Iodine (I)
halogenSolid
标准原子量
126.90447 u电子排布
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5熔点
113.7 °C沸点
184.4 °C密度
4930 kg/m³氧化态
−1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7电负性（鲍林）
2.66第一电离能
10.451236 eV发现年份
1811原子半径
140 pm详细信息
Iodine is a heavy halogen and the least abundant stable halogen in Earth’s crust. The element occurs naturally as iodide and iodate rather than as free I₂. It is chemically less electronegative and less strongly oxidizing than bromine or chlorine, and it forms a wide range of covalent, ionic, and polyiodide species. Iodine is an essential trace element for vertebrates because thyroid hormones contain iodine atoms.
Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water.
The name derives from the Greek iodes for "violet" because of its violet vapours. Iodine was discovered in seaweed by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811, and named by the French chemist Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac, when he proved it was an element in 1814.
Iodine was discovered by the French chemist Barnard Courtois in 1811. Courtois was extracting sodium and potassium compounds from seaweed ash. Once these compounds were removed, he added sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to further process the ash. He accidentally added too much acid and a violet colored cloud erupted from the mass. The gas condensed on metal objects in the room, creating solid iodine. Today, iodine is chiefly obtained from deposits of sodium iodate (NaIO3) and sodium periodate (NaIO4) in Chile and Bolivia. Trace amounts of iodine are required by the human body. Iodine is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the body's rate of physical and mental development. A lack of iodine can also cause a goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland. Iodine is added to salt (iodized salt) to prevent these diseases.
From the Greek word iodes, violet. Discovered by Courtois in 1811, Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, Chilean saltpeter, nitrate-bearing earth (known as caliche), brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells.
Pure iodine is a dark gray to purple-black crystalline solid at ordinary temperature. It has a metallic-looking luster and a distinctive sharp odor. It sublimes readily to a violet vapor, and the vapor recondenses as shiny crystals on cooler surfaces.
The largest uses of iodine are in compounds rather than in elemental I₂. Iodinated contrast agents are important in X-ray and computed-tomography imaging. Iodine compounds are used in antiseptics, disinfectants, animal feed supplements, and pharmaceuticals. Silver iodide, AgI, has been used in cloud-seeding and photographic materials. Iodine chemistry is also used in polarizing films for liquid-crystal displays and in analytical titrations based on iodine and iodide equilibria.
Iodine is used as a test for starch and turns a deep blue when it comes in contact with it. Potassium iodide (KI) is used to make photographic film and, when mixed with iodine in alcohol, as an antiseptic for external wounds. A radioactive isotope of iodine, iodine-131, is used to treat some diseases of the thyroid gland.
Care should be taken in handling and using iodine. It can burn the skin and damage the eyes and mucous membranes. Pure iodine is poisonous if ingested.
Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Iodides, and thyroxine which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and as a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element.
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
131I (with a half-life of about 8 days) and 129I are both fission products; 129I is a long-lived fission product with a half-life of 1.7×107 years that can be helpful in the detection of the movement of radiation after a radioactive event, such as occurred at the Japanese reactors at Fukushima. In nuclear reactors and weapons tests, uranium and plutonium undergo fission processes in which one of the fission products is the long-lived isotope 129I. This isotope has been used as a groundwater tracer to determine evidence of nuclear fission, and it can also be tracked in rainwater as evidence of a fission event in the air (weapons explosion; Fig. IUPAC.53.1) [390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980)., [391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004)., [392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
Natural cosmogenic 129I enters groundwater and other terrestrial environments from the atmosphere and then decays to 129Xe. The isotope-amount ratio n(129I)/n(127I) can be used as a clock to estimate time since cosmogenic 129I entered the system. The amount of product 129Xe in such cases is too small to measure; however, excess quantities of 129Xe can be found in meteorites and other very old samples that contained extinct primordial 129I. Younger water bodies also can be differentiated from older water bodies by determining the amount of anthropogenic 129I released since the 1960s from sources such as nuclear bomb tests [393] P. H. Santschi, J. E. Moran, S. Oktay, E. Hoehn, P. Sharma. “129Iodine: a new tracer for surface water/groundwater interaction”, in International Symposium on Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development and Management., [394] G. M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, Z. Q. Zhou, L. R. Kilius. J. Marine Syst.6, 561 (1995)..
Isotopes in Medicine
125I, which has a half-life of about 59 days, is used encapsulated in radiotherapy to target and treat sites of cancerous tumors [395] V. R. Narra, R. W. Howell, R. S. Harapanhalli, K. S. Sastry, D. V. Rao. J. Nucl. Med.33, 2196 (1992).. 120gI (with a half-life of 1.36 h), where the “g” indicates ground state, and 124I (with a half-life of 100 h) are radioactive isotopes that emit positrons and they are used in quantitative, diagnostic imaging of the body using positron emission tomography (PET) [383] A. Hohn, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1493 (1998)., [384] H. Herzog, S. M. Qaim, L. Tellmann, S. Spellerberg, D. Kruecker, H. H. Coenen. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging33, 1249 (2006)., [385] A. Hohn, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim, Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 93 (1998)., [387] M. L. Firouzbakht, D. J. Schlyer, R. D. Finn, G. Laguzzi, A. P. Wolf. Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B79, 909 (1993)., [388] H. Herzog, L. Tellman, S. M. Qaim, S. Spellerberg, A. Schmid, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.56, 673 (2002)., [389] F. T. Lee, C. Hall, A. Rigopoulos, J. Zweit, K. Pathmaraj, G. J. O’Keefe, F. E. Smyth, S. Welt, L. J. Old, A. M. Scott. J. Nucl. Med.42, 764 (2001).. 123I and 131I (with half-lives of 0.55 day and 8 days, respectively) are used with single-photon emission computed spectroscopy (SPECT) for basic three-dimensional imaging [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008)., [395] V. R. Narra, R. W. Howell, R. S. Harapanhalli, K. S. Sastry, D. V. Rao. J. Nucl. Med.33, 2196 (1992).. Radioactive iodine isotopes are produced from radioactive tellurium isotope.
Iodine commonly shows oxidation states −1, 0, +1, +3, +5, and +7. Hydrogen iodide, HI, and iodide salts contain I⁻ and are readily oxidized compared with chloride and bromide analogues. Iodine forms interhalogens such as iodine monochloride, ICl, and iodine pentafluoride, IF₅. Important oxoacids and salts include iodic acid, HIO₃, iodates, and periodates derived from periodic acid, HIO₄ or H₅IO₆. Polyiodides such as triiodide, I₃⁻, give the intense starch-iodine color reaction.
See more information at the Iodine compound page.
Elemental iodine is irritating to skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract, and its vapor can be harmful in poorly ventilated spaces. Concentrated iodide, iodate, or iodine preparations can disturb thyroid function, while trace intake is biologically necessary. Radioisotopes require isotope-specific control; iodine-131 is a beta and gamma emitter that concentrates in the thyroid and is a significant nuclear-medicine and contamination hazard.
Care should be taken in handling and using iodine, as contact with the skin can cause lesions; iodine vapor is intensely irritating to the eyes and mucus membranes. The maximum allowable concentration of iodine in air should not exceed 1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour).
Iodine is mobile in the environment because iodide, iodate, organoiodine compounds, and volatile iodine species interconvert in seawater, soils, sediments, and the atmosphere. The oceans are the main surface reservoir, and marine biological activity contributes to atmospheric iodine compounds. In soils, retention depends strongly on organic matter, redox conditions, and mineral surfaces. Iodine availability influences deficiency risk in inland food chains.
Commercial iodine is recovered mainly from iodine-rich underground brines and from caliche nitrate deposits, where iodate minerals occur with nitrate salts. Production is geographically concentrated, making supply sensitive to brine chemistry, mining practice, and co-product economics. Demand is driven by medical imaging agents, pharmaceuticals, nutrition, and industrial chemicals. Recycling occurs in some iodinated process streams and contrast-agent manufacture, but dispersed uses are difficult to recover.
Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known.
Iodine is a relatively rare element in cosmic material. Its single stable isotope, ¹²⁷I, is produced by neutron-capture processes in previous generations of stars. In the Solar System it is depleted in many rocky materials because iodine is moderately volatile and easily redistributed into fluids or gases. The extinct radionuclide ¹²⁹I is used in cosmochemistry to study early Solar System timing.
- Iodine was discovered from seaweed ash during saltpeter production in the early nineteenth century.
- Starch forms a deep blue complex with polyiodide, not with isolated iodide ion.
- Most naturally occurring iodine is the single stable isotope ¹²⁷I.
- Iodine sublimes noticeably at room temperature, although it also has an ordinary liquid phase above its melting point.
- Iodized salt usually contains iodide or iodate salts, not elemental iodine.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 140 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 139 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 198 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 密度
- 4930 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0257 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 113.7 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 184.4 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 比热容
- 0.214 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 54.43 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 正交 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 2.66 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 2.359
- 电子亲和能
- 3.059 eV
- 第一电离能
- 10.451236 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 19.131326 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 29.570102 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 40.357139 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 51.520177 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 7 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5
热力学性质
- 三相点（温度）
- 113.6 °C
- 三相点（压力）
- 1.211e+4 Pa
- 临界点（温度）
- 546 °C
- 熔化热
- 0.16085402 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 0.21661398 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 0.64714722 eV
- 原子化热
- 1.566047 eV
- 原子化焓
- 1.106462 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 53 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 74 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 42 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 1 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- I-127
- 发现年份
- 1811
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 0.45 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 0.06 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 772 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7553-56-2 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 2P°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/I
- InChI Key
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
I: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 127 稳定 | 126.9044719 ± 0.0000039 | 100.0000% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（113.7 °C）88.7 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
高级
原子光谱
已显示10项，共53项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| I I | 0 | 229 |
| I II | +1 | 315 |
| I III | +2 | 116 |
| I IV | +3 | 61 |
| I V | +4 | 54 |
| I VI | +5 | 40 |
| I VII | +6 | 25 |
| I VIII | +7 | 36 |
| I IX | +8 | 2 |
| I X | +9 | 2 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 6 | 暂无 | 220.00000000000003 pm |
| +5 | 3 | 暂无 | 44 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 暂无 | 95 pm |
| +7 | 4 | 暂无 | 42 pm |
| +7 | 6 | 暂无 | 53 pm |
化合物
同位素 (1)
Thirty isotopes are recognized. Only one stable isotope, 127I is found in nature. The artificial radioisotope 131I, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating the thyroid gland. The most common compounds are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3). Lack of iodine is the cause of goiter.
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 127 稳定 | 126.9044719 ± 0.0000039 | 100.0000% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
已显示50项，共474项。 默认仅显示具有实测强度的谱线。
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 511.92792 nm | 120000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[1]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 740.20433 nm | 98000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[4] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 661.96418 nm | 88000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[4] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 746.89862 nm | 87000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[4] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 723.78303 nm | 68000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[4]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 714.20318 nm | 53000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 658.3733 nm | 48000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[4]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 633.78649 nm | 44000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 619.1891 nm | 36000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[4] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 712.20331 nm | 33000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 514.55362 nm | 26000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6s 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).7p 2[1]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 741.0472 nm | 25000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[5]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.64687 nm | 23000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[4] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 633.94468 nm | 22000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 722.72727 nm | 22000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 716.47586 nm | 21000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 698.6488 nm | 20000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7f 2[5]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 621.3101 nm | 19000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[4] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 608.24072 nm | 18000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6p 2[2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 624.4475 nm | 17000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7f 2[4]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 631.31292 nm | 17000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[0] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 589.39929 nm | 16000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6p 2[1]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 666.20777 nm | 15000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 712.0036 nm | 15000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[1] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 666.10964 nm | 14000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9s 2[2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 741.64587 nm | 14000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 595.6854 nm | 13000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 598.4862 nm | 13000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 637.16776 nm | 12000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 486.23094 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[3]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 491.69357 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 520.41202 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[1]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 629.39502 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<0>).6p 2[1]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 633.0376 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 523.45653 nm | 10000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[3]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 533.82 nm | 10000 | I II | emission | 5s2.5p3.(2D*).6s 3D* → 5s2.5p3.(2D*).6p 3F | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 562.569 nm | 10000 | I II | emission | 5s2.5p3.(4S*).6s 3S* → 5s2.5p3.(4S*).6p 3P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 707.78407 nm | 9700 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[1] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 598.4207 nm | 8900 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 742.00062 nm | 8300 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[4]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 596.8258 nm | 7900 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).10d 2[4] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 698.97761 nm | 7800 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9s 2[2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 658.05101 nm | 7600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[3]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 673.20067 nm | 7600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[3]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 595.4372 nm | 6700 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 741.1195 nm | 6700 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.08006 nm | 6600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 723.49797 nm | 6600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[4]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 633.35136 nm | 6300 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[1] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 723.17992 nm | 6200 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]* | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 133 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 129 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 125 pm
- 共价半径（Bragg）
- 140 pm
范德华半径
- Bondi
- 198 pm
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 204 pm
- UFF
- 450 pm
- MM3
- 236 pm
- Dreiding
- 415 pm
- Rowland–Taylor
- 203 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 238 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 139 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 109
- Pettifor
- 97
- Glawe
- 99
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 7
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 6
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 32.9 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 1.3 a.u.
- C₆
- 385 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 389 Ha·Bohr6
化学亲和力
- 质子亲和能
- 608.2 kJ/mol
- 气相碱性
- 583.5 kJ/mol
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 60
- 相对供应风险
- 7
- 储量分布
- 67
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 68
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 68
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 386.85 K |
| 沸点 | 457.55 K |
| 临界点（温度） | 819.15 K |
| 三相点（温度） | 386.75 K |
| 三相点（压力） | 12.11 kPa |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (11)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.0609 |
| 2 | p | 4.1526 |
| 2 | s | 13.933 |
| 3 | d | 14.0993 |
| 3 | p | 18.1586 |
| 3 | s | 18.2126 |
| 4 | d | 32.066 |
| 4 | p | 28.9704 |
| 4 | s | 27.7028 |
| 5 | p | 41.3885 |
晶体半径详情 (5)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | VI | 206 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 5 | IIIPY | 58 | ||
| 5 | VI | 109 | ||
| 7 | IV | 56 | ||
| 7 | VI | 67 |
同位素衰变方式 (82)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 106 | A | — |
| 107 | A | — |
| 108 | A | 99.5% |
| 108 | p | 0.5% |
| 108 | B+ | — |
| 108 | B+p | — |
| 109 | p | 100% |
| 109 | A | 0% |
| 110 | B+ | 83% |
| 110 | A | 17% |
X射线散射因子 (508)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 7.8167 |
| 10.1617 | — | 7.56781 |
| 10.3261 | — | 7.32685 |
| 10.4931 | — | 7.08081 |
| 10.6628 | — | 6.8332 |
| 10.8353 | — | 6.78435 |
| 11.0106 | — | 6.80888 |
| 11.1886 | — | 7.27334 |
| 11.3696 | — | 7.86775 |
| 11.5535 | — | 8.52786 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
4.5×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
6×10-2 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Iodine https://periodic.lanl.gov/53.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
131I (with a half-life of about 8 days) and 129I are both fission products; 129I is a long-lived fission product with a half-life of 1.7×107 years that can be helpful in the detection of the movement of radiation after a radioactive event, such as occurred at the Japanese reactors at Fukushima. In nuclear reactors and weapons tests, uranium and plutonium undergo fission processes in which one of the fission products is the long-lived isotope 129I. This isotope has been used as a groundwater tracer to determine evidence of nuclear fission, and it can also be tracked in rainwater as evidence of a fission event in the air (weapons explosion; Fig. IUPAC.53.1) [390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980)., [391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004)., [392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010)..
参考文献 (4)
- [390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980).
- [391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004).
- [392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Iodine.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.