Palladium (Pd)
transition-metalSolid
标准原子量
106.42 u电子排布
[Kr] 4d10熔点
1554.9 °C沸点
2962.85 °C密度
1.2e+4 kg/m³氧化态
+1, +2, +3, +4, +5电负性（鲍林）
2.2第一电离能
8.336839 eV发现年份
1803原子半径
140 pm详细信息
Palladium is a silvery platinum-group metal with high catalytic activity and an unusual ability to absorb large amounts of hydrogen into its lattice. It is chemically noble in air at ordinary temperatures, but it forms many complexes and is readily used in surface chemistry. Its technological importance is dominated by vehicle emission control, fine-chemical catalysis, electronics, and hydrogen-related applications.
The element is a silvery-white metal, it does not tarnish in air, and it is the least dense and lowest melting of the platinum group of metals. When annealed, it is soft and ductile; cold-working greatly increases its strength and hardness. Palladium is attacked by nitric and sulfuric acid.
At room temperatures, the metal has the unusual property of absorbing up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen, possibly forming Pd2H. It is not yet clear if this is a true compound. Hydrogen readily diffuses through heated palladium, providing a means of purifying the gas.
The name derives from the second largest asteroid of the solar system Pallas (named after the goddess of wisdom and arts—Pallas Athene). The element was discovered by the English chemist and physicist William Hyde Wollaston in 1803, one year after the discovery of Pallas by the German astronomer Wilhelm Olbers in 1802. The discovery was originally published anonymously by Wollaston to obtain priority, while not disclosing any details about his preparation.
Palladium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 while analyzing samples of platinum ore that were obtained from South America. Although it is a rare element, palladium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum, nickel, copper, silver and gold and is recovered as a byproduct of mining these other metals.
Palladium was named after the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered at about the same time. Pallas was the Greek goddess of wisdom.
Pure palladium is a lustrous, silver-white metal. It is soft and ductile when annealed, can be rolled into thin foil, and does not tarnish rapidly in clean air. Finely divided palladium is gray to black and has much higher surface reactivity than the compact metal.
The largest use of palladium is in catalytic converters, especially for oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons and reduction reactions in exhaust systems. Palladium catalysts are also central to hydrogenation and carbon–carbon coupling reactions in chemical manufacture. The metal is used in multilayer ceramic capacitors, electrical contacts, dental alloys, some jewelry alloys, hydrogen purification membranes, and laboratory catalysts such as palladium on carbon.
Palladium is used to make springs for watches, surgical instruments, electrical contacts and dental fillings and crowns. Finely divided palladium acts as a catalyst and is used in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes. Palladium at room temperature can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen. Hydrogen will easily pass through heated palladium, a property that allows for the easy purification of hydrogen. Palladium alloys are used to make jewelry and, when alloyed with gold, forms a material known as white gold.
Palladium dichloride (PdCl2), a palladium compound, can absorb large amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) gas and is used in carbon monoxide detectors.
Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. It is alloyed and used in jewelry trades.
White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized by the addition of palladium. Like gold, palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250,000 in. The metal is used in dentistry, watch making, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Small palladium nucleosynthetic anomalies in isotopic composition (related to s-process variability) were identified in type IVB iron meteorites [340] B. Mayer, N. Wittig, M. Humayun, I. Leya. Astrophys. J.809, 180 (2015).. These nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies may represent spatial and/or temporal heterogeneity in the early solar nebula or may be due to chemical processing within the solar nebula [327] N. Dauphas, A. M. Davis, B. Marty, L. Reisberg. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.226, 465 (2004)., [341] A. Trinquier, T. Elliott, D. Ulfbeck, C. Coath, A. N. Krot, M. Bizzarro. Science324, 374 (2009).. Palladium and molybdenum isotopic compositions on selected iron meteorites are correlated (Fig. IUPAC.46.1). One possible conclusion is that “a common presolar carrier must have been thermally processed on which the more volatile (a measure of the tendency of a substance to vaporize) Pd was lost and homogenized in the solar nebula, resulting in the deviation from the s-process” variability [342] B. Mayer, K. R. Bermingham, E. A. Worsham, M. Humayun, R. J. Walker. “Correlated nucleosynthetic anomalies in Mo, Ru, and Pd from iron meteorites”, in 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.. Because these palladium (and other element) anomalies are persistent throughout the measured iron meteorites, the thermal processing must have occurred prior to the formation of the parent body that produced iron meteorites [342] B. Mayer, K. R. Bermingham, E. A. Worsham, M. Humayun, R. J. Walker. “Correlated nucleosynthetic anomalies in Mo, Ru, and Pd from iron meteorites”, in 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The isotope-amount ratio n(107Pd)/n(107Ag) is used in geochronology to help date major thermal events in the Solar System. Although 107Ag is naturally occurring, 107Ag is also the daughter product of the beta decay of 107Pd. If both excess 107Ag and 107Pd (with a half-life of 6.5×106 years) are present in a sample of extraterrestrial origin, then the material would have formed sometime after 107Pd decayed. The n(107Pd)/n(107Ag) amount ratio can be measured to help determine when the 107Pd decay process began and how much time has elapsed since the material was formed [344] W. R. Kelly, G. J. Wasserburg. Geophys. Res. Lett.5 1079 (1978)., [345] G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou. Some Short-Lived Nuclides in the Early Solar-System – A Connection with the Placental ISM, in Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics, C. A. Barnes, D. D. Clayton, and D. N. Schramm. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1982)., [346] J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg. Live 107Pd in the Early Solar System and Implications on Planetary Evolution, in Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, Geophysical Monograph 95, A. Basu and S. Hart. Amer. Geophys. U., Washington (1996)., [347] J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta54, 1729 (1990)., [348] A. P. Dicken. Radiogenic Isotope Geology, Cambridge University Press, New York (1995)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Seeds of the radioactive isotope 103Pd are internally placed in the body to fight prostate and other cancers locally. 103Pd has a half-life of 16.99 days and releases energy at about 80 X-rays and 186 Auger electrons per 100 decays of 103Pd. Therefore, this makes this isotope an ideal candidate for internal radiotherapy for the treatment of cancers [349] M. Hussain, S. Sudar, M. N. Aslam, H. A. Shah, R. Ahmad, A. A. Malik, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67, 1842 (2009)..
The radioisotope 109Pd (with a half-life of 13.5 h) can be used as a form of cancer therapy. For example, 109Pd-labeled porphyrins or porphyrin-like substances are used as diagnostic and therapeutic techniques to help locate and address areas of tumorous growth. Porphyrins accumulate in tumors of the body and when radiolabeled porphyrins are introduced to the body, the X-rays and energy released can help determine the location and even treat the cancerous tumors [350] T. Das, S. Chakraborty, H. D. Sarma, S. Banerjee. Radiochim. Acta96, 427 (2008)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
104Pd is the major target used for cyclotron production of the medically important radioactive isotope 103Pd via the reaction 104Pd (p, p n) 103Pd [349] M. Hussain, S. Sudar, M. N. Aslam, H. A. Shah, R. Ahmad, A. A. Malik, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67, 1842 (2009)..
Palladium most often shows oxidation states +2 and 0, with +4 important in some fluorides and complex salts. Palladium(II) chloride, PdCl₂, is a common starting material for coordination compounds and catalysts. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), Pd[P(C₆H₅)₃]₄, is a widely used homogeneous catalyst precursor. Palladium(II) acetate, Pd(CH₃COO)₂, and palladium on carbon are frequent sources of active palladium species in organic synthesis.
See more information at the Palladium compound page.
Compact palladium metal is not highly reactive and presents low acute toxicity, but dusts and finely divided catalysts can be irritating and may ignite adsorbed hydrogen or organic material under unfavorable conditions. Soluble palladium salts and organopalladium compounds can cause skin sensitization and other toxic effects. Spent catalysts may contain hazardous residues from the processes in which they were used.
Palladium occurs naturally at low concentrations, mainly with other platinum-group elements in sulfide and chromite-associated ores. Environmental releases are increased by abrasion and loss from automotive catalysts, creating fine particles in road dust and nearby soils. Palladium is generally sparingly soluble in many natural waters, but complexing ligands such as chloride and organic matter can increase mobility.
Palladium is obtained chiefly as a by-product of nickel, copper, and platinum-group metal mining and refining, so supply cannot respond as independently as demand for a primary metal. Major demand comes from emission-control catalysts, with electronics, chemical catalysts, dentistry, and jewelry making smaller contributions. Recycling from spent automotive catalysts is an important secondary source. Substitution with platinum or rhodium is possible in some catalyst systems but depends on performance, regulation, and relative availability.
Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, Palladium is found with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South America, North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Palladium's separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found.
Palladium is a heavy element produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars. It is much less abundant cosmically than iron or nickel but is present in meteorites and planetary materials with other siderophile and chalcophile elements. On Earth it was partly concentrated into the core during differentiation, leaving crustal concentrations low.
- Palladium can absorb hydrogen to form non-stoichiometric palladium hydride without becoming a simple fixed-ratio salt.
- The element was named after the asteroid Pallas, which had been discovered shortly before palladium.
- Palladium-gold alloys are used to make white gold in some jewelry.
- Carbon monoxide binds strongly to palladium surfaces, a key feature of exhaust catalysis.
- Palladium leaf can be made, but it is less familiar than gold leaf because the metal is far rarer and costlier.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 140 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 139 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 202 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 128 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 1.2 × 104 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0089 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 1554.9 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 2962.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 71.8 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.246 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 25.98 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 面心立方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 2.2 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 1.58
- 电子亲和能
- 0.557 eV
- 第一电离能
- 8.336839 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 19.430067 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 32.930113 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 46.000158 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 61.00021 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 10 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Kr] 4d10
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.17349847 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 3.700057 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 3.907343 eV
- 原子化热
- 3.907343 eV
- 原子化焓
- 3.903197 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 46 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 60 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 42 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 4 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Pd-106
- 发现年份
- 1803
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 0.015 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 389 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 18 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-05-3 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Pd
- InChI Key
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Pd: 4d¹⁰[Kr] 4d¹⁰1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 104 稳定 | 103.9040305 ± 0.0000014 | 11.1400% | 稳定 |
| 105 稳定 | 104.9050796 ± 0.0000012 | 22.3300% | 稳定 |
| 106 稳定 | 105.9034804 ± 0.0000012 | 27.3300% | 稳定 |
| 108 稳定 | 107.9038916 ± 0.0000012 | 26.4600% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（1554.9 °C）1529.9 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共46项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Pd I | 0 | 145 |
| Pd II | +1 | 186 |
| Pd III | +2 | 177 |
| Pd IV | +3 | 2 |
| Pd V | +4 | 2 |
| Pd VI | +5 | 2 |
| Pd VII | +6 | 2 |
| Pd VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Pd IX | +8 | 2 |
| Pd X | +9 | 2 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 2 | 暂无 | 59 pm |
| +2 | 4 | 暂无 | 64 pm |
| +2 | 6 | 暂无 | 86 pm |
| +3 | 6 | 暂无 | 76 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 暂无 | 61.5 pm |
化合物
同位素 (4)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 104 稳定 | 103.9040305 ± 0.0000014 | 11.1400% ± 0.0800% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 105 稳定 | 104.9050796 ± 0.0000012 | 22.3300% ± 0.0800% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 106 稳定 | 105.9034804 ± 0.0000012 | 27.3300% ± 0.0300% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 108 稳定 | 107.9038916 ± 0.0000012 | 26.4600% ± 0.0900% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383.2286 nm | 1500 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 389.41982 nm | 2200 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 395.86229 nm | 1500 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 408.73428 nm | 290 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 416.98387 nm | 90 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 421.29533 nm | 2500 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 447.35846 nm | 180 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 478.81874 nm | 暂无 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 481.75067 nm | 暂无 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 487.54251 nm | 35 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 511.08092 nm | 55 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 511.70072 nm | 75 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 516.38405 nm | 160 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 523.48612 nm | 55 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 529.56266 nm | 120 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 531.25867 nm | 18 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 534.51048 nm | 15 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 539.52204 nm | 35 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 554.28067 nm | 55 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 554.70204 nm | 35 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 561.94631 nm | 27 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 564.27039 nm | 15 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[1/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 565.54366 nm | 14 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 567.00702 nm | 75 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 569.0128 nm | 11 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[1/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 569.50921 nm | 暂无 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 573.66175 nm | 18 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 677.45174 nm | 23 | Pd I | emission | 4d8.5s2 3F → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 678.44893 nm | 65 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 683.3446 nm | 暂无 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 701.6446 nm | 11 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[1/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 731.0053 nm | 暂无 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 736.8096 nm | 75 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 739.19 nm | 27 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 748.6909 nm | 16 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 120 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 117 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 112 pm
范德华半径
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 215 pm
- UFF
- 289.9 pm
- MM3
- 237 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 215 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 137 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 68
- Pettifor
- 69
- Glawe
- 65
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 26.14 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 0.1 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 628 Ha·Bohr6
化学亲和力
- 质子亲和能
- 696 kJ/mol
- 气相碱性
- 673.4 kJ/mol
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 8.9 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 5
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 60
- 相对供应风险
- 8
- 储量分布
- 95
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 44
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 44
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 1827.95 K |
| 沸点 | 3236.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (9)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.9411 |
| 2 | p | 4.07 |
| 2 | s | 12.1172 |
| 3 | d | 14.5489 |
| 3 | p | 16.9804 |
| 3 | s | 16.7788 |
| 4 | d | 32.3824 |
| 4 | p | 28.2768 |
| 4 | s | 27.014 |
晶体半径详情 (5)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II | 73 | ||
| 2 | IVSQ | 78 | ||
| 2 | VI | 100 | ||
| 3 | VI | 90 | ||
| 4 | VI | 75.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
同位素衰变方式 (62)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 90 | B+ | — |
| 90 | B+p | — |
| 90 | 2p | — |
| 91 | B+ | 100% |
| 91 | B+p | 3.1% |
| 92 | B+ | 100% |
| 92 | B+p | 1.6% |
| 93 | B+ | 100% |
| 93 | B+p | 7.4% |
| 94 | B+ | 100% |
X射线散射因子 (507)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.15058 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.2095 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.27144 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.33655 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.40499 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.47694 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.54695 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.61473 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.68548 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.75934 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Palladium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele046.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Palladium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele046.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, Palladium is found with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South America, North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Palladium's separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Palladium https://periodic.lanl.gov/46.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Palladium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.