Lithium (Li)
alkali-metalSolid
标准原子量
6.94 u [6.938, 6.997]电子排布
[He] 2s1熔点
180.5 °C沸点
1341.85 °C密度
534 kg/m³氧化态
+1电负性（鲍林）
0.98第一电离能
5.391715 eV发现年份
1817原子半径
145 pm详细信息
Lithium is the lightest metal and the first alkali metal. It forms Li⁺ very readily, yet its small ion gives lithium chemistry a distinctive hardness, strong hydration, and extensive organometallic chemistry. In nature it occurs only in compounds, mainly in brines, pegmatite minerals, and some clays. Its low atomic mass, high electrochemical potential, and ability to move reversibly through host materials make it central to rechargeable batteries.
Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
The name derives from the Latin lithos for "stone" because lithium was thought to exist only in minerals at that time. It was discovered by the Swedish mineralogist Johan August Arfwedson in 1818 in the mineral petalite LiAl(Si2O5)2. Lithium was isolated in 1855 by the German chemists Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.
Lithium was discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAl(Si2O5)2) by Johann August Arfvedson in 1817. It was first isolated by William Thomas Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy through the electrolysis of lithium oxide (Li2O). Today, larger amounts of the metal are obtained through the electrolysis of lithium chloride (LiCl). Lithium is not found free in nature and makes up only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word lithos, stone. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water.
Pure lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes quickly in air, forming dull gray surface films of oxide, nitride, hydroxide, and carbonate. It is the least dense solid element at ordinary conditions and can be cut with a knife.
Most lithium demand is tied to lithium-ion batteries, where lithium ions shuttle between intercalation or conversion materials rather than existing as metallic lithium in normal operation. Lithium metal is used in some primary batteries and specialized rechargeable cells. Lithium compounds are also used in heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lubricating greases, air-treatment chemicals, aluminum production, and pharmaceutical salts such as lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, for selected mood disorders.
Many uses have been found for lithium and its compounds. Lithium has the highest specific heat of any solid element and is used in heat transfer applications. It is used to make special glasses and ceramics, including the Mount Palomar telescope's 200 inch mirror. Lithium is the lightest known metal and can be alloyed with aluminium, copper, manganese, and cadmium to make strong, lightweight metals for aircraft. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of spacecraft. Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2) is used as a general purpose and high temperature lubricant. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is used as a drug to treat manic depression disorder.
Lithium reacts with water, but not as violently as sodium.
Since World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Lithium carbonate is used for the treatment of bipolar disease and other mental illness conditions.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of lithium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. Natural terrestrial materials show a substantial variation in lithium isotopic abundance (Fig. IUPAC.3.1), and these natural isotopic abundances have been used to determine sources of dissolved lithium and to investigate environmental processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)..
Variations in isotope-amount ratiosn(7Li)/n(6Li) can help determine the source of some water. Because the relative abundances of lithium isotopes can change during hydrothermal processes, isotopic analysis of lithium in water can help distinguish water derived from marine sedimentary rocks from water derived from hydrothermally altered igneous rocks (Fig. IUPAC.3.2) [36] T. D. Bullen, Y. K. Kharaka. “Isotopic composition of Sr, Nd, and Li in thermal waters from the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park and surrounding region”, in Water-Rock Interaction. in 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Rotterdam, Balkema Publishers (1992)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Industry
7Li, as hydroxide monohydrate (7LiOH•H2O), is used to maintain the pH level of the coolant used in pressurized water reactors in the nuclear power industry [39] International Atomic Energy Agency. Assessment and Management of Ageing of Major Nuclear Power Plant Components Important to Safety, IAEA-TECDOC-1361. 235 (2003)., [40] F. Nordmann. “Aspects on chemistry in french nuclear power plants”, in 14th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam in Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.. Lithium plays a role in the construction of a thermonuclear bomb, which differs from a fission weapon in that it uses the energy released when two light atomic nuclei (i.e. deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H)) fuse to form helium and a high energy neutronvia this DT reaction. 6Li is used, in the form of 6Li deuteride (6Li 2H), as fusion fuel capable of producing tritium when bombarded with neutrons within the weapon via the reaction 6Li (n, 3H) 4He [41] FUSION EXPO. Controlled Fusion: The Energy Option for the 21st Century, FUSION EXPO (2011), November 6; http://www.fusion-eur.org/fusion_cd/popu.htm..
Li-based laboratory reagents have found their way into surface water and can be easily identified. Although a military secret in the 1950s, it is now known that substantial amounts of 6Li (normally having an isotopic abundance of 0.076) were removed from chemical reagents to be used in nuclear weapon development. Reagents containing the remaining lithium depleted in 6Li (having an isotopic abundance as low as 0.025) were sold to both chemical manufacturers and to laboratory chemists for their use [42] N. E. Holden. Chem. Int.32(1), 12 (2010).. The distinctive isotopic signature of depleted 6Li, having a n(7Li)/n(6Li) ratio of 39, compared to a ratio of 12 in naturally occurring terrestrial materials, enables easier detection of this lithium source in polluted waterways and the environment [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
7Li is a decay product of the 10B (neutron, alpha) 7Li reaction, which has a peak value for room temperature neutrons. Brain tumor cells are typically found some 5 to 7 cm below the surface of the skull. After 10B has been introduced to or entered the tumor cells, a beam of neutrons of energy slightly above room temperature is introduced to the affected areas. The energy of these neutrons is reduced to room temperature by the time they react with the 10B, which then disintegrates into high energy charged particles (7Li and 4He), which deposit their kinetic energy in nearby (predominately cancerous) cells and destroys them. Any adjacent normal cells are unaffected [43] R. F. Barth. J. Neurooncol.62, 1 (2003)..
Lithium almost always has the +1 oxidation state in ordinary chemistry. Important compounds include lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, lithium hydroxide, LiOH, lithium chloride, LiCl, and lithium fluoride, LiF. Lithium hydride, LiH, is a reactive hydride and hydrogen source. Organolithium reagents such as butyllithium, C₄H₉Li, are strong bases and nucleophiles used in synthesis. Lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO₂, and lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO₄, are well-known battery cathode materials.
See more information at the Lithium compound page.
Lithium metal reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide, LiOH, and flammable H₂, and finely divided metal can ignite. Strongly basic lithium compounds can be corrosive, while soluble lithium salts can affect the nervous system, kidneys, and thyroid at excessive doses. Therapeutic use of lithium salts requires controlled dosing. Battery fires involve additional hazards from electrolytes, heat, and decomposition products, not only lithium itself.
Lithium is widely dispersed at low concentrations in rocks, soils, natural waters, and seawater. Weathering releases Li⁺, which can remain in solution, exchange onto clays, or concentrate in closed-basin brines through evaporation. It has no established essential biological role in humans, although trace exposure is common. Mining and brine extraction can alter water balances, salinity, dust levels, and local habitats if poorly managed.
Commercial lithium is produced mainly from hard-rock pegmatites, especially spodumene, and from continental brines concentrated by evaporation or direct extraction methods. The principal traded chemicals are lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, and lithium hydroxide, LiOH, with battery-grade purity a major value factor. Demand is strongly linked to rechargeable batteries, while ceramics, greases, and other uses form smaller markets. Recycling from batteries is growing but is constrained by collection, chemistry differences, and process economics.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
Lithium is unusually scarce in the cosmos compared with hydrogen and helium. Some ⁷Li was formed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but lithium is readily destroyed inside stars at temperatures below those needed to burn many heavier nuclei. Additional lithium is made by cosmic-ray spallation and in certain stellar events. Its abundance in old stars is important in tests of early-universe models.
- Lithium floats on many hydrocarbon oils because its density is lower than theirs.
- Natural lithium is a mixture mainly of ⁷Li with a smaller fraction of ⁶Li.
- Lithium gives a crimson color in flame tests, though sodium contamination can mask it.
- Lithium nitride, Li₃N, forms directly when lithium is exposed to nitrogen.
- The name comes from Greek lithos, reflecting its discovery in a mineral source.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 145 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 128 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 182 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 123 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 534 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0131 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 180.5 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 1341.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 84.8 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 3.582 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 24.86 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 体心立方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 0.98 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 0.912
- 电子亲和能
- 0.61804 eV
- 第一电离能
- 5.391715 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 75.640357 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 122.454781 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 氧化态
- +1 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 1 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [He] 2s1
热力学性质
- 临界点（温度）
- 2950 °C
- 临界点（压力）
- 6.7e+7 Pa
- 熔化热
- 0.03109292 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 1.524589 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 1.65207 eV
- 原子化热
- 1.65207 eV
- 原子化焓
- 1.651034 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 3 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 4 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 11 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 2 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Li-7
- 发现年份
- 1817
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 20 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 0.18 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 349 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 1 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7439-93-2 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Li
- InChI Key
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Li: 2s¹[He] 2s¹1s² 2s¹原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 稳定 | 6.0151228874 ± 0.0000000016 | 7.5900% | 稳定 |
| 7 稳定 | 7.0160034366 ± 0.0000000045 | 92.4100% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（180.5 °C）155.5 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
高级
原子光谱
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | 暂无 | 59 pm |
| +1 | 6 | 暂无 | 76 pm |
| +1 | 8 | 暂无 | 92 pm |
化合物
同位素 (2)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 稳定 | 6.0151228874 ± 0.0000000016 | 7.5900% ± 0.0400% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 7 稳定 | 7.0160034366 ± 0.0000000045 | 92.4100% ± 0.0400% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383.559 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 383.564 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 387.8838 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 391.5292 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 391.5342 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 391.5344 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 398.5481 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 398.5535 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 413.2557 nm | 40 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 413.2613 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 413.2615 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 415.519 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 419.115 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 427.306 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 427.312 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 432.21 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 432.226 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 432.53 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 432.54 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 432.542 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 432.554 nm | 5 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 432.562 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 432.578 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.8225057 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.8277799 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.8581249 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.866202 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.8846443 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.8847466 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.897364 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.8975539 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.9032229 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.9032561 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.9095915 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.90966 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.9118883 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.9157307 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.9220996 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.9223809 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.9224003 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.933185 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.9357979 nm | 暂无 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 460.282 nm | 13 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 463.61 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.14 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.153 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.188 nm | 2 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.806 nm | 3 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 474.15 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 478.836 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 479.239 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 484.278 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 484.292 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 484.294 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 484.304 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 484.321 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 484.331 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 488.12 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 488.147 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 488.169 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 491.912 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4s 1S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 497.166 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 497.174 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 503.791 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4s 1S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 510.8 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.7p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 519.919 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 519.928 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 519.937 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 519.947 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 532.949 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 532.96 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 532.98 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 539.3 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 540.153 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 540.172 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 540.175 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 540.665 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 541.091 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 541.122 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 541.236 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 541.237 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 541.256 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 546.84 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 548.346 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 548.44 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 548.509 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 552.54 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7s 1S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 565.388 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 565.409 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 565.421 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 610.353 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 610.364 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 610.366 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 611.81 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 613.864 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 625.222 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 625.235 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 625.248 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 625.263 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 653.14 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 654.566 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 655.319 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.006 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.052 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.143 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.16 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.191 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.306 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.307 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.336 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 662.07 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 664.252 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 664.269 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 664.281 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 664.48 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 664.77 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 668.73 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6s 1S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 670.776 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 670.791 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 678.09 nm | 暂无 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6s 1S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | 暂无 | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 133 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 124 pm
- 共价半径（Bragg）
- 150 pm
范德华半径
- Bondi
- 181 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 212 pm
- UFF
- 245.1 pm
- MM3
- 255 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 220 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 155 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 1
- Pettifor
- 12
- Glawe
- 12
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 164.1125 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 0.0005 a.u.
- C₆
- 1392 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1410 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 13 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 1
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 62
- 相对供应风险
- 7
- 储量分布
- 58
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 75
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 68
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 453.65 K |
| 沸点 | 1615.15 K |
| 临界点（温度） | 3223.15 K |
| 临界点（压力） | 67 MPa |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (2)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3094 |
| 2 | s | 1.7208 |
晶体半径详情 (3)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 73 | ||
| 1 | VI | 90 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 106 | calculated, |
同位素衰变方式 (17)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | p | — |
| 4 | p | 100% |
| 5 | p | 100% |
| 8 | B- | 100% |
| 8 | B-A | 100% |
| 9 | B- | 100% |
| 9 | B-n | 50.5% |
| 10 | n | 100% |
| 11 | B- | 100% |
| 11 | B-n | 86.3% |
X射线散射因子 (501)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.11642 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.11743 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.11844 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.11947 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.12051 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.12155 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.12261 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.12367 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.12444 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.12502 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.8×10-1 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Lithium https://periodic.lanl.gov/3.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Lithium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.