Livermorium (Lv)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
Peso atômico padrão
[293]Configuração eletrônica
[Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (Previsto)Ponto de fusão
506,85 °CPonto de ebulição
861,85 °CDensidade
1,29e+4 kg/m³Estados de oxidação
−2, +2, +4Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
N/DEnergia de ionização (1ª)
N/DAno da descoberta
2000Raio atômico
183 pmDetalhes
Livermorium is a synthetic superheavy element in group 16, below polonium. It has only been made atom by atom in nuclear reactions, and all confirmed isotopes are extremely short-lived. Its placement suggests a heavy chalcogen, but relativistic effects are expected to alter its chemistry. No macroscopic sample has existed, so most chemical and physical properties remain predicted rather than measured.
Livermorium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. In 2000, scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia (Fig. IUPAC.116.1) worked with scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the University of California and other collaborators to synthesize element 116. This element was first given the placeholder name ununhexium; in May of 2012 it was granted the name livermorium, with the symbol Lv. Researchers first studied livermorium as a decay product of oganesson and then synthesized livermorium by bombarding atoms of 248Cm with ions of 48Ca. The initial reaction of 248Cm with 48Ca produced the isotope 292Lv. Researchers were also able to produce livermorium by bombarding 245Cm with 48Ca. There are four known isotopes of livermorium [669], [674]. Livermorium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
On December 6, 2000, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, announced the creation of livermorium. They produced livermorium by bombarding atoms of curium-248 with ions of calcium-48. This produced livermorium-292, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.6 milliseconds (0.0006 seconds), and four free neutrons. Livermorium's most stable isotope, livermorium-293, has a half-life of about 53 milliseconds. It decays into flerovium-289 through alpha decay.
Livermorium is a synthetic element with the symbol Lv and an atomic number of 116.
It was first reported by Russian scientists from Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) in 2000. Its former name was ununhexium and the name Livermorium name was adopted by IUPAC on May 31, 2012.
The appearance of livermorium is unknown because no visible or weighable sample has been produced. Predictions generally treat it as a very heavy metallic solid under ordinary conditions, but this has not been experimentally observed.
Livermorium has no practical use outside nuclear and chemical research. Its atoms are produced to study superheavy nuclei, decay chains, nuclear shell effects, and the limits of the periodic table. Any chemical experiments would necessarily be atom-at-a-time studies with rapidly decaying isotopes, not applications using a stored material.
Since only a few atoms of livermorium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No bulk livermorium compounds are known. As a group 16 element, it is expected to show chemistry related to tellurium and polonium, with oxidation states such as +2 and possibly +4 considered plausible. The +6 state, common for lighter chalcogens in compounds such as sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), is predicted to be less stable for livermorium because of strong relativistic effects. Specific compounds such as livermorium dioxide (LvO₂) or livermorium hydride (LvH₂) remain theoretical.
See more information at the Livermorium compound page.
Livermorium presents a radiological hazard in principle, but only minute numbers of atoms have been made. Its known isotopes decay rapidly by alpha emission and spontaneous fission pathways within decay chains. Laboratory risk is governed mainly by accelerator targets, intense beams, recoil separators, and the radioactive daughter products, rather than by chemical exposure to livermorium itself.
Livermorium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms made in laboratories decay too quickly and in too small a number to produce measurable environmental concentrations. Any release would be negligible in chemical terms, with radiological relevance limited to the immediate experimental context and its decay products.
Livermorium has no commodity market, commercial supply, or industrial demand. Production requires heavy-ion accelerators, rare target materials, and specialized detection systems capable of identifying single atoms through their decay chains. The cost is therefore embedded in large-scale nuclear research rather than in the price of a material. There is no recycling or stockpiling of livermorium, because produced atoms decay before any macroscopic inventory could exist.
Made by bombardng curium-248 with calcium-48.
Livermorium is not expected to occur in ordinary cosmic or planetary matter. If formed in extreme nucleosynthetic events, its known isotopes would decay far too quickly to survive to the present. Searches for long-lived superheavy nuclei concern possible islands of stability, but no naturally occurring livermorium isotope has been confirmed.
- Livermorium was named for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
- Confirmed livermorium atoms have been identified through decay chains, not by weighing a sample.
- Its chemistry is expected to be strongly affected by relativistic electron behavior.
- The element lies below polonium but is not simply a heavier ordinary chalcogen.
- Even the longest-lived known livermorium isotopes have half-lives measured on very short experimental timescales.
Imagens
Propriedades
Física
- Raio atômico (empírico)
- 183 pm Comparar Raio atômico (empírico) de todos os elementos →
- Densidade
- 1,29 × 104 kg/m³ Comparar Densidade de todos os elementos →
- Fase nas CNTP
- Sólido Comparar Fase nas CNTP de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de fusão
- 506,85 °C Comparar Ponto de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de ebulição
- 861,85 °C Comparar Ponto de ebulição de todos os elementos →
Química
- Afinidade eletrônica
- 0,7 eV
- Estados de oxidação
- −2, +2, +4 Comparar Estados de oxidação de todos os elementos →
- Elétrons de valência
- 6 Comparar Elétrons de valência de todos os elementos →
- Configuração eletrônica
- [Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (Previsto)
Termodinâmica
N/D
Nuclear
- Prótons
- 116 Comparar Prótons de todos os elementos →
- Nêutrons
- 177 Comparar Nêutrons de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos conhecidos
- 5 Comparar Isótopos conhecidos de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos estáveis
- 0 Comparar Isótopos estáveis de todos os elementos →
- Número de massa (mais estável)
- 293
- Isótopo mais estável
- Lv-293
- Ano da descoberta
- 2000
Abundância
N/D
Estrutura cristalina
N/D
Estrutura eletrônica
- Elétrons por camada
- 14, 10, 6 Comparar Elétrons por camada de todos os elementos →
Identificadores
- Número CAS
- 54100-71-9 Comparar Número CAS de todos os elementos →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Lv
- Chave InChI
- ONFASNXETZOODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuração eletrônica Previsto
——Dados de configuração eletrônica indisponíveis para este íon.
Modelo atômico
Os isótopos alteram o número de nêutrons, a massa e a estabilidade — não a configuração eletrônica de um átomo neutro.
N/D
Modelo atômico esquemático, sem escala.
Assinatura atômica
Espectro de emissão / absorção
Distribuição isotópica
Sem isótopos estáveis.
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida |
|---|---|---|---|
| 289 Radioativo | 289,19816 ± 0,00057 | N/D | 16 ms |
| 290 Radioativo | 290,19864 ± 0,00071 | N/D | 9 ms |
| 291 Radioativo | 291,20108 ± 0,00066 | N/D | 26 ms |
| 292 Radioativo | 292,20174 ± 0,00091 | N/D | 16 ms |
| 293 Radioativo | 293,20449 ± 0,0006 | N/D | 70 ms |
Fase / Estado
Motivo: 481,9 °C abaixo do ponto de fusão (506,85 °C)
Esquemático, sem escala
Pontos de transição de fase
Densidade
Em condições padrão
Em condições padrão
Dados de estrutura cristalina indisponíveis
Isótopos (5)
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida | Modo de decaimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 289 Radioativo | 289,19816 ± 0,00057 | N/D | 16 ms | α ? | |
| 290 Radioativo | 290,19864 ± 0,00071 | N/D | 9 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 291 Radioativo | 291,20108 ± 0,00066 | N/D | 26 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 292 Radioativo | 292,20174 ± 0,00091 | N/D | 16 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 293 Radioativo | 293,20449 ± 0,0006 | N/D | 70 ms | α ≈100%SF ? |
Propriedades ampliadas
Raios covalentes (dados ampliados)
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 175 pm
Escalas de numeração
- Mendeleev
- 104
Categorias de estados de oxidação
Dados de referência avançados
Modos de decaimento dos isótopos (9)
| Isótopo | Modo | Intensidade |
|---|---|---|
| 289 | A | — |
| 290 | A | 100% |
| 290 | SF | — |
| 291 | A | 100% |
| 291 | SF | — |
| 292 | A | 100% |
| 292 | SF | — |
| 293 | A | 100% |
| 293 | SF | — |
Dados adicionais
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
Referências (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Referências (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
Referências
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Livermorium.