Rhodium (Rh)
transition-metalSolid
Peso atômico padrão
102,9055 uConfiguração eletrônica
[Kr] 5s1 4d8Ponto de fusão
1963,85 °CPonto de ebulição
3694,85 °CDensidade
1,24e+4 kg/m³Estados de oxidação
−3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
2,28Energia de ionização (1ª)
7,4589 eVAno da descoberta
1803Raio atômico
135 pmDetalhes
Rhodium is a very rare platinum-group transition metal. It is chemically noble, hard, highly reflective, and most often encountered in nature alloyed with platinum, palladium, and other platinum-group elements. Its industrial importance is dominated by catalysis, especially control of nitrogen oxides in automotive exhaust. Rhodium also forms stable coordination compounds, commonly with Rh(I) and Rh(III), that are important in homogeneous catalysis and organometallic chemistry.
The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the resquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. It is highly reflective, hard, and durable.
The name derives from the Greek rhodon for rose because of the rose color of dilute solutions of its salts. It was discovered by the English chemist and physicist William Hyde Wollaston in 1803 in a crude platinum ore.
Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 shortly after his discovery of the element palladium. He obtained rhodium from a sample of platinum ore that was obtained from South America. After removing the platinum and palladium from the sample, he was left with a dark red powder. The powder turned out to be sodium rhodium chloride (Na3RhCl6·12H2O). Wollaston obtained rhodium from the powder by treating it with hydrogen gas (H2). Rhodium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum. Rhodium is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada.
From the Greek word rhodon, rose. Wollaston discovered rhodium between 1803 and 1804 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America.
Pure rhodium is a silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster. It is solid, hard, and corrosion-resistant under ordinary conditions, and it retains a high reflectance. Massive metal and electroplated coatings have a similar white appearance, although thin deposits depend on surface preparation.
The largest use of rhodium is in three-way catalytic converters, where it promotes reduction of nitrogen oxides in gasoline-engine exhaust. It is also used as a durable, bright electroplated coating on jewelry, optical parts, and electrical contacts. Rhodium-platinum alloys are used in high-temperature equipment such as thermocouple wires and some glass-fiber production components. Soluble rhodium complexes are valuable catalysts in selected industrial and laboratory reactions, including hydroformylation and hydrogenation.
Rhodium is used to make electrical contacts, as jewelry and in catalytic converters, but is most frequently used as an alloying agent in other materials, such as platinum and palladium. These alloys are used to make such things as furnace coils, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs and laboratory crucibles.
Rhodium's primary use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocoupling elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst.
Isotopes in Medicine
The beta particles of 105Rh (with a half-life of about 35 h) are used in target radiotherapy to kill cancer cells or cause cancer cell sterilization [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003).. The gamma rays from 105Rh enable in vivo tracking during radiotherapy [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003).. 105Rh has been used in the treatment of bone pain (Fig. IUPAC.45.1) [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003)., [337] Trace Sciences International Inc. Ruthenium Isotopes, Trace Sciences International Inc (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.tracesciences.com/ru.htm..
Ocular brachytherapy currently is performed using 125I (with a half-life of about 59 days) or 106Rh (with a half-life of about 30 s) seeds [338] A. P. Mourão, T. P. R. D. Campos. Radiol. Bras.42, 43 (2009).. Brachytherapy can allow a good spatial dose distribution over the ocular tumor with lower radiation on adjacent tissues. In the case of irradiation of the eyeball with 106Rh, 80 percent of the dose has been absorbed within a depth of 5.2 mm and 90 percent has been absorbed within 7.2 mm (Fig. IUPAC.45.2). This limits the application of 106Rh; however, when 106Rh can be used, the radiation dose can be lower, which is preferred.
Rhodium chemistry is strongly influenced by its noble-metal character and by coordination bonding. The most common oxidation states are +1 and +3, although other states occur in specialized compounds. Rhodium(III) chloride, RhCl₃, is a widely used precursor to coordination complexes and catalysts. Rhodium(III) oxide, Rh₂O₃, is a stable oxide under suitable conditions. Rh(I) complexes such as chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I), RhCl(PPh₃)₃, illustrate the element’s importance in homogeneous catalysis. Carbonyl and organometallic complexes are central to many of its reactions.
See more information at the Rhodium compound page.
Bulk rhodium metal is generally resistant to corrosion and is not highly reactive, but dusts and finely divided powders can present inhalation and fire hazards typical of metal particulates. Soluble rhodium salts and organometallic compounds should be treated as toxic or potentially sensitizing unless specifically characterized. Rhodium compounds used as catalysts may be hazardous because of their ligands, solvents, or decomposition products. Natural rhodium has one stable isotope, so radioactivity is not an intrinsic hazard of the element.
Exposure to rhodium (metal fume and dust, as Rh) should not exceed 1 mg/m^3 (8-hour time-weighted average, 40-hour week).
Rhodium occurs naturally at very low concentrations, mainly in ultramafic and mafic ore systems associated with other platinum-group elements and nickel-copper sulfides. In surface environments it is relatively immobile because the metal is noble and many compounds are sparingly soluble. Human releases come chiefly from mining, refining, catalyst manufacture, and abrasion or loss from catalytic converters. Its biological role is not known, and environmental concentrations are usually very low.
Rhodium is produced almost entirely as a by-product of platinum, palladium, nickel, and copper mining. It is not mined as a primary metal in ordinary commercial practice, so supply responds slowly to price signals and depends on ore grade, refining capacity, and platinum-group-metal operations. Demand is concentrated in emission-control catalysts, making substitution difficult where rhodium’s nitrogen oxide reduction performance is required. Recycling from spent automotive catalysts is a major secondary source and helps moderate the scarcity of primary supply.
Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons.
Rhodium is a heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from supernovae and neutron-rich stellar events. It is cosmically rare compared with iron and the lighter rock-forming elements. In planetary materials it is siderophile and chalcophile, so it tends to partition into metal or sulfide phases rather than common silicate minerals.
- Natural rhodium consists essentially of the single stable isotope ¹⁰³Rh.
- Rhodium is usually recovered only after complex separation of several similar platinum-group metals.
- A thin rhodium plate can make silver-colored jewelry more reflective and more resistant to tarnish.
- Rhodium catalysts are valued because small chemical changes around the metal can strongly alter selectivity.
- Its name comes from the rose-colored salts observed during its discovery.
Imagens
Propriedades
Física
- Raio atômico (empírico)
- 135 pm Comparar Raio atômico (empírico) de todos os elementos →
- Raio covalente
- 142 pm Comparar Raio covalente de todos os elementos →
- Raio de van der Waals
- 195 pm Comparar Raio de van der Waals de todos os elementos →
- Raio metálico
- 125 pm Comparar Raio metálico de todos os elementos →
- Densidade
- 1,24 × 104 kg/m³ Comparar Densidade de todos os elementos →
- Volume molar
- 0,0083 L/mol
- Fase nas CNTP
- Sólido Comparar Fase nas CNTP de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de fusão
- 1963,85 °C Comparar Ponto de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de ebulição
- 3694,85 °C Comparar Ponto de ebulição de todos os elementos →
- Condutividade térmica
- 150 W/(m·K) Comparar Condutividade térmica de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica específica
- 0,243 J/(g·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica específica de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica molar
- 24,98 J/(mol·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica molar de todos os elementos →
- Estrutura cristalina
- Cúbica de faces centradas Comparar Estrutura cristalina de todos os elementos →
Química
- Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
- 2,28 Comparar Eletronegatividade (Pauling) de todos os elementos →
- Eletronegatividade (Allen)
- 1,56
- Afinidade eletrônica
- 1,137 eV
- Energia de ionização (1ª)
- 7,4589 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (1ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (2ª)
- 18,080062 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (2ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (3ª)
- 31,060107 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (3ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (4ª)
- 42,000145 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (4ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (5ª)
- 63,000217 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (5ª) de todos os elementos →
- Estados de oxidação
- −3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 Comparar Estados de oxidação de todos os elementos →
- Elétrons de valência
- 9 Comparar Elétrons de valência de todos os elementos →
- Configuração eletrônica
- [Kr] 5s1 4d8
Termodinâmica
- Calor de fusão
- 0,22490543 eV Comparar Calor de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Calor de vaporização
- 5,119967 eV Comparar Calor de vaporização de todos os elementos →
- Calor de sublimação
- 5,762554 eV
- Calor de atomização
- 5,762554 eV
- Entalpia de atomização
- 5,762554 eV
Nuclear
- Prótons
- 45 Comparar Prótons de todos os elementos →
- Nêutrons
- 58 Comparar Nêutrons de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos conhecidos
- 41 Comparar Isótopos conhecidos de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos estáveis
- 1 Comparar Isótopos estáveis de todos os elementos →
- Isótopo mais estável
- Rh-103
- Ano da descoberta
- 1803
Abundância
- Abundância (crosta terrestre)
- 0,001 mg/kg Comparar Abundância (crosta terrestre) de todos os elementos →
Estrutura cristalina
- Constante de rede a
- 380 pm
Estrutura eletrônica
- Elétrons por camada
- 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 Comparar Elétrons por camada de todos os elementos →
Identificadores
- Número CAS
- 7440-16-6 Comparar Número CAS de todos os elementos →
- Símbolo de termo
- 4F9/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Rh
- Chave InChI
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuração eletrônica Medido
Rh: 4d⁸ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁸ 5s¹Modelo atômico
Os isótopos alteram o número de nêutrons, a massa e a estabilidade — não a configuração eletrônica de um átomo neutro.
Modelo atômico esquemático, sem escala.
Assinatura atômica
Espectro de emissão / absorção
Distribuição isotópica
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida |
|---|---|---|---|
| 103 Estável | 102,905498 ± 0,0000026 | 100,0000% | Estável |
Fase / Estado
Motivo: 1938,8 °C abaixo do ponto de fusão (1963,85 °C)
Esquemático, sem escala
Pontos de transição de fase
Energias de transição
Energia necessária para fundir 1 mol no ponto de fusão
Energia necessária para vaporizar 1 mol no ponto de ebulição
Energia necessária para sublimar 1 mol no ponto de sublimação
Densidade
Em condições padrão
Em condições padrão
Espectros atômicos
Mostrando 10 de 45. Ordenado por carga do íon (ordem crescente).
Dados de linhas disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Total de linhas | Probabilidades de transição | Designações dos níveis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rh I | 0 | 468 | 111 | 443 |
| Rh II | +1 | 34 | 0 | 31 |
| Rh III | +2 | 73 | 0 | 0 |
Dados de níveis disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Níveis |
|---|---|---|
| Rh I | 0 | 138 |
| Rh II | +1 | 126 |
| Rh III | +2 | 196 |
| Rh IV | +3 | 2 |
| Rh V | +4 | 2 |
| Rh VI | +5 | 2 |
| Rh VII | +6 | 2 |
| Rh VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Rh IX | +8 | 2 |
| Rh X | +9 | 2 |
Raios iônicos
| Carga | Coordenação | Spin | Raio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | N/D | 66.5 pm |
| +4 | 6 | N/D | 60 pm |
| +5 | 6 | N/D | 55.00000000000001 pm |
Compostos
Isótopos (1)
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida | Modo de decaimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 103 Estável | 102,905498 ± 0,0000026 | 100,0000% | Estável | stable |
Linhas espectrais
Mostrando 50 de 186. Por padrão, são mostradas apenas as linhas espectrais com intensidade medida.
| Comprimento de onda (nm) | Intensidade | Estágio de ionização | Tipo | Transição | Exatidão | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 385.6513 nm | 5900 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 437.4809 nm | 4200 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 382.226 nm | 3800 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 395.8856 nm | 3800 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 421.1133 nm | 3300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 382.8478 nm | 2300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 413.5275 nm | 2100 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 383.3884 nm | 2000 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 393.4224 nm | 2000 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 412.8886 nm | 1500 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 380.6759 nm | 1300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 381.8186 nm | 1300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 412.1683 nm | 1100 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 428.8702 nm | 820 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 380.592 nm | 760 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 8* | Medida | NIST | |
| 381.6474 nm | 760 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 394.271 nm | 590 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 408.278 nm | 560 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 387.0018 nm | 490 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 12* | Medida | NIST | |
| 381.5021 nm | 470 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 13* | Medida | NIST | |
| 387.7346 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 397.5313 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4* | Medida | NIST | |
| 399.6149 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 2P → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 419.6496 nm | 330 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 392.2195 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 398.4393 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 399.5602 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 415.4343 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d7.5s2 b 4F → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 559.9419 nm | 160 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 467.5022 nm | 150 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 409.7508 nm | 140 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 456.8993 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 535.4428 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* → 16 | Medida | NIST | |
| 598.3575 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d7.5s2 b 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 391.3508 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 402.3139 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 411.9679 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 381.2462 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p z 2S* | Medida | NIST | |
| 395.8233 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 2P → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 437.9911 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 519.313 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* → 2 | Medida | NIST | |
| 539.0433 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 387.239 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 388.8331 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 407.758 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 411.6329 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4* | Medida | NIST | |
| 420.6613 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 429.6763 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 474.5116 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 509.064 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Medida | NIST |
Propriedades ampliadas
Raios covalentes (dados ampliados)
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 125 pm
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö, ligação dupla)
- 110 pm
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö, ligação tripla)
- 106 pm
Raios de van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 244 pm
- UFF
- 292,9 pm
- MM3
- 234 pm
Raios atômicos e metálicos
- Raio atômico (Rahm)
- 233 pm
- Raio metálico (C12)
- 134 pm
Escalas de numeração
- Mendeleev
- 64
- Pettifor
- 66
- Glawe
- 63
Escalas de eletronegatividade
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Polarizabilidade e dispersão
- Polarizabilidade dipolar
- 66 a.u.
- Polarizabilidade dipolar (incerteza)
- 10 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 708 Ha·Bohr6
Afinidade química
- Afinidade protônica
- 768 kJ/mol
- Basicidade em fase gasosa
- 745,4 kJ/mol
Parâmetros de Miedema
- Volume molar de Miedema
- 8,3 cm3/mol
- Densidade eletrônica de Miedema
- 5
Risco de abastecimento e economia
- Concentração da produção
- 60
- Risco relativo de abastecimento
- 8
- Distribuição das reservas
- 95
- Estabilidade política (maior produtor)
- 44
- Estabilidade política (detentor das maiores reservas)
- 44
Transições de fase e alótropos
| Ponto de fusão | 2236,15 K |
| Ponto de ebulição | 3968,15 K |
Categorias de estados de oxidação
Dados de referência avançados
Constantes de blindagem (10)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,9244 |
| 2 | p | 4,0596 |
| 2 | s | 11,8454 |
| 3 | d | 14,595 |
| 3 | p | 16,8456 |
| 3 | s | 16,5615 |
| 4 | d | 31,5576 |
| 4 | p | 27,8604 |
| 4 | s | 26,4184 |
| 5 | s | 38,3605 |
Detalhes dos raios cristalinos (3)
| Carga | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origem |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 80,5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VI | 74 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 69 |
Modos de decaimento dos isótopos (72)
| Isótopo | Modo | Intensidade |
|---|---|---|
| 88 | B+ | — |
| 89 | B+ | — |
| 89 | B+p | — |
| 89 | p | — |
| 90 | B+ | 100% |
| 90 | B+p | 0,7% |
| 91 | B+ | 100% |
| 91 | B+p | 1,3% |
| 92 | B+ | 100% |
| 92 | B+p | 2% |
Fatores de espalhamento de raios X (508)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1,17537 |
| 10,1617 | — | 1,24044 |
| 10,3261 | — | 1,30912 |
| 10,4931 | — | 1,3816 |
| 10,6628 | — | 1,4581 |
| 10,8353 | — | 1,53883 |
| 11,0106 | — | 1,62403 |
| 11,1886 | — | 1,71394 |
| 11,3696 | — | 1,80884 |
| 11,5535 | — | 1,90899 |
Dados adicionais
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
Referências (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Referências (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons.
Referências (1)
- [6] Rhodium https://periodic.lanl.gov/45.shtml
Referências
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Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Rhodium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.