Tellurium (Te)
metalloidSolid
Peso atômico padrão
127,6 uConfiguração eletrônica
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4Ponto de fusão
449,51 °CPonto de ebulição
987,85 °CDensidade
6232 kg/m³Estados de oxidação
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
2,1Energia de ionização (1ª)
9,009808 eVAno da descoberta
1782Raio atômico
140 pmDetalhes
Tellurium is a brittle metalloid in group 16, below selenium and above polonium. It is chemically related to sulfur and selenium but is more metallic, less abundant, and more easily reduced. In nature it occurs mainly as telluride minerals and as a minor constituent of copper ores. Its technological importance comes from semiconducting and thermoelectric compounds, cadmium telluride photovoltaics, and small alloying additions that modify machinability and corrosion behavior.
Crystalline tellurium has a silvery-white appearance, and when pure it exhibits a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. Amorphous tellurium is found by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid. Whether this form is truly amorphous, or made of minute crystals, is open to question. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms.
Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flames, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel.
The name derives from the Latin Tellus, who was the Roman goddess of the Earth. Tellurium was discovered by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein in 1782 and overlooked for 15 years until it was isolated by the German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in 1798. The Hungarian chemist Paul Kitaibel independently discovered tellurium in 1789, prior to Klaproth's work but after von Reichenstein.
Tellurium was discovered by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, a Romanian mining official, in 1782. Reichenstein was the chief inspector of all mines, smelters and saltworks in Transylvania. He also had an interest in chemistry and extracted a new metal from an ore of gold, known as aurum album, which he believed was antimony. He shortly realized that the metal he had produced wasn't antimony at all, but a previously unknown element. Reichenstein's work was forgotten until 1798 when Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, mentioned the substance in a paper. Klaproth named the new element tellurium but gave full credit for its discovery to Reichenstein. Tellurium is found free in nature, but is most often found in the ores sylvanite (AgAuTe4), calaverite (AuTe2) and krennerite (AuTe2). Today, most tellurium is obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining copper.
From the Latin word tellus, earth. Discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth, who isolated it in 1798.
Pure tellurium is a silvery-white to gray, lustrous, crystalline solid at ordinary conditions. It is brittle and can be powdered, but it is not malleable. The common trigonal form has helical chains of atoms, giving the element anisotropic electrical and thermal properties.
The largest modern use of tellurium is in cadmium telluride, CdTe, thin-film solar cells. Tellurium is also used in bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, and related thermoelectric materials for cooling and power generation from temperature differences. Small additions to copper, steel, and lead improve machinability or modify mechanical properties. Tellurium compounds are used in some infrared optical materials, phase-change chalcogenide systems, and specialized vulcanization and glass applications, but these uses are smaller and material-specific.
Tellurium is a semiconductor and is frequently doped with copper, tin, gold or silver. Tellurium is also used to color glass and ceramics and is one of the primary ingredients in blasting caps.
Tellurium is primarily used as an alloying agent. Small amounts of tellurium are added to copper and stainless steel to make them easier to machine and mill. Tellurium is also added to lead to increase its strength and resistance to sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Tellurium forms many compounds, but none that are commercially important. They include: tellourous acid (H2TeO2), tellurium tetrachloride (TeCl4), tellurium dichloride (TeCl2), tellurium trioxide (TeO3), tellurium monoxide (TeO) and sodium telluride (Na2Te).
Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Tellurium isotopes are a mixture of r-process, s-process, and p-process nucleosynthesis products, making them useful for studying the contribution of stellar products to the molecular cloud from which the Sun and planets were formed (Fig. IUPAC.52.1) [378] M. Fehr. Tellurium Isotopes and their Applications in Cosmo- and Geochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (2014), Feb. 26; http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:27380/eth-27380-01.pdf., [379] M. A. Fehr, M. Rehkämper, D. Porcelli, A. N. Halliday. Homogeneity of Tellurium Isotopes in Chondrites, Leachates of Allende and Canyon Diablo, Lunar and Planetary Science (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2003/pdf/1655.pdf., [380] M. A. Fehr, M. Rehkämper, A. N. Halliday, U. Wiechert, B. Hattendorf, D. Günther, S. Ono, J. L. Eigenbrode, I. D. Rumble. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta69, 5099 (2005)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The double beta decay of 130Te (with a half-life of 7×1020 years) has been used for the determination of gas-retention ages of tellurium minerals [382] A. P. Meshik, C. M. Hohenberg, O. V. Pravdivtseva, T. J. Bernatowicz, Y. S. Kapustab. Nucl. Phys. A809, 275 (2008)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
120Te is used for the production of 120gI, where “g” indicates ground state, via the 120Te (p, n) 120gI reaction, which is used as a positron emission tomography (PET) and beta-emitting isotope [383] A. Hohn, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1493 (1998)., [384] H. Herzog, S. M. Qaim, L. Tellmann, S. Spellerberg, D. Kruecker, H. H. Coenen. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging33, 1249 (2006).. 120gI has a half-life of 1.36 h. 122Te is used in the production of the radioisotope 122I (with a half-life of 3.6 min) via the reaction 122Te (p, n) 122I, which is used in gamma imaging [385] A. Hohn, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim, Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 93 (1998).. 123Te is used for the production of radioactive 123I (with a half-life of 13.2 h) via the 123Te (p, n) 123I reaction, which is used in thyroid imaging [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008). and for in vivo medical studies using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008).. 124Te is used for the production of both 123I and the PET isotope 124I via the 124Te (p, 2n) 123I and 124Te (p, n) 124I reactions, respectively [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008)., [387] M. L. Firouzbakht, D. J. Schlyer, R. D. Finn, G. Laguzzi, A. P. Wolf. Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B79, 909 (1993)., [388] H. Herzog, L. Tellman, S. M. Qaim, S. Spellerberg, A. Schmid, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.56, 673 (2002)., [389] F. T. Lee, C. Hall, A. Rigopoulos, J. Zweit, K. Pathmaraj, G. J. O’Keefe, F. E. Smyth, S. Welt, L. J. Old, A. M. Scott. J. Nucl. Med.42, 764 (2001).. The half-life of 124I is 100 h.
Tellurium commonly shows oxidation states −2, +4, and +6, with +4 especially important in oxides and oxoanion chemistry. Hydrogen telluride, H₂Te, is an unstable and highly toxic hydride. Tellurium dioxide, TeO₂, is an amphoteric oxide used in tellurite glasses and as a chemical intermediate. Telluric acid, H₆TeO₆, contains tellurium in the +6 state. Metal tellurides include cadmium telluride, CdTe, and bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, whose bonding and band structures are central to their electronic uses.
See more information at the Tellurium compound page.
Elemental tellurium has moderate acute toxicity, but dusts and fumes should be controlled because inhalation and ingestion can be harmful. Exposure to tellurium or some tellurium compounds can produce a persistent garlic-like odor in breath and sweat from volatile metabolites. Hydrogen telluride, H₂Te, is particularly hazardous. Cadmium telluride, CdTe, also requires controls because cadmium compounds are toxic, especially if dust is generated during manufacture or disposal.
Tellurium and its compounds are probably toxic and should be handled with care. Workmen exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/m3 of air, or less, develop "tellurium breath," which has a garlic-like odor.
Tellurium is a rare trace element in the crust and is strongly chalcophile, concentrating with sulfide and telluride mineral assemblages rather than forming abundant independent deposits. Weathering can release tellurium into soils and waters, where its speciation depends on redox conditions and pH. Tellurite and tellurate species can be mobile under some conditions, while reduction and adsorption tend to immobilize it. It has no known essential biological role for humans.
Tellurium is not usually mined as a primary product. Most commercial supply is recovered as a by-product from copper refining, especially from anode slimes produced during electrolytic purification. This dependence makes supply sensitive to copper ore composition, refinery practice, and the economics of by-product recovery rather than to tellurium demand alone. Demand is led by cadmium telluride photovoltaics and thermoelectric materials, with smaller metallurgical and chemical uses. Recycling is technically possible from manufacturing scrap and some end-of-life devices, but collection and separation can limit recovery.
Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element.
Tellurium is far less abundant in the universe than lighter chalcogens such as sulfur and selenium. Its stable isotopes are produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, including slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile element and is associated with sulfide-rich phases rather than silicate minerals.
- Tellurium was named from tellus, the Latin word for Earth.
- It is one of the few elements whose name refers to Earth rather than a celestial object or place of discovery.
- Natural tellurium contains several stable isotopes and very long-lived radioactive isotopes.
- The element can impart a garlic-like odor to breath at exposures far below severe poisoning levels.
- Tellurium improves the machinability of copper without requiring large alloy additions.
- Many useful tellurium materials are semiconductors rather than metallic conductors.
Imagens
Propriedades
Física
- Raio atômico (empírico)
- 140 pm Comparar Raio atômico (empírico) de todos os elementos →
- Raio covalente
- 138 pm Comparar Raio covalente de todos os elementos →
- Raio de van der Waals
- 206 pm Comparar Raio de van der Waals de todos os elementos →
- Raio metálico
- 137 pm Comparar Raio metálico de todos os elementos →
- Densidade
- 6232 kg/m³ Comparar Densidade de todos os elementos →
- Volume molar
- 0,0205 L/mol
- Fase nas CNTP
- Sólido Comparar Fase nas CNTP de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de fusão
- 449,51 °C Comparar Ponto de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de ebulição
- 987,85 °C Comparar Ponto de ebulição de todos os elementos →
- Condutividade térmica
- 14,3 W/(m·K) Comparar Condutividade térmica de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica específica
- 0,202 J/(g·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica específica de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica molar
- 25,73 J/(mol·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica molar de todos os elementos →
- Estrutura cristalina
- Hexagonal compacta Comparar Estrutura cristalina de todos os elementos →
Química
- Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
- 2,1 Comparar Eletronegatividade (Pauling) de todos os elementos →
- Eletronegatividade (Allen)
- 2,158
- Afinidade eletrônica
- 1,9708 eV
- Energia de ionização (1ª)
- 9,009808 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (1ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (2ª)
- 18,600064 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (2ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (3ª)
- 27,840096 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (3ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (4ª)
- 37,415629 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (4ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (5ª)
- 59,300204 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (5ª) de todos os elementos →
- Estados de oxidação
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 Comparar Estados de oxidação de todos os elementos →
- Elétrons de valência
- 6 Comparar Elétrons de valência de todos os elementos →
- Configuração eletrônica
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4
Termodinâmica
- Ponto crítico (temperatura)
- 2056 °C
- Calor de fusão
- 0,1812717 eV Comparar Calor de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Calor de vaporização
- 0,54412603 eV Comparar Calor de vaporização de todos os elementos →
- Calor de sublimação
- 2,041768 eV
- Calor de atomização
- 2,041768 eV
- Entalpia de atomização
- 2,037622 eV
Nuclear
- Prótons
- 52 Comparar Prótons de todos os elementos →
- Nêutrons
- 74 Comparar Nêutrons de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos conhecidos
- 42 Comparar Isótopos conhecidos de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos estáveis
- 4 Comparar Isótopos estáveis de todos os elementos →
- Isótopo mais estável
- Te-126
- Ano da descoberta
- 1782
Abundância
- Abundância (crosta terrestre)
- 0,001 mg/kg Comparar Abundância (crosta terrestre) de todos os elementos →
Estrutura cristalina
- Constante de rede a
- 445 pm
Estrutura eletrônica
- Elétrons por camada
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 Comparar Elétrons por camada de todos os elementos →
Identificadores
- Número CAS
- 13494-80-9 Comparar Número CAS de todos os elementos →
- Símbolo de termo
- 3P2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Te
- Chave InChI
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuração eletrônica Medido
Te: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴Modelo atômico
Os isótopos alteram o número de nêutrons, a massa e a estabilidade — não a configuração eletrônica de um átomo neutro.
Modelo atômico esquemático, sem escala.
Assinatura atômica
Espectro de emissão / absorção
Distribuição isotópica
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida |
|---|---|---|---|
| 122 Estável | 121,9030435 ± 0,0000016 | 2,5500% | Estável |
| 124 Estável | 123,9028171 ± 0,0000016 | 4,7400% | Estável |
| 125 Estável | 124,9044299 ± 0,0000016 | 7,0700% | Estável |
| 126 Estável | 125,9033109 ± 0,0000016 | 18,8400% | Estável |
Fase / Estado
Motivo: 424,5 °C abaixo do ponto de fusão (449,51 °C)
Esquemático, sem escala
Pontos de transição de fase
Energias de transição
Energia necessária para fundir 1 mol no ponto de fusão
Energia necessária para vaporizar 1 mol no ponto de ebulição
Energia necessária para sublimar 1 mol no ponto de sublimação
Densidade
Em condições padrão
Em condições padrão
Avançado
Espectros atômicos
Mostrando 10 de 52. Ordenado por carga do íon (ordem crescente).
Dados de linhas disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Total de linhas | Probabilidades de transição | Designações dos níveis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Te I | 0 | 133 | 6 | 112 |
| Te II | +1 | 345 | 0 | 310 |
Dados de níveis disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Níveis |
|---|---|---|
| Te I | 0 | 120 |
| Te II | +1 | 129 |
| Te III | +2 | 55 |
| Te IV | +3 | 16 |
| Te V | +4 | 45 |
| Te VI | +5 | 9 |
| Te VII | +6 | 60 |
| Te VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Te IX | +8 | 2 |
| Te X | +9 | 2 |
Raios iônicos
| Carga | Coordenação | Spin | Raio |
|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | 6 | N/D | 221 pm |
| +4 | 3 | N/D | 52 pm |
| +4 | 4 | N/D | 66 pm |
| +4 | 6 | N/D | 97 pm |
| +6 | 4 | N/D | 43 pm |
| +6 | 6 | N/D | 56.00000000000001 pm |
Compostos
Isótopos (4)
Thirty isotopes of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 108 to 137. Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes.
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida | Modo de decaimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 122 Estável | 121,9030435 ± 0,0000016 | 2,5500% ± 0,1200% | Estável | stable | |
| 124 Estável | 123,9028171 ± 0,0000016 | 4,7400% ± 0,1400% | Estável | stable | |
| 125 Estável | 124,9044299 ± 0,0000016 | 7,0700% ± 0,1500% | Estável | stable | |
| 126 Estável | 125,9033109 ± 0,0000016 | 18,8400% ± 0,2500% | Estável | stable |
Linhas espectrais
Mostrando 50 de 74. Por padrão, são mostradas apenas as linhas espectrais com intensidade medida.
| Comprimento de onda (nm) | Intensidade | Estágio de ionização | Tipo | Transição | Exatidão | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 486.623 nm | 2300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4F | Medida | NIST | |
| 557.636 nm | 2100 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 570.812 nm | 1900 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 483.13 nm | 1600 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4P | Medida | NIST | |
| 564.926 nm | 1500 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 575.586 nm | 1500 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 544.984 nm | 1400 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 468.691 nm | 1310 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 476.605 nm | 1300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 2F | Medida | NIST | |
| 490.442 nm | 1300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 2F | Medida | NIST | |
| 566.622 nm | 1200 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 597.468 nm | 1200 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 548.795 nm | 1100 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 484.29 nm | 1000 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 486.513 nm | 1000 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 482.712 nm | 900 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 447.865 nm | 830 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 500.081 nm | 810 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 477.155 nm | 800 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4F | Medida | NIST | |
| 593.615 nm | 730 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* | Medida | NIST | |
| 464.111 nm | 680 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 470.654 nm | 670 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 436.402 nm | 650 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 636.713 nm | 570 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 469.638 nm | 560 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 416.977 nm | 540 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 463.062 nm | 540 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).7s 2P | Medida | NIST | |
| 478.488 nm | 510 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 455.778 nm | 480 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 683.7663 nm | 430 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 404.716 nm | 400 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 428.583 nm | 370 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 394.798 nm | 340 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 422.572 nm | 340 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 396.921 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 410.105 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).5d 2S → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 412.732 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).5d 2S → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 496.187 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 400.653 nm | 310 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(3P) 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 438.51 nm | 310 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 417.929 nm | 300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(1S).6p 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 427.343 nm | 300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).7s 2P | Medida | NIST | |
| 679.109 nm | 300 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 669.0154 nm | 290 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 453.708 nm | 260 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 397.592 nm | 250 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 416.356 nm | 250 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 398.176 nm | 240 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 425.114 nm | 240 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 404.888 nm | 230 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(3P) 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* | Medida | NIST |
Propriedades ampliadas
Raios covalentes (dados ampliados)
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 136 pm
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö, ligação dupla)
- 128 pm
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö, ligação tripla)
- 121 pm
- Raio covalente (Bragg)
- 133 pm
Raios de van der Waals
- Bondi
- 206 pm
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 199 pm
- UFF
- 447 pm
- MM3
- 244 pm
- Dreiding
- 423 pm
Raios atômicos e metálicos
- Raio atômico (Rahm)
- 242 pm
- Raio metálico (C12)
- 160 pm
Escalas de numeração
- Mendeleev
- 102
- Pettifor
- 92
- Glawe
- 94
Escalas de eletronegatividade
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarizabilidade e dispersão
- Polarizabilidade dipolar
- 38 a.u.
- Polarizabilidade dipolar (incerteza)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆
- 445 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 471 Ha·Bohr6
Transições de fase e alótropos
| Ponto de fusão | 722,66 K |
| Ponto de ebulição | 1261,15 K |
| Ponto crítico (temperatura) | 2329,15 K |
Categorias de estados de oxidação
Dados de referência avançados
Constantes de blindagem (11)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1,0432 |
| 2 | p | 4,14 |
| 2 | s | 13,6688 |
| 3 | d | 14,1607 |
| 3 | p | 17,9911 |
| 3 | s | 18,0019 |
| 4 | d | 32,04 |
| 4 | p | 28,878 |
| 4 | s | 27,5916 |
| 5 | p | 41,1915 |
Detalhes dos raios cristalinos (6)
| Carga | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origem |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | VI | 207 | Pauling's (1960) crystal radius, | |
| 4 | III | 66 | ||
| 4 | IV | 80 | ||
| 4 | VI | 111 | ||
| 6 | IV | 57 | calculated, | |
| 6 | VI | 70 |
Modos de decaimento dos isótopos (67)
| Isótopo | Modo | Intensidade |
|---|---|---|
| 104 | A | 100% |
| 105 | A | 100% |
| 106 | A | 100% |
| 107 | A | 70% |
| 107 | B+ | — |
| 107 | B+p | — |
| 108 | B+ | 51% |
| 108 | A | 49% |
| 108 | B+p | 2,4% |
| 108 | B+A | 0,1% |
Fatores de espalhamento de raios X (508)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 9,70237 |
| 10,1617 | — | 9,72653 |
| 10,3261 | — | 9,75076 |
| 10,4931 | — | 9,77506 |
| 10,6628 | — | 9,7994 |
| 10,8353 | — | 9,77638 |
| 11,0106 | — | 9,72308 |
| 11,1886 | — | 9,67008 |
| 11,3696 | — | 9,61736 |
| 11,5535 | — | 9,54395 |
Dados adicionais
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
Referências (1)
- [5] Tellurium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele052.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Referências (1)
- [5] Tellurium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele052.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element.
Referências (1)
- [6] Tellurium https://periodic.lanl.gov/52.shtml
Referências
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tellurium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.