Argon (Ar)
noble-gasGas
标准原子量
39.948 u [39.792, 39.963]电子排布
[Ne] 3s2 3p6熔点
-189.35 °C沸点
-185.85 °C密度
1.7837 kg/m³氧化态
0电负性（鲍林）
暂无第一电离能
15.759612 eV发现年份
1894原子半径
71 pm详细信息
Argon is a colorless noble gas and the third most abundant gas in Earth’s atmosphere, after nitrogen and oxygen. Its closed-shell electron configuration makes it chemically very inert under ordinary conditions. Most terrestrial argon is ⁴⁰Ar, produced by the radioactive decay of ⁴⁰K in rocks. The element is valued mainly as a dense, nonreactive atmosphere for industrial, analytical, and lighting applications.
Argon is two and one half times as soluble in water as nitrogen, having about the same solubility as oxygen. Argon is colorless and odorless, both as a gas and liquid. Argon is considered to be a very inert gas and is not known to form true chemical compounds, as do krypton, xenon, and radon.
The name derives from the Greek argos for "lazy" or "inactive" because it does not combine with other elements. It was discovered in 1894 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and the English physicist Robert John Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) in liquefied air. Rayleigh's initial interest derived from a problem posed by the English physicist Henry Cavendish in 1785, i.e., when oxygen and nitrogen were removed from air, there was an unknown residual gas remaining.
Argon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Lord Rayleigh, an English chemist, in 1894. Argon makes up 0.93% of the earth's atmosphere, making it the third most abundant gas. Argon is obtained from the air as a byproduct of the production of oxygen and nitrogen.
From the Greek argos, inactive. Its presence in air was suspected by Cavendish in 1785, discovered by Lord Raleigh and Sir William Ramsay in 1894.
Pure argon is a monatomic gas at ordinary temperature and pressure, with no color, odor, or taste. It liquefies to a colorless liquid at cryogenic temperature and freezes to a transparent solid. In electrical discharges it emits a pale violet to lavender glow, depending on pressure and lamp conditions.
Argon is widely used as an inert shielding gas in arc welding, metal refining, and heat treatment, especially where nitrogen or oxygen would react with hot metals. It fills incandescent and some fluorescent lamps, provides inert atmospheres for crystal growth and semiconductor processing, and serves as a carrier or plasma gas in analytical instruments such as gas chromatographs and inductively coupled plasma spectrometers. Argon lasers have been used in medicine, research, and display technology, although many older uses have been replaced by other laser systems.
Argon is frequently used when an inert atmosphere is needed. It is used to fill incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs to prevent oxygen from corroding the hot filament. Argon is also used to form inert atmospheres for arc welding, growing semiconductor crystals and processes that require shielding from other atmospheric gases.
Once thought to be completely inert, argon is known to form at least one compound. The synthesis of argon fluorohydride (HArF) was reported by Leonid Khriachtchev, Mika Pettersson, Nino Runeberg, Jan Lundell and Markku Räsänen in August of 2000. Stable only at very low temperatures, argon fluorohydride begins to decompose once it warms above -246°C (-411°F). Because of this limitation, argon fluorohydride has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
It is used in electric light bulbs and in fluorescent tubes at a pressure of about 400 Pa. and in filling photo tubes, glow tubes, etc. Argon is also used as an inert gas shield for arc welding and cutting, as blanket for the production of titanium and other reactive elements, and as a protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium crystals.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Argon’s chemically inert properties and three stable isotopes make it an ideal tracer of Earth processes [101] Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, D. Porcelli, C. J. Ballentine, and R. Wieler (Eds.), p. 844, Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society, Washington, DC (2002)., [157] SAHRA – Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas. Argon, SAHRA – Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (2014), Feb. 24; http://web.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/argon.html., [158] J. K. W. Lee. Chem. Geol.266, 104 (2009)., [159] F. M. Phillips, M. C. Castro. “Groundwater dating and residence-time measurements”, in Treatise on Geochemistry, J. I. Drever, H. D. Holland, and K. K. Turekian (Eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York (2003)., [160] T. Kobashi, J. P. Severinghaus, K. Kawamura. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.72, 4675 (2008)., [161] H. Sumino, K. Ikehata, A. Shimizu, K. Nagao, S. Nakada. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.175, 189 (2008)., [162] D. R. Hilton, K. Hammerschmidt, G. Loock, H. Friedrichsen. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.57, 2819 (1993)., [163] B. P. Christensen, P. M. Holm, A. Jambon, J. R. Wilson. Chem. Geol.178, 127 (2001)., [164] H. H. Loosli, B. E. Lehmann, W. Balderer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta53, 1825 (1989)., [165] T. Torgersen, B. M. Kennedy, H. Hiyagon, K. Y. Chiou, J. H. Reynolds, W. B. Clarke. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.92, 43 (1989)., [166] J. K. Böhlke. Pure Appl. Chem.86, 1421 (2014)., [167] P. R. Renne, K. A. Farley, T. A. Becker, W. D. Sharp. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.188, 435 (2001).. Measurements and models of the isotope-amount ratio n(40Ar)/n(36Ar) can provide insights about the evolution of the atmosphere and orogenic (mountain-building) history of the Earth. The comparison of results from potassium-argon and n(40Ar)/n(39Ar) isotope-amount-ratio dating methods with results from other dating methods has been used to study temperature histories of rocks through differences in apparent ages caused by excess argon or partial argon gas loss. The isotope-amount ratio n(40Ar)/n(36Ar) of dissolved argon in groundwater can provide hydrologic information, such as rates of crustal degassing and relative groundwater age. 38Ar produced by cosmic-ray bombardment of rocks and soils at Earth’s surface can provide information about surface exposure history and erosion rate.
Isotopes in Geochronology
Argon isotopes are used to date rock samples, especially volcanic rocks, using two related techniques (Fig. IUPAC.18.1) [101] Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, D. Porcelli, C. J. Ballentine, and R. Wieler (Eds.), p. 844, Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society, Washington, DC (2002)., [168] G. B. Dalrymple, M. A. Lanphere. Potassium-Argon Dating: Principles, Techniques and Applications to Geochronology, p. 258, Freeman, San Francisco (1969)., [169] I. McDougall, T. M. Harrison. Geochronology and Thermochronology by the 40Ar/39Ar Method, p. 212, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1999)., [170] United States Geological Survey. Periodic Table-Argon, U.S. Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 25; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ar_iig.html..
–The first technique is potassium-argon dating (K-Ar), which is based on the decay of radioactive 40K to stable 40Ar. By comparing the concentrations of potassium and 40Ar in a sample, it is possible to determine how long the sample has been accumulating radiogenic 40Ar to determine the “age” of the sample. The half-life of 40K is approximately 1.25×109 years, making this a useful tool for dating rocks range in age from about 106 to 109 years.
–A modification of the potassium-argon dating technique is the n(40Ar)/n(39Ar) isotope-amount-ratio technique, in which a sample is irradiated in a nuclear reactor to produce 39Ar from 39K. The isotope-amount ratio n(40Ar)/n(39Ar) is then determined, and from this, the approximate age of the rock can be calculated (Fig. IUPAC.18.2).
The study of 37Ar (half-life of 35 days), 39Ar (half-life of 268 years), and 40Ar concentrations in groundwater can provide information about the production and release of these isotopes from rocks and other sources into groundwater and the relative ages of different groundwaters [159] F. M. Phillips, M. C. Castro. “Groundwater dating and residence-time measurements”, in Treatise on Geochemistry, J. I. Drever, H. D. Holland, and K. K. Turekian (Eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York (2003)., [164] H. H. Loosli, B. E. Lehmann, W. Balderer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta53, 1825 (1989)., [165] T. Torgersen, B. M. Kennedy, H. Hiyagon, K. Y. Chiou, J. H. Reynolds, W. B. Clarke. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.92, 43 (1989)., [171] B. E. Lehmann, R. Purtschert. Appl. Geochem.12, 727 (1997)., [172] H. Z. Loosli, B. E. Lehmann, W. M. Smethie, Jr. “Noble gas radioisotopes: 37Ar, 85Kr, 39Ar, 81Kr”, in Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology, P. G. Cook and A. L. Herczeg (Eds.), Kluwer, Boston (2000)., [173] R. Yokochi, N. C. Sturchio, R. Purtschert. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta88, 19 (2012)..
Isotopes in Industry
38K (half-life of 7.6 min), which is produced by the reactions 38Ar (p, n) 38K and 40Ar (n, 3n) 38K, is a widely used blood-flow tracer. Because 38Ar is more expensive, 40Ar, which also offers many additional advantages as a target, is more commonly used to produce 38K for medical purposes [176] K. Nagatsu, A. Kubodera, K. Suzuki. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1505 (1998)., [177] J. R. Mercer, M. J. M. Duke, S. A. McQuarrie. Appl. Radiat. Isot.52, 1413 (2000).. 41Ar (half-life of 1.82 h) is used as an industrial gas-flow tracer to help track the movement of gases because its inert properties, half-life, and gamma radiation make it well suited for this purpose [177] J. R. Mercer, M. J. M. Duke, S. A. McQuarrie. Appl. Radiat. Isot.52, 1413 (2000)..
Argon has no stable neutral compounds under ordinary conditions, and its chemistry is extremely limited compared with heavier noble gases. The best established neutral argon compound is argon fluorohydride, HArF, made in cryogenic matrices and stable only at very low temperature. Argon can form ions and weakly bound complexes in plasmas, mass spectrometers, and solids, including ArH⁺ and van der Waals adducts. Clathrate-like trapping of argon in cages is physical inclusion rather than normal valence chemistry.
See more information at the Argon compound page.
Argon is not chemically toxic and is nonflammable, but it is an asphyxiant because it can displace breathable air, especially in confined or low-lying spaces. Liquid argon can cause severe cold burns and can embrittle some materials. Gas released from cryogenic liquid expands strongly and may create oxygen-deficient atmospheres. High-pressure cylinders add mechanical and handling hazards.
Atmospheric argon is well mixed and chemically persistent because it reacts only under exceptional conditions. Natural ⁴⁰Ar accumulates from decay of ⁴⁰K within minerals and is released slowly by weathering, volcanism, and degassing. Argon has no known biological role and is not a greenhouse gas of practical concern, since it does not absorb strongly in the main thermal infrared bands under atmospheric conditions.
Commercial argon is obtained almost entirely by fractional distillation of liquefied air, usually as a coproduct of large oxygen and nitrogen plants. Supply is therefore tied to industrial gas infrastructure and to demand for bulk oxygen in steelmaking, chemicals, and other sectors. Ultra-high-purity grades require additional purification to remove oxygen, nitrogen, water, and hydrocarbons. Recycling is uncommon for general welding use but can be economical in closed or high-purity systems such as specialized metallurgy and semiconductor processing.
The gas is prepared by fractionation of liquid air because the atmosphere contains 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 ppm of 36Ar.
Argon is a significant cosmic noble gas, produced mainly in massive stars during oxygen and silicon burning and dispersed by supernovae. In the Solar System it occurs in planetary atmospheres, meteorites, and the solar wind, but its abundance varies strongly because noble gases are readily lost from small or warm bodies. Radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar is especially important in rocky planets and in potassium-argon geochronology.
- Argon’s name comes from the Greek word for inactive, reflecting its chemical inertness.
- Atmospheric argon is mostly radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar, not primordial ³⁶Ar.
- Argon is denser than air, so leaks can accumulate in pits and poorly ventilated spaces.
- Potassium-argon dating depends on the retention of ⁴⁰Ar produced inside minerals.
- Argon is often preferred over helium when a heavier, less thermally conductive inert gas is useful.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 71 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 106 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 188 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 密度
- 1.7837 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0242 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 气态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- -189.35 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- -185.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 0.018 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.52 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 20.786 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 面心立方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（Allen）
- 3.242
- 电子亲和能
- -1 eV (负值——预计该原子不结合额外电子)
- 第一电离能
- 15.759612 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 27.629765 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 40.73514 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 59.580205 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 74.840258 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- 0 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 8 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Ne] 3s2 3p6
热力学性质
- 三相点（温度）
- -189.34 °C
- 三相点（压力）
- 6.89e+4 Pa
- 临界点（温度）
- -122.463 °C
- 临界点（压力）
- 4.863e+6 Pa
- 熔化热
- 0.01222988 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 0.06664248 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 原子化热
- 0 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 18 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 22 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 26 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 3 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Ar-40
- 发现年份
- 1894
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 3.5 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 0.45 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 526 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 8 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-37-1 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ar
- InChI Key
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Ar: 3s² 3p⁶[Ne] 3s² 3p⁶1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36 稳定 | 35.967545105 ± 0.000000028 | 0.3336% | 稳定 |
| 38 稳定 | 37.96273211 ± 0.00000021 | 0.0629% | 稳定 |
| 40 稳定 | 39.9623831237 ± 0.0000000024 | 99.6035% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 高于沸点（-185.85 °C）210.8 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
按当前温度T，通过理想气体定律估算
高级
原子光谱
已显示10项，共18项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录谱线 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 谱线总数 | 跃迁概率 | 能级标记 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ar I | 0 | 461 | 428 | 429 |
| Ar II | +1 | 2858 | 307 | 2858 |
| Ar III | +2 | 509 | 80 | 509 |
| Ar IV | +3 | 256 | 42 | 256 |
| Ar V | +4 | 111 | 18 | 111 |
| Ar VI | +5 | 104 | 6 | 104 |
| Ar VII | +6 | 218 | 21 | 218 |
| Ar VIII | +7 | 141 | 27 | 141 |
| Ar IX | +8 | 178 | 2 | 178 |
| Ar X | +9 | 92 | 1 | 92 |
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Ar I | 0 | 504 |
| Ar II | +1 | 419 |
| Ar III | +2 | 125 |
| Ar IV | +3 | 58 |
| Ar V | +4 | 49 |
| Ar VI | +5 | 44 |
| Ar VII | +6 | 95 |
| Ar VIII | +7 | 72 |
| Ar IX | +8 | 98 |
| Ar X | +9 | 71 |
化合物
同位素 (3)
Naturally occurring argon is a mixture of three isotopes. Twelve other radioactive isotopes are known to exist.
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 36 稳定 | 35.967545105 ± 0.000000028 | 0.3336% ± 0.0021% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 38 稳定 | 37.96273211 ± 0.00000021 | 0.0629% ± 0.0007% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 40 稳定 | 39.9623831237 ± 0.0000000024 | 99.6035% ± 0.0025% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
已显示50项，共1065项。 默认仅显示具有实测强度的谱线。
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 458.989759 nm | 25704 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 472.686807 nm | 23442 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 696.543 nm | 10000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 706.72175 nm | 10000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 738.39801 nm | 10000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 440.098598 nm | 8710 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 501.716264 nm | 7413 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 476.486444 nm | 2344 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 460.956692 nm | 2291 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 487.986345 nm | 2239 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 727.29354 nm | 2000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 427.752786 nm | 1995 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 434.806354 nm | 1995 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 480.602014 nm | 1820 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 454.505166 nm | 1738 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 442.60008 nm | 1514 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 465.79009 nm | 1445 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 473.590548 nm | 1000 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 714.7041 nm | 1000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 413.172327 nm | 891 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 496.507942 nm | 891 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 457.934934 nm | 871 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 484.780955 nm | 832 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 437.988058 nm | 794 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2S* → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5s 2P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 407.200431 nm | 708 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 443.018862 nm | 661 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 448.181045 nm | 646 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 437.075295 nm | 617 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 433.119915 nm | 603 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 437.966649 nm | 550 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 611.492319 nm | 537 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).3d 2G → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 410.391181 nm | 447 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5s 4P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 617.227751 nm | 407 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).3d 2G → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 415.85907 nm | 400 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 420.067472 nm | 400 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 506.203703 nm | 398 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 437.132854 nm | 355 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 500.93342 nm | 355 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 447.475916 nm | 347 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 422.815775 nm | 331 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 404.289342 nm | 288 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 426.652661 nm | 288 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 488.904194 nm | 288 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 423.721956 nm | 269 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 664.369734 nm | 269 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4F → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 385.058079 nm | 263 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 440.009637 nm | 257 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 443.099589 nm | 251 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 493.320891 nm | 251 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 514.17826 nm | 224 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 96 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 107 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 96 pm
范德华半径
- Bondi
- 188 pm
- Alvarez
- 194 pm
- UFF
- 386.8 pm
- MM3
- 199 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 197 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 114
- Pettifor
- 3
- Glawe
- 3
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 11.083 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 0.007 a.u.
- C₆
- 64.2 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 67.4 Ha·Bohr6
化学亲和力
- 质子亲和能
- 369.2 kJ/mol
- 气相碱性
- 346.3 kJ/mol
稀有气体性质
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 83.81 K |
| 沸点 | 87.3 K |
| 临界点（温度） | 150.69 K |
| 临界点（压力） | 4.86 MPa |
| 三相点（温度） | 83.81 K |
| 三相点（压力） | 68.89 kPa |
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (5)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.4925 |
| 2 | p | 3.9918 |
| 2 | s | 5.7696 |
| 3 | p | 11.2359 |
| 3 | s | 10.2432 |
同位素衰变方式 (46)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 29 | 2p | 100% |
| 30 | 2p | 100% |
| 31 | B+ | 100% |
| 31 | B+p | 68.3% |
| 31 | 2p | 9% |
| 31 | B+pA | 0.4% |
| 31 | 3p | 0.1% |
| 31 | B+A | 0% |
| 31 | 2p | 0% |
| 32 | B+ | 100% |
X射线散射因子 (506)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.5 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4.5×10-1 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The gas is prepared by fractionation of liquid air because the atmosphere contains 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 ppm of 36Ar.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Argon https://periodic.lanl.gov/18.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Argon.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.