Antimony (Sb)
metalloidSolid
Peso atômico padrão
121,76 uConfiguração eletrônica
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3Ponto de fusão
630,63 °CPonto de ebulição
1586,85 °CDensidade
6685 kg/m³Estados de oxidação
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
2,05Energia de ionização (1ª)
8,608389 eVAno da descoberta
1707Raio atômico
145 pmDetalhes
Antimony is a brittle p-block metalloid in group 15. It commonly shows oxidation states +3 and +5, with chemistry that bridges arsenic and bismuth. The element is best known as a hardening additive for lead alloys and as a component of flame-retardant systems through antimony trioxide. Natural antimony is usually encountered in sulfide minerals rather than as native metal.
Antimony is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic.
The name derives from the Greek, anti + monos for "not alone" or "not one" because it was found in many compounds. The symbol Sb comes from stibium, which is derived from the Greek stibi for "mark" because it was used for blackening eyebrows and eyelashes. The minerals stibnite (Sb2S3) and stibine (SbH3) are two of more than one hundred mineral species, which were known in the ancient world.
Antimony has been known since ancient times. It is sometimes found free in nature, but is usually obtained from the ores stibnite (Sb2S3) and valentinite (Sb2O3). Nicolas Lémery, a French chemist, was the first person to scientifically study antimony and its compounds. He published his findings in 1707. Antimony makes up about 0.00002% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word anti plus monos - "a metal not found alone". Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier.
Pure antimony is a silvery white, lustrous solid with a crystalline, flaky fracture. It is hard enough to take a polish but is very brittle and can be pulverized. The stable form at ordinary conditions is metallic in appearance, although it has semimetallic electrical behavior.
The largest uses of antimony are tied to compounds rather than the pure element. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, is widely used as a synergist with halogenated flame retardants in plastics, textiles, and coatings. Metallic antimony hardens lead in lead-acid battery grids, ammunition, and some bearing or type-metal alloys. Smaller uses include glass fining, ceramic opacifiers or color modifiers, and antimony-containing semiconductors such as indium antimonide, InSb.
Antimony is a brittle metal and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Very pure antimony is used to make certain types of semiconductor devices, such as diodes and infrared detectors. Antimony is alloyed with lead to increase lead's durability. Antimony alloys are also used in batteries, low friction metals, type metal and cable sheathing, among other products. Antimony compounds are used to make flame-proofing materials, paints, ceramic enamels, glass and pottery. The ancient Egyptians used antimony, in the form of stibnite, for black eye make-up.
Antimony is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes and Hall-effect devices. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small arms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride. These are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of antimony possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of antimony in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.51.1) [370] O. Rouxel, J. Ludden, Y. Fouquet. Chem. Geol.200, 25 (2003).. The stable isotopes 121Sb and 123Sb have been used to measure movement of sediments and rocks originating from locations high in antimony. 121Sb and 123Sb move with the sediments and have been used as tracers in areas low in antimony to determine the originating location of certain metal/metalloid contaminants in streams [371] B. Chauvenet, M. M. Be, M. N. Amiot, C. Bobin, M. C. Lepy, T. Branger, I. Laniece, A. Luca, M. Sahagia, A. C. Watjen, K. Kossert, O. Ott, O. Nahle, P. Dryak, J. Sochorova, P. Kovar, P. Auerbach, T. Altzitzoglou, S. Pomme, G. Sibbens, R. Van Ammel, J. Paepen, A. Iwahara, J. U. Delgado, R. Poledna, C. J. da Silva, L. Johansson, A. Stroak, C. Bailat, Y. Nedjadi, P. Spring. Appl. Radiat. Isot.68, 1207 (2010)., [372] M. Baeza, J. Ren, S. Krishnamurthy, T. C. Vaughan. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.8, 299 (2010)., [373] L. Wilson. “Determination of trace element provenance in the Rio Loa Basin, Chile”, in 2010 Geological Society of America Presentation..
Isotopes in Industry
In the 1950s, 124Sb and 125Sb (with half-lives of 60 days and about 1000 days, respectively) were used commercially as tracers. They were injected into oil pipelines as a way to detect the residence time and flow rate of the substance through the pipeline. The presence of these isotopes could be detected by means of a Geiger counter held above the pipeline. If the pipeline had a leak, the tracer would escape and its contamination and movement could be detected in the soil. 124Sb and 125Sb are now both treated as environmental contaminants [375] R. Gibbs. Popular Mech.117, 117 (1955)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
123Sb is used to produce 124I (with a half-life of 100 h), which is used in radioimmunotherapy and also in positron emission tomography. It can be produced from the 123Sb (3He, 2n) 124I reaction [376] M. S. Uddin, A. Hermanne, S. Sudár, M. N. Aslam, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.69, 699 (2010).. 121Sb and 123Sb can both be used for the production of 123I (with a half-life of 13.2 h) via 3He and alpha particle-induced reactions with 121Sb and 123Sb, although the most common production route is via 124Xe or 123Te [377] K. F. Hassan, S. M. Qaim, Z. A. Saleh, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.64, 101 (2006)..
Antimony forms stable trivalent and pentavalent compounds, with Sb(III) generally more common. Stibnite, Sb₂S₃, is the principal ore mineral and a representative sulfide. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, is amphoteric and dissolves in strong acids or bases under suitable conditions. Antimony pentachloride, SbCl₅, is a strong Lewis acid, while antimony trifluoride, SbF₃, is a useful fluorinating reagent. Complex antimonates contain Sb(V) in oxide frameworks.
See more information at the Antimony compound page.
Elemental antimony is less readily absorbed than many soluble compounds, but dust and fumes can irritate the respiratory tract and should be controlled. Soluble antimony(III) compounds are generally more toxic than many antimony(V) compounds. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, has occupational inhalation concerns and is classified in several jurisdictions as a suspected or possible carcinogenic hazard. Stibine, SbH₃, is a highly toxic gas.
Antimony is a trace element in the crust and is concentrated mainly in sulfide deposits. Weathering of antimony minerals can release antimony species to soils and waters, where mobility depends strongly on pH, redox state, and adsorption to iron and manganese oxides. Mining, smelting, coal combustion, waste incineration, and wear or disposal of antimony-containing products can add local contamination. It has no known essential biological role.
Antimony supply is based mainly on mining and processing stibnite ores, with additional recovery as a by-product from some complex lead, copper, and precious-metal operations. Concentrates are roasted or otherwise converted to oxides and then reduced or refined, depending on the desired product. Demand is dominated by flame-retardant applications and lead-alloy use, especially batteries. Supply is relatively concentrated geographically, so recycling from lead-acid batteries and substitution in flame-retardant systems are important industrial considerations.
Antimony is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found natively, but more frequently it is found as the sulfide stibnite.
Antimony is a relatively uncommon heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced chiefly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, including slow neutron capture in evolved stars and rapid neutron capture in explosive events. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile element, tending to associate with sulfur-rich phases rather than silicate minerals.
- The symbol Sb comes from stibium, a Latin name associated with antimony sulfide.
- Antimony expands slightly on solidifying, a property useful in sharp-casting alloys.
- Stibnite crystals can form long metallic-gray blades with a very low hardness.
- Indium antimonide, InSb, has a very narrow band gap and is used in infrared detectors.
- Antimony has two stable natural isotopes, ¹²¹Sb and ¹²³Sb.
Imagens
Propriedades
Física
- Raio atômico (empírico)
- 145 pm Comparar Raio atômico (empírico) de todos os elementos →
- Raio covalente
- 139 pm Comparar Raio covalente de todos os elementos →
- Raio de van der Waals
- 206 pm Comparar Raio de van der Waals de todos os elementos →
- Raio metálico
- 139 pm Comparar Raio metálico de todos os elementos →
- Densidade
- 6685 kg/m³ Comparar Densidade de todos os elementos →
- Volume molar
- 0,0184 L/mol
- Fase nas CNTP
- Sólido Comparar Fase nas CNTP de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de fusão
- 630,63 °C Comparar Ponto de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de ebulição
- 1586,85 °C Comparar Ponto de ebulição de todos os elementos →
- Condutividade térmica
- 24,43 W/(m·K) Comparar Condutividade térmica de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica específica
- 0,207 J/(g·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica específica de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica molar
- 25,23 J/(mol·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica molar de todos os elementos →
- Estrutura cristalina
- Romboédrica Comparar Estrutura cristalina de todos os elementos →
Química
- Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
- 2,05 Comparar Eletronegatividade (Pauling) de todos os elementos →
- Eletronegatividade (Allen)
- 1,984
- Afinidade eletrônica
- 1,07 eV
- Energia de ionização (1ª)
- 8,608389 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (1ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (2ª)
- 16,626057 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (2ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (3ª)
- 25,323587 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (3ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (4ª)
- 43,804151 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (4ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (5ª)
- 55,000189 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (5ª) de todos os elementos →
- Estados de oxidação
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 Comparar Estados de oxidação de todos os elementos →
- Elétrons de valência
- 5 Comparar Elétrons de valência de todos os elementos →
- Alótropos
- ["gray"]
- Configuração eletrônica
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3
Termodinâmica
- Calor de fusão
- 0,20417682 eV Comparar Calor de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Calor de vaporização
- 0,70477276 eV Comparar Calor de vaporização de todos os elementos →
- Calor de sublimação
- 2,02104 eV
- Calor de atomização
- 2,715448 eV
- Entalpia de atomização
- 2,740322 eV
Nuclear
- Prótons
- 51 Comparar Prótons de todos os elementos →
- Nêutrons
- 70 Comparar Nêutrons de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos conhecidos
- 41 Comparar Isótopos conhecidos de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos estáveis
- 2 Comparar Isótopos estáveis de todos os elementos →
- Isótopo mais estável
- Sb-121
- Ano da descoberta
- 1707
Abundância
- Abundância (crosta terrestre)
- 0,2 mg/kg Comparar Abundância (crosta terrestre) de todos os elementos →
- Abundância (oceano)
- 2,4 × 10−4 mg/L Comparar Abundância (oceano) de todos os elementos →
Estrutura cristalina
- Constante de rede a
- 451 pm
Estrutura eletrônica
- Elétrons por camada
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 Comparar Elétrons por camada de todos os elementos →
Identificadores
- Número CAS
- 7440-36-0 Comparar Número CAS de todos os elementos →
- Símbolo de termo
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sb
- Chave InChI
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuração eletrônica Medido
Sb: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³Modelo atômico
Os isótopos alteram o número de nêutrons, a massa e a estabilidade — não a configuração eletrônica de um átomo neutro.
Modelo atômico esquemático, sem escala.
Assinatura atômica
Espectro de emissão / absorção
Distribuição isotópica
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 Estável | 120,903812 ± 0,000003 | 57,2100% | Estável |
| 123 Estável | 122,9042132 ± 0,0000023 | 42,7900% | Estável |
Fase / Estado
Motivo: 605,6 °C abaixo do ponto de fusão (630,63 °C)
Esquemático, sem escala
Pontos de transição de fase
Energias de transição
Energia necessária para fundir 1 mol no ponto de fusão
Energia necessária para vaporizar 1 mol no ponto de ebulição
Energia necessária para sublimar 1 mol no ponto de sublimação
Densidade
Em condições padrão
Em condições padrão
Espectros atômicos
Mostrando 10 de 51. Ordenado por carga do íon (ordem crescente).
Dados de linhas disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Total de linhas | Probabilidades de transição | Designações dos níveis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sb I | 0 | 135 | 10 | 128 |
| Sb II | +1 | 90 | 2 | 61 |
| Sb III | +2 | 61 | 0 | 0 |
| Sb IV | +3 | 14 | 0 | 0 |
| Sb V | +4 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
Dados de níveis disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Níveis |
|---|---|---|
| Sb I | 0 | 153 |
| Sb II | +1 | 110 |
| Sb III | +2 | 24 |
| Sb IV | +3 | 29 |
| Sb V | +4 | 9 |
| Sb VI | +5 | 60 |
| Sb VII | +6 | 2 |
| Sb VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Sb IX | +8 | 2 |
| Sb X | +9 | 2 |
Raios iônicos
| Carga | Coordenação | Spin | Raio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 4 | N/D | 76 pm |
| +3 | 5 | N/D | 80 pm |
| +3 | 6 | N/D | 76 pm |
| +5 | 6 | N/D | 60 pm |
Compostos
Isótopos (2)
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida | Modo de decaimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 121 Estável | 120,903812 ± 0,000003 | 57,2100% ± 0,0500% | Estável | stable | |
| 123 Estável | 122,9042132 ± 0,0000023 | 42,7900% ± 0,0500% | Estável | stable |
Linhas espectrais
| Comprimento de onda (nm) | Intensidade | Estágio de ionização | Tipo | Transição | Exatidão | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 403.35367 nm | 200 | Sb I | emission | 5p3 2P* → 5p2.(3P).6s 4P | Medida | NIST | |
| 475.77494 nm | 20 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,3/2)* | Medida | NIST | |
| 549.02252 nm | N/D | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,1/2)* | Medida | NIST | |
| 555.60108 nm | N/D | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(1D<2>).6p (2,1/2)* | Medida | NIST | |
| 560.20647 nm | N/D | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<1>).7p (1,3/2)* | Medida | NIST | |
| 563.19352 nm | N/D | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<0>).7p (0,3/2)* | Medida | NIST | |
| 573.02392 nm | N/D | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,3/2)* | Medida | NIST | |
| 661.1381 nm | 20 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(1D<2>).6p (2,1/2)* | Medida | NIST |
Propriedades ampliadas
Raios covalentes (dados ampliados)
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 140 pm
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö, ligação dupla)
- 133 pm
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö, ligação tripla)
- 127 pm
- Raio covalente (Bragg)
- 140 pm
Raios de van der Waals
- Truhlar
- 206 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 247 pm
- UFF
- 442 pm
- MM3
- 252 pm
- Dreiding
- 435 pm
Raios atômicos e metálicos
- Raio atômico (Rahm)
- 246 pm
- Raio metálico (C12)
- 166 pm
Escalas de numeração
- Mendeleev
- 96
- Pettifor
- 88
- Glawe
- 91
Escalas de eletronegatividade
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarizabilidade e dispersão
- Polarizabilidade dipolar
- 43 a.u.
- Polarizabilidade dipolar (incerteza)
- 2 a.u.
- C₆
- 492 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 504 Ha·Bohr6
Parâmetros de Miedema
- Volume molar de Miedema
- 16,95 cm3/mol
- Densidade eletrônica de Miedema
- 2
Risco de abastecimento e economia
- Concentração da produção
- 88
- Risco relativo de abastecimento
- 9
- Distribuição das reservas
- 53
- Estabilidade política (maior produtor)
- 24
- Estabilidade política (detentor das maiores reservas)
- 24
Transições de fase e alótropos
| Ponto de fusão | 903,78 K |
| Ponto de ebulição | 1860,15 K |
Categorias de estados de oxidação
Dados de referência avançados
Constantes de blindagem (11)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1,0256 |
| 2 | p | 4,1274 |
| 2 | s | 13,4046 |
| 3 | d | 14,2002 |
| 3 | p | 17,8161 |
| 3 | s | 17,7909 |
| 4 | d | 32,0256 |
| 4 | p | 28,8188 |
| 4 | s | 27,4564 |
| 5 | p | 41,0055 |
Detalhes dos raios cristalinos (4)
| Carga | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origem |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | IVPY | 90 | ||
| 3 | V | 94 | ||
| 3 | VI | 90 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 5 | VI | 74 |
Modos de decaimento dos isótopos (61)
| Isótopo | Modo | Intensidade |
|---|---|---|
| 102 | p | — |
| 103 | p | — |
| 104 | B+ | — |
| 104 | B+p | 7% |
| 104 | p | 7% |
| 104 | A | — |
| 105 | B+ | 100% |
| 105 | p | 0,1% |
| 105 | B+p | — |
| 106 | B+ | 100% |
Fatores de espalhamento de raios X (508)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 9,95091 |
| 10,1617 | — | 10,0681 |
| 10,3261 | — | 9,92927 |
| 10,4931 | — | 9,42377 |
| 10,6628 | — | 8,92685 |
| 10,8353 | — | 8,35287 |
| 11,0106 | — | 7,84004 |
| 11,1886 | — | 7,4678 |
| 11,3696 | — | 7,10503 |
| 11,5535 | — | 6,73907 |
Dados adicionais
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
Referências (1)
- [5] Antimony https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele051.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.4×10-4 milligrams per liter
Referências (1)
- [5] Antimony https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele051.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Antimony is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found natively, but more frequently it is found as the sulfide stibnite.
Referências (1)
- [6] Antimony https://periodic.lanl.gov/51.shtml
Referências
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Antimony.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.