Potassium (K)
alkali-metalSolid
标准原子量
39.0983 u电子排布
[Ar] 4s1熔点
63.38 °C沸点
758.85 °C密度
890 kg/m³氧化态
−1, +1电负性（鲍林）
0.82第一电离能
4.340664 eV发现年份
1807原子半径
220 pm详细信息
Potassium is an alkali metal and a major rock-forming and biological element. It occurs naturally only in compounds, chiefly as K⁺ in salts, feldspars, micas, and clay minerals. The metal is highly electropositive, reacts vigorously with water, and is stored away from air and moisture. In living cells, potassium is the principal intracellular cation and is central to osmotic balance and electrical signaling.
It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. Except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal. It is soft, easily cut with a knife, and is silvery in appearance immediately after a fresh surface is exposed. It rapidly oxidizes in air and must be preserved in a mineral oil such as kerosene.
As with other metals of the alkali group, it decomposes in water with the evolution of hydrogen. It catches fire spontaneously on water. Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames.
The name derives from the English "potash" or "pot ashes" because it is found in caustic potash (KOH). The symbol K derives from the Latin kalium via the Arabic qali for alkali. It was first isolated by the British chemist Humphry Davy in 1807 from electrolysis of potash (KOH).
Although potassium is the eighth most abundant element on earth and comprises about 2.1% of the earth's crust, it is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. Metallic potassium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 through the electrolysis of molten caustic potash (KOH). A few months after discovering potassium, Davy used the same method to isolate sodium. Potassium can be obtained from the minerals sylvite (KCl), carnallite (KCl·MgCl2·6H2O), langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)3) and polyhalite (K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2H2O). These minerals are often found in ancient lake and sea beds. Caustic potash, another important source of potassium, is primarily mined in Germany, New Mexico, California and Utah. Pure potassium is a soft, waxy metal that can be easily cut with a knife. It reacts with oxygen to form potassium superoxide (KO2) and with water to form potassium hydroxide (KOH), hydrogen gas and heat. Enough heat is produced to ignite the hydrogen gas. To prevent it from reacting with the oxygen and water in the air, samples of metallic potassium are usually stored submerged in mineral oil.
From the English word, potash - pot ashes; Latin kalium, Arab qali, alkali. Discovered in 1807 by Davy, who obtained it from caustic potash (KOH); this was the first metal isolated by electrolysis.
Pure potassium is a very soft, silvery metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes rapidly in air as oxide, hydroxide, and carbonate layers form. It has a low melting point for a metal and can be cut with a knife; samples are commonly kept under dry mineral oil or inert gas.
Elemental potassium has limited direct use because sodium is cheaper and less reactive for many purposes. It is used in some laboratory reductions and in potassium-sodium alloys for heat-transfer applications where a liquid metal is useful. Most practical demand is for potassium compounds, especially fertilizers that supply plant-available K⁺. Potassium salts are also used in glass, soaps, pyrotechnics, food processing, and chemical manufacturing.
Potassium forms an alloy with sodium (NaK) that is used as a heat transfer medium in some types of nuclear reactors.
Potassium forms many important compounds. Potassium chloride (KCl) is the most common potassium compound. It is used in fertilizers, as a salt substitute and to produce other chemicals. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used to make soaps, detergents and drain cleaners. Potassium carbonate (KHCO3), also known as pearl ash, is used to make some types of glass and soaps and is obtained commercially as a byproduct of the production of ammonia. Potassium superoxide (KO2) can create oxygen from water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) through the following reaction: 2KO2 + H2O + 2CO2 => 2KHCO3 + O2. It is used in respiratory equipment and is produced by burning potassium metal in dry air. Potassium nitrate (KNO3), also known as saltpeter or nitre, is used in fertilizers, match heads and pyrotechnics.
The greatest demand for potash has been in its use for fertilizers. Potassium is an essential constituent for plant growth and is found in most soils.
An alloy of sodium and potassium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer medium. Many potassium salts are of utmost importance, including the hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, cyanide, sulfate, chromate, and dichromate.
Isotopes in Biology
The mole fraction of 40K, n(40K)/n(K), is used to study the effects of potassium in soil on the growth of plants. Plants need potassium to promote growth and reproduction, and potassium also helps plants resist drought and diseases. The mole fraction of 40K is being studied at different depths in several soil types to determine how soil properties affect the fractionation of 40K [178] R. Fujiyoshi, Y. Satake, T. Sumiyoshi. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.281, 553 (2009)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The amount ratio n(40K)/n(40Ar) is used in potassium-argon dating by geologists, archaeologists, and paleoanthropologists to determine the age of rocks. This dating method is based on the radioactive decay of 40K, having a half-life of 1.248×109 years, to 40Ar. When lava crystalizes, 40Ar can no longer escape and begins increasing in concentration in a rock (Fig. IUPAC.19.1) [179] United States Geological Survey. Geology and Geophysics, U.S. Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 25; http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/common/geochronology.html., [180] New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources. K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar Methods, New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources (2014), Feb. 25; http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/labs/argon/methods/home.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
38K, which has a half-life of 7.6 min and is produced by a nuclear reaction involving 38Ar and 40Ar as targets, is a widely used blood-flow tracer. Because 38Ar is more expensive, 40Ar, which also offers many additional advantages as a target, is more commonly used to produce 38K for medical purposes [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf., [176] K. Nagatsu, A. Kubodera, K. Suzuki. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1505 (1998)., [181] P. G. Melon, C. Brihaye, C. Degueldre, M. Guillaume, R. Czichosz, P. Rigo, H. E. Kulbertus, D. Comar. J. Nucl. Med.35, 1116 (1994)..
Potassium chemistry is dominated by the +1 oxidation state and the K⁺ ion. Common compounds include potassium chloride (KCl), the main fertilizer potash salt; potassium hydroxide (KOH), a strong base used in alkaline chemistry; potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃); potassium nitrate (KNO₃), an oxidizing salt; and potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), in which potassium is only the counterion to permanganate. Potassium forms ionic halides, oxides, superoxide potassium superoxide (KO₂), and many double salts and aluminosilicates.
See more information at the Potassium compound page.
Metallic potassium is a severe fire and chemical hazard. It reacts with water to form potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrogen (H₂), often with enough heat to ignite the gas. Concentrated potassium hydroxide is strongly corrosive. Soluble potassium salts vary widely in hazard; ordinary dietary amounts are essential, but excessive intake or medical exposure can disturb heart rhythm. Natural potassium contains radioactive ⁴⁰K at low abundance.
Potassium is abundant in the crust and is released slowly by weathering of silicate minerals, then cycled through soils, waters, plants, and organisms as K⁺. It is not degraded, but it is redistributed by erosion, leaching, uptake, and ion exchange on clays. Potassium is an essential plant nutrient, and deficiency limits crop growth in many soils. The isotope ⁴⁰K is a natural source of background radiation.
The potassium economy is centered on potash minerals and brines rather than the free metal. Commercial products are mined or solution-mined from evaporite deposits and processed mainly into potassium chloride (KCl), with potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) important for chloride-sensitive crops. Demand is strongly linked to agriculture, so fertilizer logistics and ore quality dominate supply. Elemental potassium is made by chemical reduction or electrochemical routes on a much smaller scale and is not a bulk commodity comparable with sodium.
The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth's crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty.
Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained. Potash is mined in Germany, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 3000 ft in Saskatchewan, promise to be important in coming years.
Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium.
Potassium is produced in stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova-related processes but is far less abundant cosmically than lighter elements such as sodium, magnesium, and silicon. In rocky planets it behaves as a moderately incompatible lithophile element, concentrating in crustal rocks and evolved magmas. Radioactive ⁴⁰K contributed heat to early planetary interiors and remains important in geochronology.
- The chemical symbol K comes from kalium, a Neo-Latin name derived from alkali sources.
- Potassium metal is less dense than water, although contact with water is violently reactive.
- Potassium chloride can be purple or reddish as a mineral because of impurities or radiation-induced color centers.
- Potassium-argon dating depends on the decay of ⁴⁰K to ⁴⁰Ar trapped in minerals.
- Potassium superoxide (KO₂) has been used in breathing equipment because it reacts with CO₂ and moisture to release O₂.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 220 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 203 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 275 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 203 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 890 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0453 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 63.38 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 758.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 79 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.757 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 29.6 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 体心立方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 0.82 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 0.734
- 电子亲和能
- 0.5014 eV
- 第一电离能
- 4.340664 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 31.625109 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 45.803258 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 60.91721 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 82.660285 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −1, +1 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 1 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Ar] 4s1
热力学性质
- 临界点（温度）
- 1950 °C
- 临界点（压力）
- 1.6e+7 Pa
- 熔化热
- 0.02414883 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 0.79701508 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 0.92449604 eV
- 原子化热
- 0.92449604 eV
- 原子化焓
- 0.92242317 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 19 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 20 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 29 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 2 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- K-39
- 发现年份
- 1807
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 2.09e+4 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 399 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 523 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 8, 1 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-09-7 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/K
- InChI Key
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
K: 4s¹[Ar] 4s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39 稳定 | 38.9637064864 ± 0.0000000049 | 93.2581% | 稳定 |
| 41 稳定 | 40.9618252579 ± 0.0000000041 | 6.7302% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（63.38 °C）38.4 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
高级
原子光谱
已显示10项，共22项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| 41K I 同位素 | 0 | 8 |
| 40K I 同位素 | 0 | 3 |
| 39K I 同位素 | 0 | 123 |
| K I | 0 | 299 |
| K II | +1 | 97 |
| K III | +2 | 40 |
| K IV | +3 | 38 |
| K V | +4 | 40 |
| K VI | +5 | 28 |
| K VII | +6 | 81 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | 暂无 | 137 pm |
| +1 | 6 | 暂无 | 138 pm |
| +1 | 7 | 暂无 | 146 pm |
| +1 | 8 | 暂无 | 151 pm |
| +1 | 9 | 暂无 | 155 pm |
| +1 | 10 | 暂无 | 159 pm |
| +1 | 12 | 暂无 | 164 pm |
化合物
同位素 (2)
Seventeen isotopes of potassium are known. Ordinary potassium is composed of three isotopes, one of which is 40°K (0.0118%), a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 1.28 x 109 years.
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 39 稳定 | 38.9637064864 ± 0.0000000049 | 93.2581% ± 0.0044% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 41 稳定 | 40.9618252579 ± 0.0000000041 | 6.7302% ± 0.0044% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
已显示50项，共141项。 默认仅显示具有实测强度的谱线。
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 693.8764 nm | 20 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 691.10815 nm | 19 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 404.41422 nm | 18 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.5p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 404.72132 nm | 17 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.5p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 580.17662 nm | 17 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 583.18899 nm | 17 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 578.23999 nm | 16 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 581.21521 nm | 15 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 535.95761 nm | 14 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 533.96873 nm | 13 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 511.225448 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 532.32786 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 534.29693 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 693.62861 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.4d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 696.46903 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.4d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 464.23725 nm | 11 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.3d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 509.717137 nm | 11 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 509.920005 nm | 11 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 464.1875 nm | 10 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.3d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 496.503213 nm | 10 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 508.423399 nm | 10 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 482.924 nm | 9 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 486.975897 nm | 9 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 495.081801 nm | 9 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 495.614802 nm | 9 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.10s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 389.7896 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 418.6232 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 460.849 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 480.43395 nm | 8 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.10d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 485.609209 nm | 8 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 486.348075 nm | 8 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.11s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 500.564 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 612.028 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3F* → 3p5.4p 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 381.7547 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4p 3D → 3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 400.122 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 413.4705 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 422.296 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 3P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 422.566 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3P* → 3p5.4p 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 426.334 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 430.498 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3P* → 3p5.4p 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 430.911 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 3P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 438.816 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 1P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 475.737719 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.11d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 479.104132 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.10d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 484.98645 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.11s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 505.625 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3P* → 3p5.4p 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 630.728 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3F* → 3p5.4p 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 696.41712 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.4d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 380.0162 nm | 6 | K II | emission | 3p5.4p 3D → 3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 381.657 nm | 6 | K II | emission | 3p5.4p 3P → 3p5.4d 3P* | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 196 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 193 pm
- 共价半径（Bragg）
- 207 pm
范德华半径
- Bondi
- 275 pm
- Batsanov
- 280 pm
- Alvarez
- 273 pm
- UFF
- 381.2 pm
- MM3
- 309 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 234 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 235 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 3
- Pettifor
- 10
- Glawe
- 10
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 2
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 2
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 1
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 289.7 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 0.3 a.u.
- C₆
- 3923 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 3910 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 45.63 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 0
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 21
- 相对供应风险
- 5
- 储量分布
- 61
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 81
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 81
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 336.65 K |
| 沸点 | 1032.15 K |
| 临界点（温度） | 2223.15 K |
| 临界点（压力） | 16 MPa |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (6)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.5105 |
| 2 | p | 3.9728 |
| 2 | s | 5.9938 |
| 3 | p | 11.2744 |
| 3 | s | 10.3201 |
| 4 | s | 15.5048 |
晶体半径详情 (7)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 151 | ||
| 1 | VI | 152 | ||
| 1 | VII | 160 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 165 | ||
| 1 | IX | 169 | ||
| 1 | X | 173 | ||
| 1 | XII | 178 |
同位素衰变方式 (53)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 | 3p | 100% |
| 32 | p | — |
| 33 | p | — |
| 34 | p | — |
| 35 | B+ | 100% |
| 35 | B+p | 0.4% |
| 36 | B+ | 100% |
| 36 | B+p | 0% |
| 36 | B+A | 0% |
| 37 | B+ | 100% |
X射线散射因子 (503)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.03426 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.03529 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.03635 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.03744 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.03856 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.03972 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.04091 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.04214 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.0434 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.04471 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.09×104 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Potassium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele019.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3.99×102 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Potassium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele019.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth's crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty.
Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained. Potash is mined in Germany, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 3000 ft in Saskatchewan, promise to be important in coming years.
Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Potassium https://periodic.lanl.gov/19.shtml
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
Potassium is never found free in nature, but is obtained by electrolysis of the hydroxide, much in the same manner as prepared by Davy's first process. Thermal methods also are commonly used to produce potassium (such as by reduction of potassium compounds with CaC2, C, Si, or Na).
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Potassium https://periodic.lanl.gov/19.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Potassium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.