Zinc (Zn)
transition-metalSolid
Nguyên tử khối chuẩn
65,38 uCấu hình electron
[Ar] 4s2 3d10Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
419,53 °CNhiệt độ sôi
906,85 °CKhối lượng riêng
7134 kg/m³Trạng thái oxi hóa
−2, 0, +1, +2Độ âm điện (Pauling)
1,65Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
9,394197 eVNăm phát hiện
1746Bán kính nguyên tử
135 pmChi tiết
Zinc is a moderately reactive, bluish-white transition metal with a filled 3d shell and chemistry dominated by the +2 oxidation state. It is an essential trace element for living organisms and an important industrial metal, especially for corrosion protection of steel. In minerals it occurs chiefly as sulfide and carbonate ores, and in technology it is valued for sacrificial galvanic behavior, alloy formation, and stable, often colorless Zn²⁺ compounds.
Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150°C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide.
It exhibits superplasticity. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 35°K. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not been fully investigated.
The name derives from the German zink of unknown origin. It was first used in prehistoric times, where its compounds were used for healing wounds and sore eyes and for making brass. Zinc was recognized as a metal as early as 1374.
Although zinc compounds have been used for at least 2,500 years in the production of brass, zinc wasn't recognized as a distinct element until much later. Metallic zinc was first produced in India sometime in the 1400s by heating the mineral calamine (ZnCO3) with wool. Zinc was rediscovered by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746 by heating calamine with charcoal. Today, most zinc is produced through the electrolysis of aqueous zinc sulfate (ZnSO4).
From the German word Zink, of obscure origin. Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. An alloy containing 87 percent zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania.
Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746. He demonstrated that zinc could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal.
Pure zinc is a lustrous bluish-white metal when freshly cut, but it dulls in air as a thin protective surface film forms. It is brittle near room temperature in coarse cast form, becomes more workable when warmed, and melts at a comparatively low temperature for a structural metal.
The largest use of zinc is galvanizing, where a zinc coating protects iron and steel by forming a barrier and by acting as a sacrificial anode. Zinc is also used in brass and other alloys, die-cast components, roofing sheet, and anodes for batteries. Zinc oxide is used in rubber, ceramics, pigments, sunscreens, and topical preparations. Zinc is essential in nutrition, but supplemental or medicinal uses depend on specific compounds and doses rather than the metal itself.
Roughly one third of all metallic zinc produced today is used in a process known as galvanization. During galvanization, an object that is subject to corrosion, such as an iron nail, is given a protective coating of zinc. The zinc can be applied to an object by dipping it in a pool of molten zinc, but it is most often applied through an electroplating process. Sacrificial zinc anodes are used in cathodic protection systems to protect exposed iron from corrosion. Metallic zinc is also used to make dry cell batteries, roof cladding and die castings.
Zinc is used to make many useful alloys. Brass, an alloy of zinc that contains between 55% and 95% copper, is probably the best known zinc alloy. Brass was first used about 2,500 years ago and was widely used by the ancient Romans, who used it to make such things as coins, kettles and decorative items. Brass is still used today, particularly in musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion. Zinc is alloyed with lead and tin to make solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Prestal®, an alloy containing 78% zinc and 22% aluminum, is a strange material that is nearly as strong as steel but is molded as easily as plastic. Nickel silver, typewriter metal, spring brass and German silver are other common zinc alloys.
Zinc oxide (ZnO), a common zinc compound, forms when metallic zinc is exposed to the air and forms a protective coating that protects the rest of the metal. Zinc oxide is used in paints, some rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics, printing inks, soap and batteries, among other things. Zinc sulfide (ZnS), another zinc compound, glows when it is exposed to ultraviolet light, X-rays or electrons and is used to make luminous watch dials, television screens and fluorescent light bulbs. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is another zinc compound that is used to protect wood from decay and insects.
The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring bronze, German silver, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys.
Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, which are used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal(R), consisting of 78 percent zinc and 22 percent aluminum, is reported to be almost as strong as steel and as easy to mold as plastic. The alloy said to be so moldable that it can be molded into form using inexpensive ceramics or cement die casts.
Zinc is also used extensively to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material for modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment.
Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights.
The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50 percent more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of zinc possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of zinc in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.30.1). Stable zinc isotopes have been used as tracers to investigate biogeochemical and chemical processes in environmental contamination sites [243] M. Bigalke, S. Weyer, J. Kobza, W. Wilcke. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta74, 6801 (2010).. The isotope-amount ratio n(66Zn)/n(64Zn) can be used as an environmental tracer for detecting the pathways of anthropogenic zinc [244] Y. Sivry, J. Riotte, J. E. Sonke, S. Audry, J. Schafer, J. Viers, G. Blanc, R. Freydier, B. Dupre. Chem. Geol.255, 295 (2008)., [245] C. Cloquet, J. Carignan, G. Libourel. Environ. Sci. Technol.40, 6594 (2006)., [246] J. Chen, J. Gaillardet, P. Louvat. Environ. Sci. Technol.42, 6494 (2008)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Oral tracers of enriched 67Zn and intravenously injected stable isotopic tracers with enriched 70Zn are used simultaneously to determine the fraction of dietary zinc absorbed in humans, maintaining the amount or concentration of a nutrient or biomolecule in organs and body fluids. For example, zinc-isotope tracers can be administered to humans to determine if zinc absorption in their bodies may be impaired by ingestion of certain foods, food components, or dietary supplements. One such study conducted with Peruvian women showed that prenatal iron supplements affected the absorption of zinc during pregnancy. Another isotope tracer study investigated zinc deficiency in children with Crohn’s disease (an inflammatory disease of the intestines, especially the colon and ileum) [249] K. O’Brien, N. Zavaleta, L. Caulfield, J. Wen, S. Abrams. J. Nutr.130, 2251 (2000)., [250] I. J. Griffin, S. C. Kim, P. D. Hicks, L. K. Liang, S. A. Abrams. Pediatr. Res.56, 235 (2004).. Zinc radioisotopes (e.g. 65Zn, with a half-life of 244 days) can also be used for determining zinc absorption in humans, but they are now used rarely because of radiation hazards [251] K. B. Payton, P. R. Flanagan, E. A. Stinson, D. P. Chodirker, M. J. Chamberlain, L. S. Valberg. Gastroenterology83, 1264 (1982)., [252] N. M. Lowe, L. R. Woodhouse, J. S. Matel, J. C. King. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.71, 523 (2000).. ZnO nanoparticles enriched with 67Zn have been used as biological/environmental nanotoxicity tracers [253] A. D. Dybowska, M. N. Croteau, S. K. Misra, D. Berhanu, S. N. Luoma, P. Christian, P. O’Brien, E. Valsami-Jones. Environ. Pollut.159, 266 (2011)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
The 68Zn (p, 2p) 67Cu (with a half-life of 62 h) reaction in which targets with zinc enriched in 68Zn are irradiated and the neutron induced reaction 67Zn (n, p) 67Cu are both processes for producing 67Cu for radiotherapy [254] T. Katabuchi, S. Watanabe, N. S. Ishioka, Y. Iida, H. Hanaoka, K. Endo, S. Matsuhashi. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.277, 467 (2008).. Irradiation of 64Zn with a deuteron (the nucleus of 2H, consisting of a proton and a neutron) in a cyclotron will produce the radioisotope 64Cu (with a half-life of 12.7 h), which can be used for therapeutic applications and diagnosis with positron emission tomography (PET) via the 64Zn (d, 2p) 64Cu reaction [255] K. Abbas, J. Kozempel, M. Bonardi, F. Groppi, A. Alfarano, U. Holzwarth, F. Simonelli, H. Hofman, W. Horstmann, E. Menapace, L. Leseticky, N. Gibson. Appl. Radiat. Isot.64, 1001 (2006)..
Zinc chemistry is mainly Zn²⁺, with little stable redox chemistry in water because the d¹⁰ ion is not easily oxidized or reduced under ordinary conditions. Important compounds include zinc oxide, ZnO, a white amphoteric oxide; zinc sulfide, ZnS, a major ore mineral and phosphor host; zinc sulfate, ZnSO₄, used in industry and agriculture; and zinc chloride, ZnCl₂, a hygroscopic Lewis-acidic salt. Zinc also forms many coordination complexes, and organozinc reagents are useful in synthetic chemistry.
See more information at the Zinc compound page.
Zinc is nutritionally essential, but excessive intake of soluble zinc salts can cause toxicity and can interfere with copper metabolism. Fumes from freshly formed zinc oxide, ZnO, produced during welding or cutting galvanized metal, can cause metal fume fever. Zinc dust is combustible under suitable conditions, and some soluble or strongly acidic zinc compounds are irritants or environmentally hazardous at elevated concentrations. The stable isotopes are not radioactive hazards.
Zinc is not considered to be toxic, but when freshly formed ZnO is inhaled a disorder known as oxide shakes or zinc chills sometimes occurs. Where zinc oxide is encountered, recommendations include providing good ventilation to avoid concentration exceeding 5 mg/m3, (time-weighted over an 8-hour exposure, 40-hour work week).
Zinc is naturally released by rock weathering, volcanic emissions, and biological cycling, and it is also mobilized by mining, smelting, tire wear, galvanized materials, and waste streams. In soils and waters it partitions among dissolved Zn²⁺, mineral surfaces, organic matter, sulfides, and carbonates, so pH and redox conditions strongly affect mobility. It is an essential micronutrient, but elevated bioavailable zinc can harm aquatic organisms and soil microbiota.
Zinc is a major base metal produced primarily from sphalerite-rich ores, commonly after concentration by flotation. Roasted concentrates are processed by electrolytic or pyrometallurgical routes, with sulfur captured largely as sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄, in modern plants. Demand is closely tied to steel galvanizing, construction, transport, die casting, brass, and batteries. Recycling is significant from brass scrap, galvanized steel dusts, and die-cast alloys, although dispersed coatings are harder to recover efficiently than bulk metal scrap.
The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). One method of zinc extraction involves roasting its ores to form the oxide and reducing the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal.
Zinc is less cosmically abundant than iron-group elements such as iron and nickel, but it is a normal constituent of the solar system and of many stellar spectra. Its stable isotopes are produced by several nucleosynthetic pathways in massive stars and supernova environments. In planetary materials zinc is moderately volatile, so its abundance can record thermal processing during planet formation and impact history.
- Zinc coatings can protect exposed scratches because zinc corrodes preferentially to iron.
- Brass, a copper-zinc alloy, was made long before zinc was isolated as a pure metal in Europe.
- Zinc oxide is white, but it turns yellow when hot and becomes white again on cooling.
- Many enzymes use Zn²⁺ as a structural or catalytic center without changing its oxidation state.
- Sphalerite, the main zinc ore, can contain economically important cadmium, indium, or germanium impurities.
Hình ảnh
Tính chất
Vật lý
- Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm)
- 135 pm So sánh Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị
- 122 pm So sánh Bán kính cộng hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Bán kính van der Waals
- 139 pm So sánh Bán kính van der Waals của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Bán kính kim loại
- 121 pm So sánh Bán kính kim loại của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Khối lượng riêng
- 7134 kg/m³ So sánh Khối lượng riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Thể tích mol
- 0,0092 L/mol
- Pha ở STP
- Rắn So sánh Pha ở STP của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
- 419,53 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ nóng chảy của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ sôi
- 906,85 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ sôi của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Độ dẫn nhiệt
- 116 W/(m·K) So sánh Độ dẫn nhiệt của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt dung riêng
- 0,388 J/(g·K) So sánh Nhiệt dung riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt dung mol
- 25,39 J/(mol·K) So sánh Nhiệt dung mol của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu trúc tinh thể
- Lục phương xếp chặt So sánh Cấu trúc tinh thể của tất cả nguyên tố →
Hóa học
- Độ âm điện (Pauling)
- 1,65 So sánh Độ âm điện (Pauling) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Độ âm điện (Allen)
- 1,59
- Ái lực electron
- -0,6 eV (giá trị âm — nguyên tử không được dự đoán liên kết thêm electron)
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
- 9,394197 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 2)
- 17,964452 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 2) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 3)
- 39,723437 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 3) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 4)
- 59,573205 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 4) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 5)
- 82,600284 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 5) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Trạng thái oxi hóa
- −2, 0, +1, +2 So sánh Trạng thái oxi hóa của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Electron hóa trị
- 12 So sánh Electron hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu hình electron
- [Ar] 4s2 3d10
Nhiệt động lực học
- Nhiệt nóng chảy
- 0,07617764 eV So sánh Nhiệt nóng chảy của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt hóa hơi
- 1,195004 eV So sánh Nhiệt hóa hơi của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt thăng hoa
- 1,351505 eV
- Nhiệt nguyên tử hóa
- 1,351505 eV
- Enthalpy nguyên tử hóa
- 1,351505 eV
Hạt nhân
- Proton
- 30 So sánh Proton của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Neutron
- 36 So sánh Neutron của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Các đồng vị đã biết
- 33 So sánh Các đồng vị đã biết của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền
- 3 So sánh Đồng vị bền của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền nhất
- Zn-66
- Năm phát hiện
- 1746
Độ phổ biến
- Độ phổ biến (vỏ Trái Đất)
- 70 mg/kg So sánh Độ phổ biến (vỏ Trái Đất) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Độ phổ biến (đại dương)
- 0,005 mg/L So sánh Độ phổ biến (đại dương) của tất cả nguyên tố →
Cấu trúc tinh thể
- Hằng số mạng a
- 266 pm
Cấu trúc electron
- Số electron trong mỗi lớp
- 2, 8, 18, 2 So sánh Số electron trong mỗi lớp của tất cả nguyên tố →
Mã định danh
- Số CAS
- 7440-66-6 So sánh Số CAS của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Ký hiệu số hạng
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Zn
- Khóa InChI
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cấu hình electron Đo đạc
Zn: 3d¹⁰ 4s²[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s²Mô hình nguyên tử
Các đồng vị khác nhau về số neutron, khối lượng và độ bền — không khác nhau về cấu hình electron của nguyên tử trung hòa.
Mô hình nguyên tử minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ.
Dấu vân tay nguyên tử
Phổ phát xạ / hấp thụ
Phân bố đồng vị
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã |
|---|---|---|---|
| 66 Bền | 65,92603381 ± 0,00000094 | 27,7300% | Bền |
| 67 Bền | 66,92712775 ± 0,00000096 | 4,0400% | Bền |
| 68 Bền | 67,92484455 ± 0,00000098 | 18,4500% | Bền |
Pha / Trạng thái
Lý do: thấp hơn nhiệt độ nóng chảy (419,53 °C) một lượng 394,5 °C
Sơ đồ minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ
Điểm chuyển pha
Năng lượng chuyển pha
Năng lượng cần để làm nóng chảy 1 mol tại nhiệt độ nóng chảy
Năng lượng cần để hóa hơi 1 mol tại nhiệt độ sôi
Năng lượng cần để làm thăng hoa 1 mol tại nhiệt độ thăng hoa
Khối lượng riêng
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Phổ nguyên tử
Đang hiển thị 10 trên 30. Sắp xếp theo điện tích ion (tăng dần).
Dữ liệu vạch phổ ?
| Ion | Điện tích | Tổng số vạch | Xác suất chuyển mức | Ký hiệu mức năng lượng |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zn I | 0 | 570 | 16 | 564 |
| Zn II | +1 | 96 | 22 | 90 |
| Zn III | +2 | 39 | 0 | 0 |
| Zn IV | +3 | 119 | 0 | 0 |
Dữ liệu mức năng lượng ?
| Ion | Điện tích | Mức năng lượng |
|---|---|---|
| Zn I | 0 | 380 |
| Zn II | +1 | 94 |
| Zn III | +2 | 316 |
| Zn IV | +3 | 245 |
| Zn V | +4 | 158 |
| Zn VI | +5 | 193 |
| Zn VII | +6 | 134 |
| Zn VIII | +7 | 5 |
| Zn IX | +8 | 2 |
| Zn X | +9 | 2 |
Bán kính ion
| Điện tích | Phối trí | Spin | Bán kính |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | Không có | 60 pm |
| +2 | 5 | Không có | 68 pm |
| +2 | 6 | Không có | 74 pm |
| +2 | 8 | Không có | 90 pm |
Hợp chất
Đồng vị (3)
Naturally occurring zinc contains five stable isotopes. Sixteen other unstable isotopes are recognized.
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã | Kiểu phân rã | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 66 Bền | 65,92603381 ± 0,00000094 | 27,7300% ± 0,9800% | Bền | stable | |
| 67 Bền | 66,92712775 ± 0,00000096 | 4,0400% ± 0,1600% | Bền | stable | |
| 68 Bền | 67,92484455 ± 0,00000098 | 18,4500% ± 0,6300% | Bền | stable |
Vạch phổ
| Bước sóng (nm) | Cường độ | Bậc ion hóa | Loại | Chuyển mức | Độ chính xác | Nguồn | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 387.9141 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.7d 1D | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 396.543 nm | 78000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.8s 1S | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 411.31114 nm | 81000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.6d 1D | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 429.2883 nm | 32000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 1S | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 429.8325 nm | 49000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.7s 1S | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 455.326 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.30p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 455.548 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.29p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 455.795 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.28p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 456.073 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.27p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 456.388 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.26p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 456.745 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.25p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 457.155 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.24p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 457.623 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.23p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 458.167 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.22p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 458.796 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.21p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 459.541 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.20p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 460.423 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.19p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 461.482 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.18p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 462.768 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.17p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 462.980809 nm | 390000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.5d 1D | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 464.351 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.16p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 466.559 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.15p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 468.013589 nm | 540000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 3S | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 469.143 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.14p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 472.215691 nm | 1000000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 3S | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 472.527 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.13p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 477.071 nm | Không có | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.12p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 481.053206 nm | 1100000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 3S | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 506.866 nm | 77000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.9p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 506.943 nm | 21000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.9p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 506.998 nm | 3300 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.9p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 518.19819 nm | 120000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.6s 1S | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 530.866 nm | 380000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.8p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 531.017 nm | 160000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.8p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 531.101 nm | 56000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.8p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 577.205 nm | 490000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.7p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 577.5452 nm | 210000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.7p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 577.7033 nm | 85000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.7p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 623.78967 nm | 93000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.4d 3D | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 623.9169 nm | 38000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.4d 3D | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 636.23458 nm | 240000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.4d 1D | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 647.9184 nm | 55000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 1S → 3d10.4s.7p 1P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 692.8295 nm | 40000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.6p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 693.8449 nm | 20000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.6p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 694.3184 nm | 7000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.6p 3P* | Đo đạc | NIST |
Tính chất mở rộng
Bán kính cộng hóa trị (mở rộng)
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö)
- 118 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö, liên kết đôi)
- 120 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Bragg)
- 132 pm
Bán kính van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 239 pm
- UFF
- 276,3 pm
- MM3
- 229 pm
Bán kính nguyên tử và kim loại
- Bán kính nguyên tử (Rahm)
- 222 pm
- Bán kính kim loại (C12)
- 134 pm
Các thang đánh số
- Mendeleev
- 77
- Pettifor
- 76
- Glawe
- 74
Các thang độ âm điện
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Độ phân cực hóa và tán sắc
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực
- 38,67 a.u.
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực (độ không đảm bảo)
- 0,3 a.u.
- C₆
- 284 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 276 Ha·Bohr6
Ái lực hóa học
- Ái lực proton
- 608,6 kJ/mol
- Độ bazơ pha khí
- 586 kJ/mol
Thông số Miedema
- Thể tích mol Miedema
- 9,17 cm3/mol
- Mật độ electron Miedema
- 2
Rủi ro nguồn cung và kinh tế
- Mức độ tập trung sản xuất
- 30
- Rủi ro nguồn cung tương đối
- 5
- Phân bố trữ lượng
- 22
- Ổn định chính trị (quốc gia sản xuất lớn nhất)
- 24
- Ổn định chính trị (quốc gia có trữ lượng lớn nhất)
- 75
Chuyển pha và các dạng thù hình
| Nhiệt độ nóng chảy | 692,68 K |
| Nhiệt độ sôi | 1180,15 K |
Phân loại trạng thái oxi hóa
Dữ liệu tham khảo chuyên sâu
Hằng số chắn (7)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,6755 |
| 2 | p | 3,902 |
| 2 | s | 8,172 |
| 3 | d | 16,1217 |
| 3 | p | 14,6307 |
| 3 | s | 13,7808 |
| 4 | s | 24,0348 |
Chi tiết bán kính tinh thể (4)
| Điện tích | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Nguồn gốc |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 74 | ||
| 2 | V | 82 | ||
| 2 | VI | 88 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 2 | VIII | 104 | calculated, |
Các kiểu phân rã đồng vị (49)
| Đồng vị | Chế độ | Cường độ |
|---|---|---|
| 54 | 2p | 87% |
| 55 | B+ | 100% |
| 55 | B+p | 91% |
| 56 | B+ | 100% |
| 56 | B+p | 88% |
| 57 | B+ | 100% |
| 57 | B+p | 87% |
| 58 | B+ | 100% |
| 58 | B+p | 0,7% |
| 59 | B+ | 100% |
Hệ số tán xạ tia X (504)
| Năng lượng (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2,21675 |
| 10,1617 | — | 2,11915 |
| 10,3261 | — | 2,02585 |
| 10,4931 | — | 1,93665 |
| 10,6628 | — | 1,85138 |
| 10,8353 | — | 1,76986 |
| 11,0106 | — | 1,69194 |
| 11,1886 | — | 1,63293 |
| 11,3696 | — | 1,57784 |
| 11,5535 | — | 1,5246 |
Dữ liệu bổ sung
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
7.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4.9×10-3 milligrams per liter
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). One method of zinc extraction involves roasting its ores to form the oxide and reducing the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal.
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [6] Zinc https://periodic.lanl.gov/30.shtml
Tài liệu tham khảo
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Zinc.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.