Calcium (Ca)
alkaline-earth-metalSolid
Nguyên tử khối chuẩn
40,078 uCấu hình electron
[Ar] 4s2Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
841,85 °CNhiệt độ sôi
1483,85 °CKhối lượng riêng
1540 kg/m³Trạng thái oxi hóa
+1, +2Độ âm điện (Pauling)
1Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
6,113155 eVNăm phát hiện
1808Bán kính nguyên tử
180 pmChi tiết
Calcium is an alkaline earth metal and the fifth most abundant element in Earth’s crust by mass. It is highly reactive as a free metal but widespread in stable minerals, especially carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates. Calcium chemistry is dominated by the Ca²⁺ ion, which is hard, strongly hydrated, and central to limestone formation, cement chemistry, seawater buffering, bones, teeth, shells, and many cellular signaling processes.
The metal has a silvery color, is rather hard, and is prepared by electrolysis of fused chloride and calcium fluoride (to lower the melting point).
Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth elements; it readily forms a white coating of nitride in air, reacts with water, burns with a yellow-red flame.
The name derives from the Latin calx for "lime" (CaO) or "limestone" (CaCO3) in which it was found. It was first isolated by British chemist Humphry Davy in 1808 with help from the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius and the Swedish court physician M. M. af Pontin.
Although calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust, it is never found free in nature since it easily forms compounds by reacting with oxygen and water. Metallic calcium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808 through the electrolysis of a mixture of lime (CaO) and mercuric oxide (HgO). Today, metallic calcium is obtained by displacing calcium atoms in lime with atoms of aluminum in hot, low-pressure containers. About 4.2% of the earth's crust is composed of calcium.
From the Latin word calx, lime. Though lime was prepared by the Romans in the first century under the name calx, the metal was not discovered until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Davy was able to isolate the impure metal.
Pure calcium is a silvery gray metal that is softer than many structural metals and can be cut when freshly prepared. It tarnishes in air as oxide, nitride, and hydroxide films form, and it reacts slowly with water, releasing H₂. It is normally stored protected from moisture and air.
Metallic calcium is used on a modest scale as a reducing agent, deoxidizer, desulfurizer, and alloying additive, especially in specialty metallurgy and in some lead and aluminum alloys. Much larger practical use is tied to calcium-containing materials: limestone, lime, gypsum, and calcium silicates are essential in cement, glass, steelmaking fluxes, soil amendment, water treatment, and construction. Calcium compounds are also used in food, pharmaceuticals, paper, plastics, and flue-gas treatment.
Due to its high reactivity with common materials, there is very little demand for metallic calcium. It is used in some chemical processes to refine thorium, uranium and zirconium. Calcium is also used to remove oxygen, sulfur and carbon from certain alloys. Calcium can be alloyed with aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead and magnesium. Calcium is also used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes.
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is one of the common compounds of calcium. It is heated to form quicklime (CaO) which is then added to water (H2O). This forms another material known as slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) which is an inexpensive base material used throughout the chemical industry. Chalk, marble and limestone are all forms of calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is used to make white paint, cleaning powder, toothpaste and stomach antacids, among other things. Other common compounds of calcium include: calcium sulfate (CaSO4), also known as gypsum, which is used to make dry wall and plaster of Paris, calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), a naturally occurring fertilizer and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), the main material found in bones and teeth.
The metal is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals such as thorium, uranium, zirconium, etc., and is used as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, or decarburizer for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys. It is also used as an alloying agent for aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys, and serves as a "getter" for residual gases in vacuum tubes, etc.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of calcium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights (Fig. IUPAC.20.1). The isotope-amount ratio n(44Ca)/n(40Ca) is used to quantify the calcium cycle (sources and sinks of calcium) in the ocean. Calcium isotopes fractionate (separate) in terrestrial and marine environments owing to biological and inorganic processes, which discriminate against heavy calcium isotopes. The calcification process controls the removal of calcium from the ocean, which is mostly balanced by hydrothermal and riverine calcium input. Calcium has a long residence time, symbol τ, in seawater (τCa about 1 to 2 million years) relative to the short mixing time of the global ocean (about 1000 years), which has allowed the calcium isotopic composition of modern seawater to homogenize globally. This was likely the case in the geological past as well, which makes the n(44Ca)/n(40Ca) ratio useful when quantifying the oceanic calcium cycle [182] P. Zhu, J. D. Macdougall. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta62, 1691 (1998)., [183] J. Farkaš, D. Buhl, J. Blenkinsop, J. Veizer. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.253, 96 (2007).. The isotope-amount ratio n(44Ca)/n(40Ca) has been used to trace sources of calcium in soil and river water [184] T. Walczyk. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem.370, 444 (2001).. The isotope-amount ratio n(44Ca)/n(40Ca) ratio of calcium carbonate may serve as a paleothermometer to determine seawater temperatures in the past, making use of the temperature-dependent isotopic fractionation between 40Ca and 44Ca [185] E. M. Griffith, E. A. Schauble, T. D. Bullen, A. Paytan. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta72, 5641 (2008)., [186] T. F. Nägler, A. Eisenhauer, A. Müller, C. Hemleben, J. Kramers. Geochem. Geophy. Geosy.1, 1052 (2000)..
The radioactive isotope 45Ca (half-life of 163 days) is used to study calcium behavior in soils, detergents, water-purification systems, and glassy materials. 45Ca is introduced into a system and monitored to measure various types of calcium responses within the system and to investigate how calcium of one matrix may interact with another (i.e. calcium of soil mixing with that of fertilizers). 45Ca has been used to investigate the transport of contaminants in groundwater through the unsaturated zone [187] P. Nkedi-Kizza, M. L. Brusseau, P. S. C. Rao, A. G. Hornsby. Environ. Sci. Technol.23, 814 (1989)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Stable isotopes of calcium (42Ca, 44Ca, 46Ca, and 48Ca) and radioisotopes of calcium (45Ca and 47Ca, with a half-life of 109 h) can be used for tracing calcium uptake, utilization, and excretion in the body. For example, most of our knowledge on the efficiency by which calcium is absorbed in the intestine (bioavailability) comes from studies in which calcium in the diet was labeled with stable or radioactive isotopes. In such studies, the isotope-labeled food is ingested and fecal matter tested for the presence and quantity of unabsorbed isotope. When coupling oral ingestion of food labeled with one calcium isotope with an intravenous injection of a second calcium isotope, this technique can be used as a means to measure calcium absorption within the body by measuring excretion of both tracers in the urine. In a similar fashion, dietary absorption of magnesium and zinc can be studied [184] T. Walczyk. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem.370, 444 (2001)., [188] S. J. Adelstein, F. J. Manning. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, pp. 20–25, National Academy Press, Washington DC (1995)..
Stable and radioactive isotopes are used in biomedical research and clinical practice to study disorders associated with calcium metabolism, in particular in relation to bone health and calcium accumulation in body tissues (vascular calcification, kidney stone formation). Stable isotope tracers have been used successfully to study bone calcium balance during space-flight and in-bed-rest studies. A long-living calcium radioisotope (41Ca), with a half-life of 9.9×104 years, has been used successfully for labeling of bone calcium to measure bone calcium turnover via urinary excretion of the tracer [189] D. Elmore, M. H. Bhattacharyya, N. Sacco-Gibson, D. P. Peterson. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B52, 531 (1990)..
Calcium nearly always occurs in the +2 oxidation state, forming ionic or partly ionic compounds with high lattice energies. Important minerals and materials include calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO₄·2H₂O), calcium oxide (CaO), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), and calcium phosphate phases such as hydroxyapatite (Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH). Calcium hydride (CaH₂) is a useful drying and hydrogen-generating reagent. Calcium forms organometallic reagents, but they are less common than magnesium analogues.
Its natural and prepared compounds are widely used. Quicklime (CaO), which is made by heating limestone that is changed into slaked lime by carefully adding water, is the great base of chemical refinery with countless uses.
When mixed with sand, it hardens mortar and plaster by taking up carbon dioxide from the air. Calcium from limestone is an important element in Portland cement.
Solubility of the carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide is high, which causes the formation of caves with stalactites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in water. Other important compounds are the carbide, chloride, cyanamide, hypochlorite, nitrate, and sulfide.
See more information at the Calcium compound page.
Calcium is an essential nutrient, but concentrated calcium metal and many reactive calcium compounds require care. The metal reacts with water and acids to produce flammable H₂ and caustic solutions. Calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) are strongly alkaline and can burn skin, eyes, and respiratory tissue. Soluble calcium salts are generally of low acute toxicity, although excessive intake or exposure can disturb normal mineral balance. Dust from limestone, cement, or gypsum is mainly a particulate and alkalinity hazard.
Calcium is a major participant in the rock, water, and biological cycles. Weathering releases Ca²⁺ from silicate and carbonate minerals, rivers carry it to lakes and oceans, and it is removed by carbonate precipitation, shell formation, and sedimentation. Calcium affects soil structure and pH buffering and is an essential macronutrient for plants and animals. Acid deposition can leach calcium from soils and alter forest and freshwater ecosystems.
The calcium economy is dominated not by the metal but by abundant minerals and processed materials. Limestone and gypsum are quarried on large scales, while lime is produced by heating calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to make calcium oxide (CaO). Portland cement production consumes major quantities of calcium-rich feedstocks. Metallic calcium is a smaller specialty product, commonly made by electrolysis or metallothermic reduction routes and used where its strong reducing and scavenging properties justify handling costs. Recycling is indirect, mainly through construction materials, steel slags, and industrial by-products rather than recovery of elemental calcium.
Calcium, a metallic element, is fifth in abundance in the earth's crust, of which it forms more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Never found in nature uncombined, it occurs abundantly as limestone, gypsum, and fluorite. Apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium.
Calcium is a common cosmic element produced chiefly in massive stars during advanced nuclear burning and dispersed by supernovae. Its spectral lines are prominent in many stars and in interstellar gas. In rocky planets it is concentrated into silicate and carbonate minerals, while in meteorites it occurs in calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions that record very early high-temperature solids in the Solar System.
- Calcium metal is less dense than aluminum but much more chemically reactive.
- The Ca²⁺ ion gives brick-red to orange-red colors in flame tests.
- Hard water is often hard because it contains dissolved calcium and magnesium ions.
- Calcium carbonate can exist as calcite, aragonite, or vaterite, with calcite the most stable at surface conditions.
- Calcium signaling in cells works because free Ca²⁺ concentrations are kept very low in the cytosol.
Hình ảnh
Tính chất
Vật lý
- Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm)
- 180 pm So sánh Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị
- 176 pm So sánh Bán kính cộng hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Bán kính van der Waals
- 231 pm So sánh Bán kính van der Waals của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Bán kính kim loại
- 174 pm So sánh Bán kính kim loại của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Khối lượng riêng
- 1540 kg/m³ So sánh Khối lượng riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Thể tích mol
- 0,0299 L/mol
- Pha ở STP
- Rắn So sánh Pha ở STP của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
- 841,85 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ nóng chảy của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ sôi
- 1483,85 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ sôi của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt dung riêng
- 0,647 J/(g·K) So sánh Nhiệt dung riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt dung mol
- 25,929 J/(mol·K) So sánh Nhiệt dung mol của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu trúc tinh thể
- Lập phương tâm mặt So sánh Cấu trúc tinh thể của tất cả nguyên tố →
Hóa học
- Độ âm điện (Pauling)
- 1 So sánh Độ âm điện (Pauling) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Độ âm điện (Allen)
- 1,034
- Ái lực electron
- 0,0245 eV
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
- 6,113155 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 2)
- 11,87176 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 2) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 3)
- 50,913335 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 3) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 4)
- 67,273432 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 4) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 5)
- 84,34029 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 5) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Trạng thái oxi hóa
- +1, +2 So sánh Trạng thái oxi hóa của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Electron hóa trị
- 2 So sánh Electron hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu hình electron
- [Ar] 4s2
Nhiệt động lực học
- Nhiệt nóng chảy
- 0,08851117 eV So sánh Nhiệt nóng chảy của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt hóa hơi
- 1,603358 eV So sánh Nhiệt hóa hơi của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt thăng hoa
- 1,846919 eV
- Nhiệt nguyên tử hóa
- 1,846919 eV
- Enthalpy nguyên tử hóa
- 1,842773 eV
Hạt nhân
- Proton
- 20 So sánh Proton của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Neutron
- 24 So sánh Neutron của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Các đồng vị đã biết
- 29 So sánh Các đồng vị đã biết của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền
- 4 So sánh Đồng vị bền của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền nhất
- Ca-44
- Năm phát hiện
- 1808
Độ phổ biến
- Độ phổ biến (vỏ Trái Đất)
- 4,15e+4 mg/kg So sánh Độ phổ biến (vỏ Trái Đất) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Độ phổ biến (đại dương)
- 412 mg/L So sánh Độ phổ biến (đại dương) của tất cả nguyên tố →
Cấu trúc tinh thể
- Hằng số mạng a
- 558 pm
Cấu trúc electron
- Số electron trong mỗi lớp
- 2, 8, 8, 2 So sánh Số electron trong mỗi lớp của tất cả nguyên tố →
Mã định danh
- Số CAS
- 7440-70-2 So sánh Số CAS của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Ký hiệu số hạng
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ca
- Khóa InChI
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cấu hình electron Đo đạc
Ca: 4s²[Ar] 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s²Mô hình nguyên tử
Các đồng vị khác nhau về số neutron, khối lượng và độ bền — không khác nhau về cấu hình electron của nguyên tử trung hòa.
Mô hình nguyên tử minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ.
Dấu vân tay nguyên tử
Phổ phát xạ / hấp thụ
Phân bố đồng vị
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã |
|---|---|---|---|
| 42 Bền | 41,95861783 ± 0,00000016 | 0,6470% | Bền |
| 43 Bền | 42,95876644 ± 0,00000024 | 0,1350% | Bền |
| 44 Bền | 43,95548156 ± 0,00000035 | 2,0860% | Bền |
| 46 Bền | 45,953689 ± 0,0000024 | 0,0040% | Bền |
Pha / Trạng thái
Lý do: thấp hơn nhiệt độ nóng chảy (841,85 °C) một lượng 816,9 °C
Sơ đồ minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ
Điểm chuyển pha
Năng lượng chuyển pha
Năng lượng cần để làm nóng chảy 1 mol tại nhiệt độ nóng chảy
Năng lượng cần để hóa hơi 1 mol tại nhiệt độ sôi
Năng lượng cần để làm thăng hoa 1 mol tại nhiệt độ thăng hoa
Khối lượng riêng
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Phổ nguyên tử
Đang hiển thị 10 trên 20. Sắp xếp theo điện tích ion (tăng dần).
Dữ liệu vạch phổ ?
| Ion | Điện tích | Tổng số vạch | Xác suất chuyển mức | Ký hiệu mức năng lượng |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ca I | 0 | 206 | 136 | 137 |
| Ca II | +1 | 149 | 99 | 99 |
| Ca III | +2 | 676 | 530 | 676 |
| Ca IV | +3 | 40 | 3 | 3 |
| Ca V | +4 | 53 | 18 | 18 |
| Ca VI | +5 | 20 | 18 | 20 |
| Ca VII | +6 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Ca VIII | +7 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Ca IX | +8 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Ca X | +9 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
Dữ liệu mức năng lượng ?
| Ion | Điện tích | Mức năng lượng |
|---|---|---|
| Ca I | 0 | 787 |
| Ca II | +1 | 72 |
| Ca III | +2 | 182 |
| Ca IV | +3 | 71 |
| Ca V | +4 | 40 |
| Ca VI | +5 | 32 |
| Ca VII | +6 | 27 |
| Ca VIII | +7 | 38 |
| Ca IX | +8 | 72 |
| Ca X | +9 | 52 |
Bán kính ion
| Điện tích | Phối trí | Spin | Bán kính |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | Không có | 100 pm |
| +2 | 7 | Không có | 106 pm |
| +2 | 8 | Không có | 112.00000000000001 pm |
| +2 | 9 | Không có | 118 pm |
| +2 | 10 | Không có | 123 pm |
| +2 | 12 | Không có | 134 pm |
Hợp chất
Đồng vị (4)
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã | Kiểu phân rã | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 42 Bền | 41,95861783 ± 0,00000016 | 0,6470% ± 0,0230% | Bền | stable | |
| 43 Bền | 42,95876644 ± 0,00000024 | 0,1350% ± 0,0100% | Bền | stable | |
| 44 Bền | 43,95548156 ± 0,00000035 | 2,0860% ± 0,1100% | Bền | stable | |
| 46 Bền | 45,953689 ± 0,0000024 | 0,0040% ± 0,0030% | Bền | stable |
Vạch phổ
Đang hiển thị 50 trên 247. Theo mặc định, chỉ hiển thị các vạch phổ có cường độ đã được đo.
| Bước sóng (nm) | Cường độ | Bậc ion hóa | Loại | Chuyển mức | Độ chính xác | Nguồn | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 408.1762 nm | 1000 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.4s 1P* → 3s2.3p5.4p 3S | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 449.9885 nm | 1000 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[5/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 420.7216 nm | 800 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 430.2803 nm | 800 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 439.9584 nm | 800 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 423.3736 nm | 700 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[11/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 440.6286 nm | 700 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[5/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 451.6586 nm | 700 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 457.2125 nm | 700 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 424.0742 nm | 600 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[11/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 443.129 nm | 600 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 415.3566 nm | 500 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 418.42 nm | 500 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 428.4388 nm | 500 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).5g 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 432.9182 nm | 490 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 433.3566 nm | 480 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 416.4302 nm | 430 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[5/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 417.565 nm | 410 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 427.189 nm | 410 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).5g 2[7/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 435.8366 nm | 410 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 421.3132 nm | 400 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 413.6247 nm | 390 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[5/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 427.9722 nm | 360 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).5g 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 430.1494 nm | 290 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 429.0071 nm | 280 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[7/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 427.8215 nm | 270 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 430.101 nm | 240 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).5g 2[7/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 393.3663 nm | 230 | Ca II | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.4p 2P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 394.9609 nm | 230 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 396.8469 nm | 220 | Ca II | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.4p 2P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 427.3875 nm | 200 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 527.1979 nm | 170 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[7/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 403.8502 nm | 160 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 382.376 nm | 150 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 448.4948 nm | 150 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 470.8836 nm | 150 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 471.6287 nm | 130 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 606.9998 nm | 110 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 524.7373 nm | 100 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[7/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 393.0884 nm | 90 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 485.9165 nm | 90 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 500.8939 nm | 90 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 532.1287 nm | 90 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 434.0345 nm | 80 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[7/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 441.3732 nm | 80 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[5/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 450.8788 nm | 80 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 463.2855 nm | 80 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).5d 2[3/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 501.9971 nm | 80 | Ca II | emission | 3p6.5p 2P* → 3p6.6d 2D | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 505.0089 nm | 80 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 557.0601 nm | 80 | Ca III | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Đo đạc | NIST |
Tính chất mở rộng
Bán kính cộng hóa trị (mở rộng)
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö)
- 171 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö, liên kết đôi)
- 147 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö, liên kết ba)
- 133 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Bragg)
- 170 pm
Bán kính van der Waals
- Truhlar
- 231 pm
- Batsanov
- 240 pm
- Alvarez
- 262 pm
- UFF
- 339,9 pm
- MM3
- 281 pm
Bán kính nguyên tử và kim loại
- Bán kính nguyên tử (Rahm)
- 270 pm
- Bán kính kim loại (C12)
- 197 pm
Các thang đánh số
- Mendeleev
- 7
- Pettifor
- 16
- Glawe
- 16
Các thang độ âm điện
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
Độ phân cực hóa và tán sắc
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực
- 160,8 a.u.
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực (độ không đảm bảo)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆
- 2163 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2230 Ha·Bohr6
Thông số Miedema
- Thể tích mol Miedema
- 26,2 cm3/mol
- Mật độ electron Miedema
- 1
Rủi ro nguồn cung và kinh tế
- Mức độ tập trung sản xuất
- 65
- Rủi ro nguồn cung tương đối
- 6
- Ổn định chính trị (quốc gia sản xuất lớn nhất)
- 24
Chuyển pha và các dạng thù hình
| Nhiệt độ nóng chảy | 1115,15 K |
| Nhiệt độ sôi | 1757,15 K |
Phân loại trạng thái oxi hóa
Dữ liệu tham khảo chuyên sâu
Hằng số chắn (6)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,527 |
| 2 | p | 3,9586 |
| 2 | s | 6,2236 |
| 3 | p | 11,3417 |
| 3 | s | 10,3985 |
| 4 | s | 15,602 |
Chi tiết bán kính tinh thể (6)
| Điện tích | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Nguồn gốc |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 114 | ||
| 2 | VII | 120 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 126 | ||
| 2 | IX | 132 | ||
| 2 | X | 137 | calculated, | |
| 2 | XII | 148 | calculated, |
Các kiểu phân rã đồng vị (50)
| Đồng vị | Chế độ | Cường độ |
|---|---|---|
| 33 | p | — |
| 34 | 2p | — |
| 35 | B+ | 100% |
| 35 | B+p | 95,8% |
| 35 | 2p | 4,2% |
| 36 | B+ | 100% |
| 36 | B+p | 51,2% |
| 37 | B+ | 100% |
| 37 | B+p | 76,8% |
| 38 | B+ | 100% |
Hệ số tán xạ tia X (504)
| Năng lượng (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0,0428 |
| 10,1617 | — | 0,04527 |
| 10,3261 | — | 0,04788 |
| 10,4931 | — | 0,05063 |
| 10,6628 | — | 0,05355 |
| 10,8353 | — | 0,05663 |
| 11,0106 | — | 0,05989 |
| 11,1886 | — | 0,06334 |
| 11,3696 | — | 0,06634 |
| 11,5535 | — | 0,06922 |
Dữ liệu bổ sung
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
4.15×104 milligrams per kilogram
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4.12×102 milligrams per liter
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Calcium, a metallic element, is fifth in abundance in the earth's crust, of which it forms more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Never found in nature uncombined, it occurs abundantly as limestone, gypsum, and fluorite. Apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium.
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [6] Calcium https://periodic.lanl.gov/20.shtml
Tài liệu tham khảo
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Calcium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.