Tin (Sn)
post-transition-metalSolid
Standard Atomic Weight
118.71 uElectron configuration
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2Melting point
231.93 °CBoiling point
2601.85 °CDensity
7287 kg/m³Oxidation states
−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4Electronegativity (Pauling)
1.96Ionization energy (1st)
7.343918 eVDiscovery year
N/AAtomic radius
145 pmDetails
Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14, known for its low melting point, resistance to ordinary corrosion, and ability to form useful alloys and coatings. It occurs chiefly as cassiterite, a tin dioxide mineral, and has been worked since antiquity, especially in bronze. Chemically it is less reactive than many base metals but readily forms compounds in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, with organotin chemistry being especially important and sometimes hazardous.
Ordinary tin is composed of nine stable isotopes; 18 unstable isotopes are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a "tin cry" is heard when a bar is bent.
The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon tin of unknown origin. The symbol Sn is derived from Latin stannum for alloys containing lead. The element was known in prehistoric times.
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using tin for at least 5500 years. Tin is primarily obtained from the mineral cassiterite (SnO2) and is extracted by roasting cassiterite in a furnace with carbon. Tin makes up only about 0.001% of the earth's crust and is chiefly mined in Malaysia. Two allotropes of tin occur near room temperature. The first form of tin is called gray tin and is stable at temperatures below 13.2°C (55.76°F). There are few, if any, uses for gray tin. At temperatures above 13.2°C, gray tin slowly turns into tin's second form, white tin. White tin is the normal form of the metal and has many uses. Unfortunately, white tin will turn into gray tin if its temperature falls below 13.2°C. This change can be prevented if small amounts of antimony or bismuth are added to white tin.
The Latin word for tin is stannum. Known to the ancients.
Pure tin is a soft, silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster. It is malleable at room temperature and melts at a relatively low temperature for a metal. Below about 13.2 °C, white tin can slowly transform to brittle gray tin under favorable conditions, a phenomenon known as tin pest.
Tin is used mainly as a protective coating on steel for food cans and other corrosion-resistant sheet products. It is an important constituent of solders, especially lead-free solders based on tin with silver, copper, antimony, or bismuth additions. Tin is also used in bronze, bearing metals, pewter, and some specialty alloys. Indium tin oxide, a mixed oxide material, is widely used as a transparent conducting coating in displays and touch panels.
Tin resists corrosion and is used as a protective coating on other metals. Tin cans are probably the most familiar example of this application. A tin can is actually made from steel. A thin layer of tin is applied to the inside and outside of the can to keep the steel from rusting. Once widely used, tin cans have largely been replaced with plastic and aluminum containers.
Tin is used in the Pilkington process to produce window glass. In the Pilkington process, molten glass is poured onto a pool of molten tin. The glass floats on the surface of the tin and cools, forming solid glass with flat, parallel surfaces. Most of the window glass produced today is made this way.
Tin is used to form many useful alloys. Bronze is an alloy of tin and copper. Tin and lead are alloyed to make pewter and solder. An alloy of tin and niobium is used to make superconductive wire. Type metal, fusible metal, bell metal and Babbitt metal are other examples of tin alloys.
Tin salts can be sprayed onto glass to make electrically conductive coatings. These can then be used to make panel lighting and frost-free windshields. Stannous fluoride (SnF2) is used in some types of toothpaste.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of tin possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of tin in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.50.1) [366] E. Yamazaki, S. Nakai, T. Yokoyama, S. Ishihara, H. Tang. Geochem. J.47, 21 (2013)..
Isotopes in Medicine
117mSn (with a half-life of 14 days) DTPA is routinely used for diagnostic bone imaging and for the treatment of bone pain caused by the spread of cancer to bones. The m in the superscript of 117mSn indicates a metastable state of the isotope. By using 117mSn DTPA, marrow toxicity can be reduced, and the therapeutic efficacy of using radionuclides is maintained [367] A. Bishayee, D. V. Rao, S. C. Srivastava, L. G. Bouchet, W. E. Bolch, R. W. Howell. J. Nucl. Med.41, 2043 (2000).. 117mSn is a promising radionuclide for therapeutic applications because the radionuclide decays in a way that causes less damage to healthy tissues and bone marrow than other available treatments. These properties of 117mSn make it useful for the treatment of inflammatory synovial disease (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis) [368] S. C. Srivastava. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol.50, 49 (2007)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
112Sn is used to produce the radioisotope 113Sn (with a half-life of 115 days) via the reaction 112Sn (n, γ) 113Sn. This is used for n(113Sn)/n(113mIn) generators for the elution (extracting one material from another) of 113mIn (with a half-life of 1.66 h) as chloride for blood pool imaging. The m the superscript of 113mIn indicates a metastable state of the isotope. 117mSn is a medical radioisotope that can be produced using 116Sn and 117Sn [369] B. Ponsard, S. C. Srivastava, L. F. Mausner, F. F. Knapp, M. A. Garland, S. Mirzadeh. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67 1158 (2009)..
Tin commonly forms Sn²⁺ and Sn⁴⁺ compounds. Tin dioxide, SnO₂, is the principal ore mineral and is also used in ceramics, glass polishing, and some conductive or catalytic materials. Tin(II) chloride, SnCl₂, is a reducing agent and a reagent in plating and dyeing processes, while tin(IV) chloride, SnCl₄, is a volatile Lewis acid used in chemical synthesis and surface treatment. Organotin compounds contain Sn–C bonds; some, such as tributyltin oxide, C₂₄H₅₄OSn₂, were formerly used as biocides but are tightly restricted because of toxicity.
The element has two allotropic forms at normal pressure. On warming, gray, or alpha tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2°C into white, or beta tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled below 13.2°C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This change from the alpha to beta form is called the tin pest. There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving food.
Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin.
Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated in air, tin forms Sn2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process).
Also interesting is a crystalline tin-niobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Such magnets, made of tin-niobium wire, weigh only a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that, when started with a small battery, are comparable to that of a 100 ton electromagnet operated continuously with a large power supply.
See more information at the Tin compound page.
Metallic tin has low acute toxicity and is commonly used in food-contact coatings, although excessive intake of soluble tin salts can irritate the gastrointestinal tract. Tin dusts and fumes from melting, soldering, or industrial processing can present inhalation hazards. Organotin compounds vary widely in toxicity; several are potent neurotoxic or endocrine-disrupting substances and require strict control. Radioactive tin isotopes are mainly research or fission-product concerns, not a property of natural tin as a whole.
The small amount of tin found in canned foods is quite harmless. The agreed limit of tin content in U.S. foods is 300 mg/kg. The trialkyl and triaryl tin compounds are used as biocides and must be handled carefully.
Tin is present in the crust mostly in resistant oxide minerals, especially cassiterite, and is not highly mobile under many natural surface conditions. Mining and smelting can release tin-bearing particulates and associated metals, depending on the ore and waste management. Inorganic tin compounds usually show limited bioavailability compared with many organotin compounds. Persistent organotin residues in sediments have been a major concern in harbors and shipyard areas where antifouling paints were used.
Tin is produced chiefly by mining cassiterite from hard-rock and alluvial deposits, followed by concentration, smelting, and refining. Supply is geographically concentrated in a limited number of producing regions, and some production comes from small-scale or artisanal mining. Demand is dominated by solder, tinplate, chemicals, and alloy uses. Recycling is important, especially from solder-bearing electronic scrap and tinplate residues, but recovery can be technically diffuse because tin is often present in thin coatings or complex assemblies. Substitution is possible in some coatings and solders, but performance, food-contact requirements, and processing temperatures limit replacements.
Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
Tin is a relatively heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture nucleosynthesis in earlier generations of stars. It is far less abundant cosmically than lighter rock-forming elements, but it is present in meteorites and planetary materials at trace levels. In differentiated planets, tin tends to behave as a lithophile to mildly chalcophile element, concentrating in crustal minerals and some sulfide-associated systems rather than forming abundant native metal.
- Tin has ten stable isotopes, more than any other element.
- The symbol Sn comes from the Latin name stannum.
- The crackling sound of bent tin is called tin cry and comes from crystal deformation.
- Tin pest is promoted by low temperature and can be inhibited by alloying additions.
- Most modern food cans are steel cans with a very thin tin coating, not solid tin.
- Cassiterite is dense, which makes gravity separation useful in ore concentration.
Images
Properties
Physical
- Atomic radius (empirical)
- 145 pm Compare Atomic radius (empirical) of all elements →
- Covalent radius
- 139 pm Compare Covalent radius of all elements →
- Van der Waals radius
- 217 pm Compare Van der Waals radius of all elements →
- Metallic radius
- 142 pm Compare Metallic radius of all elements →
- Density
- 7287 kg/m³ Compare Density of all elements →
- Molar volume
- 0.0163 L/mol
- Phase at STP
- Solid Compare Phase at STP of all elements →
- Melting point
- 231.93 °C Compare Melting point of all elements →
- Boiling point
- 2601.85 °C Compare Boiling point of all elements →
- Thermal conductivity
- 66.8 W/(m·K) Compare Thermal conductivity of all elements →
- Specific heat capacity
- 0.227 J/(g·K) Compare Specific heat capacity of all elements →
- Molar heat capacity
- 26.99 J/(mol·K) Compare Molar heat capacity of all elements →
- Crystal structure
- Tetragonal Compare Crystal structure of all elements →
Chemical
- Electronegativity (Pauling)
- 1.96 Compare Electronegativity (Pauling) of all elements →
- Electronegativity (Allen)
- 1.824
- Electron affinity
- 1.112 eV
- Ionization energy (1st)
- 7.343918 eV Compare Ionization energy (1st) of all elements →
- Ionization energy (2nd)
- 14.63312 eV Compare Ionization energy (2nd) of all elements →
- Ionization energy (3rd)
- 30.506105 eV Compare Ionization energy (3rd) of all elements →
- Ionization energy (4th)
- 40.74014 eV Compare Ionization energy (4th) of all elements →
- Ionization energy (5th)
- 77.030265 eV Compare Ionization energy (5th) of all elements →
- Oxidation states
- −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 Compare Oxidation states of all elements →
- Valence electrons
- 4 Compare Valence electrons of all elements →
- Allotropes
- ["gray", "white"]
- Electron configuration
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2
Thermodynamic
- Heat of fusion
- 0.07286107 eV Compare Heat of fusion of all elements →
- Heat of vaporization
- 3.067834 eV Compare Heat of vaporization of all elements →
- Heat of sublimation
- 3.131057 eV
- Heat of atomization
- 3.131057 eV
- Atomization enthalpy
- 3.121729 eV
Nuclear
- Protons
- 50 Compare Protons of all elements →
- Neutrons
- 70 Compare Neutrons of all elements →
- Known isotopes
- 42 Compare Known isotopes of all elements →
- Stable isotopes
- 9 Compare Stable isotopes of all elements →
- Most stable isotope
- Sn-120
Abundance
- Abundance (Earth's crust)
- 2.3 mg/kg Compare Abundance (Earth's crust) of all elements →
- Abundance (ocean)
- 4 × 10−6 mg/L Compare Abundance (ocean) of all elements →
Crystal Structure
- Lattice constant a
- 582 pm
Electronic Structure
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 Compare Electrons per shell of all elements →
Identifiers
- CAS number
- 7440-31-5 Compare CAS number of all elements →
- Term symbol
- 3P0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sn
- InChI Key
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Electron Configuration Measured
Sn: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²Atomic model
Isotopes change neutron count, mass, and stability — not the electron configuration of a neutral atom.
Schematic atomic model, not to scale.
Atomic Fingerprint
Emission / Absorption Spectrum
Isotope Distribution
| Mass number | Atomic mass (u) | Natural abundance | Half-life |
|---|---|---|---|
| 112 Stable | 111.90482387 ± 0.00000061 | 0.9700% | Stable |
| 114 Stable | 113.9027827 ± 0.000001 | 0.6600% | Stable |
| 115 Stable | 114.903344699 ± 0.000000016 | 0.3400% | Stable |
| 116 Stable | 115.9017428 ± 0.0000001 | 14.5400% | Stable |
| 117 Stable | 116.90295398 ± 0.00000052 | 7.6800% | Stable |
| 118 Stable | 117.90160657 ± 0.00000054 | 24.2200% | Stable |
| 119 Stable | 118.90331117 ± 0.00000078 | 8.5900% | Stable |
| 120 Stable | 119.90220163 ± 0.00000097 | 32.5800% | Stable |
Phase / State
Reason: 206.9 °C below melting point (231.93 °C)
Schematic, not to scale
Phase transition points
Transition energies
Energy required to melt 1 mol at melting point
Energy required to vaporize 1 mol at boiling point
Energy required to sublime 1 mol at sublimation point
Density
At standard conditions
At standard conditions
Atomic Spectra
Showing 10 of 50. Sorted by ion charge (ascending).
Lines Holdings ?
| Ion | Charge | Total lines | Transition probabilities | Level designations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sn I | 0 | 227 | 55 | 226 |
| Sn II | +1 | 215 | 141 | 215 |
| Sn III | +2 | 259 | 0 | 259 |
| Sn IV | +3 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| Sn V | +4 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
Levels Holdings ?
| Ion | Charge | Levels |
|---|---|---|
| Sn I | 0 | 228 |
| Sn II | +1 | 77 |
| Sn III | +2 | 86 |
| Sn IV | +3 | 24 |
| Sn V | +4 | 26 |
| Sn VI | +5 | 37 |
| Sn VII | +6 | 2 |
| Sn VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Sn IX | +8 | 2 |
| Sn X | +9 | 2 |
Crystal structure data not available
Crystal structure: tetragonal
Ionic Radii
| Charge | Coordination | Spin | Radius |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 4 | N/A | 55.00000000000001 pm |
| +4 | 5 | N/A | 62 pm |
| +4 | 6 | N/A | 69 pm |
| +4 | 7 | N/A | 75 pm |
| +4 | 8 | N/A | 81 pm |
Compounds
Isotopes (9)
| Mass number | Atomic mass (u) | Natural abundance | Half-life | Decay mode | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 112 Stable | 111.90482387 ± 0.00000061 | 0.9700% ± 0.0100% | Stable | stable | |
| 114 Stable | 113.9027827 ± 0.000001 | 0.6600% ± 0.0100% | Stable | stable | |
| 115 Stable | 114.903344699 ± 0.000000016 | 0.3400% ± 0.0100% | Stable | stable | |
| 116 Stable | 115.9017428 ± 0.0000001 | 14.5400% ± 0.0900% | Stable | stable | |
| 117 Stable | 116.90295398 ± 0.00000052 | 7.6800% ± 0.0700% | Stable | stable | |
| 118 Stable | 117.90160657 ± 0.00000054 | 24.2200% ± 0.0900% | Stable | stable | |
| 119 Stable | 118.90331117 ± 0.00000078 | 8.5900% ± 0.0400% | Stable | stable | |
| 120 Stable | 119.90220163 ± 0.00000097 | 32.5800% ± 0.0900% | Stable | stable | |
| 122 Stable | 121.9034438 ± 0.0000026 | 4.6300% ± 0.0300% | Stable | stable |
Spectral Lines
Showing 50 of 96. Only spectral lines with measured intensity are shown by default.
| Wavelength (nm) | Intensity | Ion stage | Type | Transition | Accuracy | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 556.19094 nm | 2700 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.6d 2D | Measured | NIST | |
| 579.88578 nm | 2700 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | Measured | NIST | |
| 558.88153 nm | 2600 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | Measured | NIST | |
| 645.35421 nm | 2500 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6s 2S → 5s2.6p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 452.47334 nm | 2200 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p2 1S → 5s2.5p.6s 1P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 533.23391 nm | 1600 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.6d 2D | Measured | NIST | |
| 607.97742 nm | 1400 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.6g 2G | Measured | NIST | |
| 684.41863 nm | 1300 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6s 2S → 5s2.6p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 719.07778 nm | 1100 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.7s 2S | Measured | NIST | |
| 666.11 nm | 1000 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6d 2D → 5s2.6f 2F* | Measured | NIST | |
| 676.08103 nm | 840 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.7s 2S | Measured | NIST | |
| 656.851 nm | 830 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.9d 2D → 5s.5p.(3P*).5d 4P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 642.908 nm | 760 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.8s 2S → 5s.5p.(3P*).6s 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 723.005 nm | 670 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.8d 2D | Measured | NIST | |
| 690.47 nm | 538 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6d 3D → 4d10.5s.5f 3F* | Measured | NIST | |
| 731.417 nm | 500 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7d 2D → 5s.5p.(3P*).6s 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 579.69075 nm | 490 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | Measured | NIST | |
| 707.93 nm | 485 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6d 3D → 4d10.5s.5f 3F* | Measured | NIST | |
| 738.71637 nm | 480 | Sn II | emission | 5s.5p2 2D → 5s2.6p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 529.083 nm | 448 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 384.13749 nm | 440 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.8s 2S | Measured | NIST | |
| 536.929 nm | 421 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 601.34 nm | 419 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 624.113 nm | 380 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6d 2D → 5s2.9p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 740.827 nm | 380 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.8d 2D | Measured | NIST | |
| 719.9 nm | 373 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.7p 3P* → 4d10.5s.7d 1D | Measured | NIST | |
| 507.26 nm | 360 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.7g 2G | Measured | NIST | |
| 429.433 nm | 340 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.9g 2G | Measured | NIST | |
| 433.013 nm | 309 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 502.038 nm | 302 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 534.881 nm | 271 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 563.16738 nm | 270 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p2 1S → 5s2.5p.6s 3P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 467.046 nm | 241 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 396.169 nm | 231 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6p 3P* → 4d10.5s.7s 3S | Measured | NIST | |
| 522.464 nm | 225 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 411.13 nm | 180 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10g 2G | Measured | NIST | |
| 390.698 nm | 170 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 1D → 4d10.4f.5s 1F* | Measured | NIST | |
| 471.558 nm | 164 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 494.42561 nm | 150 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.7p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 510.022 nm | 145 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 458.025 nm | 140 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.8g 2G | Measured | NIST | |
| 614.96038 nm | 140 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p.6s 3P* → 5s2.5p.7p 3D | Measured | NIST | |
| 492.435 nm | 131 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 457.432 nm | 120 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10d 2D | Measured | NIST | |
| 487.7209 nm | 100 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.7p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 606.91169 nm | 95 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p.6s 3P* → 5s2.5p.7p 3P | Measured | NIST | |
| 457.553 nm | 91 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10d 2D | Measured | NIST | |
| 461.82363 nm | 90 | Sn II | emission | 5s.5p2 4P → 5s2.6p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 485.827 nm | 89 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 491.78 nm | 83 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.11d 2D | Measured | NIST |
Extended Properties
Covalent Radii (Extended)
- Covalent radius (Pyykkö)
- 140 pm
- Covalent radius (Pyykkö, double)
- 130 pm
- Covalent radius (Pyykkö, triple)
- 132 pm
- Covalent radius (Bragg)
- 140 pm
Van der Waals Radii
- Bondi
- 217 pm
- Batsanov
- 225 pm
- Alvarez
- 242 pm
- UFF
- 439.2 pm
- MM3
- 259 pm
- Dreiding
- 447 pm
Atomic & Metallic Radii
- Atomic radius (Rahm)
- 248 pm
- Metallic radius (C12)
- 163 pm
Numbering Scales
- Mendeleev
- 90
- Pettifor
- 83
- Glawe
- 83
Electronegativity Scales
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarizability & Dispersion
- Dipole polarizability
- 53 a.u.
- Dipole polarizability (unc.)
- 6 a.u.
- C₆
- 659 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 715 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema Parameters
- Miedema molar volume
- 16.3 cm3/mol
- Miedema electron density
- 2
Supply Risk & Economics
- Production concentration
- 46
- Relative supply risk
- 7
- Reserve distribution
- 31
- Political stability (top producer)
- 24
- Political stability (top reserve)
- 24
Phase Transitions & Allotropes
| Transition temperature | 286.35 K |
| Boiling point | 2859.15 K |
| Melting point | 505.08 K |
| Boiling point | 2859.15 K |
Oxidation State Categories
Advanced Reference Data
Screening Constants (11)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.008 |
| 2 | p | 4.1146 |
| 2 | s | 13.1406 |
| 3 | d | 14.2583 |
| 3 | p | 17.6468 |
| 3 | s | 17.5802 |
| 4 | d | 32.03 |
| 4 | p | 28.7348 |
| 4 | s | 27.342 |
| 5 | p | 40.898 |
Crystal Radii Detail (5)
| Charge | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | 69 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | V | 76 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 83 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VII | 89 | ||
| 4 | VIII | 95 | calculated, |
Isotope Decay Modes (54)
| Isotope | Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|---|
| 99 | B+ | 100% |
| 99 | B+p | 5% |
| 100 | B+ | 100% |
| 100 | B+p | 17% |
| 101 | B+ | 100% |
| 101 | B+p | 21% |
| 102 | B+ | 100% |
| 103 | B+ | 100% |
| 103 | B+p | 1.2% |
| 104 | B+ | 100% |
X‑ray Scattering Factors (510)
| Energy (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 3.97344 |
| 10.1617 | — | 3.94095 |
| 10.3261 | — | 3.90871 |
| 10.4931 | — | 3.87675 |
| 10.6628 | — | 3.84504 |
| 10.8353 | — | 3.81359 |
| 11.0106 | — | 3.7824 |
| 11.1886 | — | 3.75146 |
| 11.3696 | — | 3.72078 |
| 11.5535 | — | 3.64688 |
Additional Data
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.3 milligrams per kilogram
References (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4×10-6 milligrams per liter
References (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
References (1)
References
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tin.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.