearly entirely from copper, American pennies are now made from zinc that has been coated with copper. Copper is also used to make water pipes and jewelry, as well as other items.
Pure copper is usually too soft for most uses. People first learned about 5,000 years ago that copper can be strengthened if it is mixed with other metals. The two most familiar alloys of copper are bronze and brass. Bronze, the first alloy created by people, is a mix of copper that contains as much as 25% tin. Early people used bronze to make tools, weaponry, containers and ornamental items. Brass, a mix of copper that contains between 5% and 45% zinc, was first used about 2,500 years ago. The Romans were the first to make extensive use of brass, using it to make such things as coins, kettles and ornamental objects. Today, brass is also used in some musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion.
Hydrated copper sulfate (CuSO4·H2O), also known as blue vitriol, is the best known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, as an algicide in water purification and as a blue pigment for inks. Cuperic chloride (CuCl2), another copper compound, is used to fix dyes to fabrics. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a poisonous white powder that is chiefly used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is commonly used in electroplating.
The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Iron's alloys brass and bronze are very important: all American coins are copper alloys and gun metals also contain copper.
Copper has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algaecide in water purification. Copper compounds, such as Fehling's solution, are widely used in analytical chemistry tests for sugar.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of copper possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of copper in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.29.1). 63Cu and 65Cu have been used to study copper isotope science of supergene (formed by descending solutions) copper minerals for potential use as an indicator of the paleohydraulic (ancient hydraulic) gradient, and for potential to provide a vector toward unrecognized copper source regions [236] D. Braxton, R. Mathur. Econ. Geol.106, 1447 (2011).. Copper isotope ratios of iron oxides and supergene copper sulfides in surface samples or fossil leached caps of ore deposits are being used in prospecting to rank prospects and focus on drilling areas that have the greatest potential for mature enrichment profiles [236] D. Braxton, R. Mathur. Econ. Geol.106, 1447 (2011)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
The copper isotope-amount ratio n(65Cu)/n(63Cu) along with the silver isotope-amount ratio n(109Ag)/n(107Ag) and lead isotope-amount ratios n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb), and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb) have been used to determine the origin of European coins and the flow of goods in the historical world market. Metals from Peru and Mexico and those from European mining sites have distinct isotopic signatures that enable the origin of the metal to be determined based on the isotopic compositions of silver, copper, and lead in the coins. Silver from mines in Mexico and Peru in the 16 th century was used to mint coins but did not influence the European coin market until the 18 th century [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011)..
Isotopes in Medicine
The radiopharmaceutical 62Cu-PTSM, which contains radioactive 62Cu (with a half-life of 9.7 min), is used as a tracer in positron emission tomography (PET) to quantify myocardial perfusion (heart blood-flow measurements) [238] H. Jadvar, J. A. Parker. Clinical PET and PET/CT, Springer-Verlag London Limited, New York, NY (2005)., [239] M. Shokeen, C. J. Anderson. Acc. Chem. Res.42, 832 (2009).. The radioisotope 64Cu (with a half-life of 12.7 h) is used for PET imaging and radiotherapy to diagnose, understand, and monitor disease (Fig. IUPAC.29.2) [238] H. Jadvar, J. A. Parker. Clinical PET and PET/CT, Springer-Verlag London Limited, New York, NY (2005)., [240] C. J. Anderson, R. Ferdani. Cancer Biother Radiopharm.24 (4), 379 (2009).. The stable isotope 65Cu has been used as a tracer to study copper absorption, utilization, and excretion in humans [241] J. R. Turnlund. Sci. Total Environ.28, 385 (1983)., [242] L. J. Harvey, J. R. Dainty, W. J. Hollands, V. J. Bull, J. H. Beattie, T. I. Venelinov, J. A. Hoogewerff, I. M. Davies, S. J. Fairweather-Tait. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.81, 807 (2005)..
Copper forms two especially important ionic states: copper(I), Cu⁺, and copper(II), Cu²⁺. Copper(I) oxide, Cu₂O, is red and semiconducting, while copper(II) oxide, CuO, is black and more strongly oxidized. Copper(II) sulfate, CuSO₄, is a common laboratory and agricultural salt, usually encountered as the blue pentahydrate CuSO₄·5H₂O. Halides such as copper(I) chloride, CuCl, and copper(II) chloride, CuCl₂, show the contrast between Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ chemistry. Complex formation with ammonia, cyanide, and organic ligands is a major part of copper chemistry.
See more information at the Copper compound page.
Copper is an essential trace element, but excessive intake or exposure can be harmful. Soluble copper salts may irritate the gastrointestinal tract and can be toxic at sufficient dose. Dusts and fumes from cutting, welding, or smelting copper-containing materials are occupational hazards, and some copper compounds are hazardous to aquatic life. Metallic copper is not highly reactive in bulk, but fine powders can present fire or dust risks under some conditions.
Copper occurs in sulfide, oxide, carbonate, and native-metal deposits, and it cycles through weathering, sediment transport, biological uptake, and mineral precipitation. In soils and waters it binds strongly to organic matter, sulfides, clays, and iron or manganese oxides, which limits mobility but can concentrate it in sediments. Copper is required by many organisms in enzymes, yet elevated dissolved copper is toxic to fish, invertebrates, algae, and microorganisms.
Copper is a major industrial metal produced chiefly from sulfide ores by mining, concentration, smelting, converting, and electrorefining, and from some oxide ores by leaching and electrowinning. Demand is tied closely to construction, electrical infrastructure, transport, industrial machinery, and electronics. Recycling is economically important because copper retains its properties after remelting and refining; scrap from wiring, plumbing, motors, and manufacturing waste is a major secondary source. Substitution by aluminium, optical fiber, plastics, or stainless steels is possible in some uses, but performance requirements often keep copper preferred.
Copper occasionally occurs natively, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite.
Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, the oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis.
Copper is less abundant in the cosmos than iron, nickel, or zinc. Its stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu, are produced mainly by neutron-capture and charged-particle processes in evolved stars and supernova environments. In the Solar System it is a minor lithophile to chalcophile element, concentrating strongly into sulfide minerals during planetary differentiation and ore formation.
- Copper has only two stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu.
- Its chemical symbol comes from Latin cuprum, linked to Cyprus.
- Copper is diamagnetic, despite being a transition metal.
- Very high-purity copper is used where residual elements would reduce electrical conductivity.
- The green patina on old copper roofs is not a single compound.
- Copper can catalyze oxidation reactions by cycling between Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 135 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 132 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 140 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 118 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 8933 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0071 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 1084.62 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 2561.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 401 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.385 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 24.44 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- फलक-केंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.9 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 1.85
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 1.235 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 7.72638 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 20.29246 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 36.841127 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 57.380198 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 79.800275 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 11 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Ar] 4s1 3d10
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.13743069 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 3.113437 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 3.496917 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 3.496917 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 3.496917 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 29 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 34 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 33 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 2 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Cu-63
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 60 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 2.5 × 10−4 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 361 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 1 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-50-8 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cu
- InChI कुंजी
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Cu: 3d¹⁰ 4s¹[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s¹परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63 स्थिर | 62.92959772 ± 0.00000056 | 69.1500% | स्थिर |
| 65 स्थिर | 64.9277897 ± 0.00000071 | 30.8500% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (1084.62 °C) से 1059.6 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
29 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cu I | 0 | 1003 | 37 | 1003 |
| Cu II | +1 | 2557 | 554 | 2557 |
| Cu III | +2 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu IV | +3 | 60 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu V | +4 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu X | +9 | 28 | 0 | 28 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Cu I | 0 | 365 |
| Cu II | +1 | 468 |
| Cu III | +2 | 390 |
| Cu IV | +3 | 298 |
| Cu V | +4 | 249 |
| Cu VI | +5 | 255 |
| Cu VII | +6 | 5 |
| Cu VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Cu IX | +8 | 2 |
| Cu X | +9 | 31 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 2 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 46 pm |
| +1 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 60 pm |
| +1 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 77 pm |
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 5 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 65 pm |
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 73 pm |
| +3 | 6 | low | 54 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (2)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 63 स्थिर | 62.92959772 ± 0.00000056 | 69.1500% ± 0.1500% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 65 स्थिर | 64.9277897 ± 0.00000071 | 30.8500% ± 0.1500% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
1058 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 490.973351 nm | 160000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 493.16981 nm | 140000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 505.179209 nm | 120000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 495.37246 nm | 82000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 498.550498 nm | 70000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 506.545861 nm | 70000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 508.827603 nm | 57000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 740.43532 nm | 55000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 491.83778 nm | 54000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 505.890923 nm | 48000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 627.334763 nm | 47000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 500.679978 nm | 46000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 506.709423 nm | 46000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 509.381536 nm | 41000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 621.69385 nm | 39000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 600.01168 nm | 38000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 501.26199 nm | 37000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 468.19935 nm | 36000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 481.29474 nm | 36000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 500.985058 nm | 35000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 485.498743 nm | 34000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 502.127849 nm | 32000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 507.230253 nm | 32000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 594.11951 nm | 31000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 512.44753 nm | 30000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) 3G* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.170176 nm | 29000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 491.291987 nm | 29000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 520.7134 nm | 29000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d8.(1G).4s.4p.(3P*) 3H* | मापित | NIST | |
| 493.155505 nm | 28000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.34858 nm | 27000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.4p 1F* → 3d8.4s2 1G | मापित | NIST | |
| 504.73477 nm | 27000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 630.10137 nm | 27000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 490.142634 nm | 26000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 492.64232 nm | 26000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 493.722031 nm | 26000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 508.84896 nm | 25000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 615.42211 nm | 25000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[1/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 621.98488 nm | 24000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 526.99904 nm | 23000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.4p 3P* → 3d8.4s2 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 589.79758 nm | 23000 | Cu II | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 490.656612 nm | 21000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 508.397879 nm | 21000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.35774 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 494.3025 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 512.075319 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 644.85593 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.4p 3D* → 3d8.4s2 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 508.89421 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 518.33664 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 524.53423 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 626.18464 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 112 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 115 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 120 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (ब्रैग)
- 137 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 238 pm
- UFF
- 349.5 pm
- MM3
- 226 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 217 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 128 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 71
- Pettifor
- 72
- Glawe
- 68
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 46.5 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.5 a.u.
- C₆
- 253 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 264 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक बंधुता
- प्रोटॉन बंधुता
- 655.3 kJ/mol
- गैसीय क्षारकता
- 632.4 kJ/mol
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 7.12 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 3
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 34
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 4
- भंडार वितरण
- 28
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 68
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 68
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 1357.77 K |
| क्वथनांक | 2833.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (7)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.6614 |
| 2 | p | 3.903 |
| 2 | s | 7.9802 |
| 3 | d | 15.7994 |
| 3 | p | 14.2694 |
| 3 | s | 13.4057 |
| 4 | s | 23.1576 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (8)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II | 60 | ||
| 1 | IV | 74 | estimated, | |
| 1 | VI | 91 | estimated, | |
| 2 | IV | 71 | ||
| 2 | IVSQ | 71 | ||
| 2 | V | 79 | ||
| 2 | VI | 87 | ||
| 3 | VI | LS | 60 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (52)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 52 | p | — |
| 53 | p | — |
| 54 | p | — |
| 55 | B+ | 100% |
| 55 | B+p | — |
| 56 | B+ | 100% |
| 56 | B+p | 0.4% |
| 57 | B+ | 100% |
| 58 | B+ | 100% |
| 59 | B+ | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (504)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.30088 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.33374 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.36743 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.40197 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.43738 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.47369 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.51091 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.54908 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.58821 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.62833 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
6.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.5×10-4 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Copper occasionally occurs natively, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite.
Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, the oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Copper https://periodic.lanl.gov/29.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
The copper isotope-amount ratio n(65Cu)/n(63Cu) along with the silver isotope-amount ratio n(109Ag)/n(107Ag) and lead isotope-amount ratios n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb), and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb) have been used to determine the origin of European coins and the flow of goods in the historical world market. Metals from Peru and Mexico and those from European mining sites have distinct isotopic signatures that enable the origin of the metal to be determined based on the isotopic compositions of silver, copper, and lead in the coins. Silver from mines in Mexico and Peru in the 16 th century was used to mint coins but did not influence the European coin market until the 18 th century [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011)..
संदर्भ (2)
- [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Copper.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.