Platinum (Pt)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
195.084 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d9द्रवणांक
1768.4 °Cउत्कलनांक
3824.85 °Cघनता
2.146e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
2.28आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
8.95883 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1735अणुत्रिज्या
135 pmतपशील
Platinum is a dense, silvery-white transition metal in group 10 and a member of the platinum-group elements. It is exceptionally resistant to corrosion and oxidation, yet it can catalyze many reactions at its surface. The metal is chemically noble in bulk but forms well-defined complexes, especially in the +2 and +4 oxidation states. Its combination of durability, catalytic activity, and electrical stability gives it technological importance disproportionate to its crustal abundance.
Platinum is a beautiful silvery-white metal, when pure, and is malleable and ductile. It has a coefficient of expansion almost equal to that of soda-lime-silica glass, and is therefore used to make sealed electrodes in glass systems. The metal does not oxidize in air at any temperature, but is corroded by halogens, cyanides, sulfur, and caustic alkalis.
It is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but dissolves when they are mixed as aqua regia, forming chloroplatinic acid.
The name derives from the Spanish platina for "silver". In 1735, the Spanish astronomer Antonio de Ulloa found platinum in Peru, South America. In 1741, the English metallurgist Charles Wood found platinum from Colombia, South America. In 1750, the English physician William Brownrigg prepared purified platinum metal.
Used by the pre-Columbian Indians of South America, platinum wasn't noticed by western scientists until 1735. Platinum can occur free in nature and is sometimes found in deposits of gold-bearing sands, primarily those found in the Ural mountains, Columbia and the western United States. Platinum, in the form of the mineral sperrylite (PtAs2), is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada. Credit for the modern rediscovery of platinum is usually given to Antonio de Ulloa.
Discovered in South America by Ulloa in 1735 and by Wood in 1741. The metal was used by pre-Columbian Indians.
Pure platinum is a lustrous, silvery-white metal with a high density and a high melting point. It is ductile and malleable, and clean metal surfaces retain their metallic sheen in air because oxide formation is not favored under ordinary conditions.
Platinum is used chiefly as a catalyst, especially in automotive catalytic converters, petroleum refining, chemical synthesis, and fuel-cell electrodes. It is also used in jewelry, laboratory ware, electrical contacts, thermocouples, resistance thermometers, and high-stability electrodes. Some platinum coordination compounds are important anticancer drugs, including cisplatin, cis-[PtCl₂(NH₃)₂], although their medical use is compound-specific rather than a property of the metal itself.
Platinum is a soft, dense, ductile metal that is very resistant to corrosion. It is used to make jewelry, wire, electrical contacts and laboratory vessels. Platinum expands at nearly the same rate as soda-lime-silica glass, so it is used to make sealed electrodes in glass systems. Platinum is used to coat missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles and other devices that must operate reliably for long periods of time at high temperatures. Platinum resistance wires are used in high temperature electric furnaces. Platinum anodes are used in cathodic protection systems to prevent ships, pipelines and steel piers from corroding in salt water.
Platinum is widely used as a catalyst. It will convert methyl alcohol vapors (CH4O) into formaldehyde (CH2O) on contact, glowing red hot in the process. This effect is used to make small hand warmers. Platinum is also used in a device called a catalytic converter, a device found in the exhaust systems of most cars. Catalytic converters combine carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned fuel from a car's exhaust with oxygen from the air, forming carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). Platinum is also used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and in the cracking of petroleum products. Fuel cells, devices that combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water, also use platinum as a catalyst.
The metal is extensively used in jewelry, wire, and vessels for laboratory use, and in many valuable instruments including therocouple elements. It is also used for electrical contacts, corrosion-resistant apparatus, and in dentistry.
Platinum-cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. One such alloy made of 76.7% Pt and 23.3% Co, by weight, is an extremely powerful magnet that offers a B-H (max) almost twice that of Alnico V. Platinum resistance wires are used for constructing high-temperature electric furnaces.
The metal is used for coating missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles, etc., which must perform reliably at high temperatures for long periods of time. The metal, like palladium, absorbs large volumes of hydrogen, retaining it at ordinary temperatures but giving it up when heated.
In the finely divided state platinum is an excellent catalyst, having long been used in the contact process for producing sulfuric acid. It is also used as a catalyst in cracking petroleum products. Much interest exists in using platinum as a catalyst in fuel cells and in antipollution devices for automobiles.
Platinum anodes are extensively used in cathodic protection systems for large ships and ocean-going vessels, pipelines, steel piers, etc. Fine platinum wire will glow red hot when placed in the vapor of methyl alcohol. It acts here as a catalyst, converting the alcohol to formaldehyde. The phenomenon has been used commercially to produce cigarette lighters and hand warmers. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in the presence of platinum.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Astrophysicists have confirmed an anomaly in the isotopic composition of platinum in the chemically peculiar HgMn star χ Lupi, where the platinum isotopic composition was shown to be a mixture of 196Pt and 198Pt (Fig. IUPAC.78.1) [526] G. Kalus, S. Johansson, G. M. Wahlgren, D. S. Leckrone, A. P. Thorne, J. C. Brandt. Astrophys. J.494, 792 (1998)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The decay of 190Pt (with a half-life of 4.9×1011 years) to 186Os over time has been used for dating rocks and iron meteorites [527] J. A. Coggona, G. M. Nowella, D. G. Pearsona, T. Oberthürb, J.-P. Lorandc, F. Melcherb, S. W. Parmand. Chem. Geol.302-303, 48 (2012)..
Isotopes in Medicine
195mPt (with a half-life of 4 days) is used for pharmacokinetic studies of platinum-based anti-tumor agents in cancer diagnosis and cancer therapy [188] S. J. Adelstein, F. J. Manning. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, pp. 20–25, National Academy Press, Washington DC (1995).. The m in the superscript of 195mPt indicates a metastable state of the isotope. 195mPt can be produced from the stable isotopes 192Os or 195Pt via the 192Os (α, n) 195mPt reaction and the 195Pt (n, n′) 195mPt reaction, respectively.
Platinum chemistry is dominated by square-planar Pt(II) and octahedral Pt(IV) complexes, with lower and higher formal states known in specialized compounds. Chloroplatinic acid, H₂PtCl₆, and hexachloroplatinate salts are common precursors for catalysts and coordination chemistry. Platinum(II) chloride, PtCl₂, and platinum(IV) chloride, PtCl₄, illustrate its stable chlorides. Platinum forms many ammine, phosphine, carbonyl, and organometallic complexes; its ability to bind and activate H₂, CO, alkenes, and other small molecules underlies much of its catalytic value.
See more information at the Platinum compound page.
Massive platinum metal is generally of low chemical toxicity and is poorly reactive in the body, but finely divided platinum can be a fire or explosion hazard in some atmospheres and may catalyze unwanted reactions. Soluble platinum salts and some coordination compounds can cause allergic sensitization, asthma, skin reactions, or systemic toxicity. Industrial exposure risks are greatest during refining, catalyst manufacture, and handling of soluble or dusty forms.
Platinum occurs naturally at very low concentrations, mainly in ultramafic and mafic ore systems and in placer deposits with other platinum-group elements. In the environment it is mostly present as resistant metallic particles, sulfides, alloys, or strongly bound complexes. Road dust can contain platinum released from catalytic converters, but its mobility and bioavailability depend strongly on particle size, oxidation state, chloride content, and local chemistry.
Platinum is produced mostly as a by-product or co-product from ores rich in platinum-group elements, nickel, and copper. Mining and refining require concentration of very low-grade material followed by complex separation of closely related metals. Supply is geographically concentrated and sensitive to ore quality, energy costs, labor conditions, and refining capacity. Demand is led by emission-control catalysts, jewelry, chemical catalysts, electronics, and electrochemical technologies. Recycling from spent automotive catalysts and industrial catalysts is an important secondary source because the metal is valuable and durable.
Platinum occurs natively, accompanied by small quantities of iridium, osmium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium, all belonging to the same group of metals. These are found in the alluvial deposits of the Ural mountains, of Columbia, and of certain western American states. Sperrylite, occurring with the nickel-bearing deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, is the source of a considerable amount of metal.
The large production of nickel makes up for the fact that is only one part of the platinum metals in two million parts of ore.
Platinum is a rare heavy element in the cosmos, produced mainly by rapid neutron-capture processes in extreme astrophysical events. It is present in meteorites and planetary materials at trace levels, with siderophile behavior that caused much of Earth’s original inventory to partition into the core. Crustal platinum is therefore scarce and concentrated only by later geological processes.
- Platinum resists attack by most single mineral acids but dissolves in aqua regia.
- The international prototype metre and kilogram were made from a platinum-iridium alloy.
- Finely divided platinum can absorb and activate hydrogen at its surface.
- Native platinum commonly contains iron and other platinum-group metals rather than being perfectly pure.
- Platinum resistance thermometers are used because its electrical resistance is stable and reproducible.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 135 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 136 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 209 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 130 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 2.146 × 104 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0091 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 1768.4 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 3824.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 71.6 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.133 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 25.86 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पृष्ठकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.28 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.72
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 2.1228 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 8.95883 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 18.560064 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 29.0001 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 43.000148 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 56.000193 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 10 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d9
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.20490232 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 4.860859 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 5.845468 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 5.845468 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 5.863088 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 78 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 116 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 44 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 3 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Pt-194
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1735
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 0.005 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 392 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-06-4 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 3D3
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Pt
- InChI की
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Pt: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁹ 6s¹[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁹ 6s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁹ 6s¹अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 194 स्थिर | १९३.९६२६८०९ ± ०.०००००१ | 32.8600% | स्थिर |
| 196 स्थिर | १९५.९६४९५२०९ ± ०.००००००९९ | 25.2100% | स्थिर |
| 198 स्थिर | १९७.९६७८९४९ ± ०.०००००२३ | 7.3560% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (1768.4 °C) 1743.4 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
78 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pt I | 0 | 995 | 166 | 995 |
| Pt II | +1 | 2268 | 183 | 2268 |
| Pt IV | +3 | 1531 | 1531 | 1531 |
| Pt V | +4 | 1729 | 1729 | 1729 |
| Pt VI | +5 | 1467 | 1467 | 1467 |
| Pt VII | +6 | 786 | 786 | 786 |
| Pt VIII | +7 | 360 | 360 | 360 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Pt I | 0 | 202 |
| Pt II | +1 | 282 |
| Pt III | +2 | 2 |
| Pt IV | +3 | 238 |
| Pt V | +4 | 259 |
| Pt VI | +5 | 251 |
| Pt VII | +6 | 178 |
| Pt VIII | +7 | 80 |
| Pt IX | +8 | 2 |
| Pt X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 60 pm |
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 80 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 62.5 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 56.99999999999999 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (3)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 194 स्थिर | १९३.९६२६८०९ ± ०.०००००१ | 32.8600% ± 0.4000% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 196 स्थिर | १९५.९६४९५२०९ ± ०.००००००९९ | 25.2100% ± 0.3400% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 198 स्थिर | १९७.९६७८९४९ ± ०.०००००२३ | 7.3560% ± 0.1300% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
264 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 381.86875 nm | 8300 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 676.00069 nm | 6500 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d9.7s 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 530.10143 nm | 3900 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p 5G* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 396.6357 nm | 3400 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 416.45502 nm | 3300 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d9.6p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 411.86745 nm | 3000 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6s b 1D → 5d9.6p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 652.34376 nm | 3000 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p b 3P* → 5d9.7s 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 444.25477 nm | 2400 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d9.6p a 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 432.70524 nm | 2300 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 709.475 nm | 2300 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p 3G* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(1S<0>) (4,0) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 711.37244 nm | 2300 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3P → 5d9.6p a 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 671.03998 nm | 2200 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3D* → 5d9.7s 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 522.76459 nm | 2100 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6s b 1D → 5d9.6p a 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 505.94815 nm | 1900 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p a 3P* → 5d9.7s 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 547.57631 nm | 1900 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d9.7s 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 584.01269 nm | 1800 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d9.6p a 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 419.24241 nm | 1700 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6s b 1D → 5d9.6p b 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 547.84793 nm | 1500 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p b 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 684.25984 nm | 1500 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3D* → 5d9.7s 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.8748 nm | 1100 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d9.6d 3G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 539.07754 nm | 1100 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d9.7s 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 632.6577 nm | 1100 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 1G → 5d9.6p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 584.48054 nm | 1000 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p b 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 536.89866 nm | 960 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d9.6p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 631.83662 nm | 930 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3P* → 5d9.7s 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 602.60247 nm | 860 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 695.7507 nm | 800 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(2F).6p a 3F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.6d b (4,?) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 455.24119 nm | 730 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 428.80508 nm | 680 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d8.6s.(2D).6p a 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 713.16333 nm | 650 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(2F).6p b 3D* → 5d9.7s 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 689.67056 nm | 590 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(2F).6p a 3F* → 5d8.(3F<3>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (3,1) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 409.22515 nm | 580 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5D* → 5d9.6d a 3G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 707.8062 nm | 580 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p b 5D* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 401.37143 nm | 570 | Pt II | emission | 5d8.6p 76610* → 5d8.(3P).7s (2,1/2) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 628.34779 nm | 570 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(2F).6p a 3D* → 5d9.7s 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 683.80564 nm | 560 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 452.29919 nm | 550 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3D* → 5d9.6d 1F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 664.83039 nm | 550 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p b 3P* → 5d9.7s 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 703.00606 nm | 540 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4P).6p a 5D* → 5d9.7s 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 448.46871 nm | 520 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d9.6d 3F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 748.60309 nm | 520 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 1G → 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 576.3566 nm | 510 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5D* → 5d9.7s 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 712.5028 nm | 500 | Pt I | emission | 5d7.(4F).6s2.6p a 3G* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.6d b (4,?) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 427.3898 nm | 490 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(2F).6p a 3D* → 5d9.6d b 3G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 439.18207 nm | 490 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 1G → 5d8.6s.(2F).6p a 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.53348 nm | 480 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d8.6s.(4F).6p 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 712.2889 nm | 480 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4P).6p 5D* → 5d9.7d 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 386.84222 nm | 470 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p b 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.6d b (4,?) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 387.57161 nm | 470 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p b 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.6d b (4,?) | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 420.12097 nm | 470 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3P* → 5d9.7s 3D | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 123 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 112 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 110 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 229 pm
- UFF
- 275.4 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 230 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 139 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 69
- Pettifor
- 68
- Glawe
- 64
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 6
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 48 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 470 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 9.1 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 6
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 60
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 8
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 95
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 44
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 44
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 2041.35 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 4098.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (14)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.506 |
| 2 | p | 4.4746 |
| 2 | s | 20.3702 |
| 3 | d | 13.5027 |
| 3 | p | 22.1139 |
| 3 | s | 23.0157 |
| 4 | d | 37.37 |
| 4 | f | 38.494 |
| 4 | p | 35.2696 |
| 4 | s | 34.3612 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (4)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IVSQ | 74 | ||
| 2 | VI | 94 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 4 | VI | 76.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 71 | estimated, from r^3 vs V plots, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (67)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 165 | A | 100% |
| 166 | A | 100% |
| 167 | A | 100% |
| 168 | A | 100% |
| 168 | B+ | — |
| 169 | A | 100% |
| 169 | B+ | — |
| 170 | A | 100% |
| 170 | B+ | — |
| 171 | A | 86% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (945)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0.1 | -0.0027 | 0.00979 |
| 0.13 | -0.0033 | 0.01359 |
| 0.15 | -0.0035 | 0.01538 |
| 0.17 | -0.0037 | 0.01722 |
| 0.2 | -0.0043 | 0.02103 |
| 0.22 | -0.0045 | 0.02279 |
| 0.25 | -0.0051 | 0.02656 |
| 0.28 | -0.0056 | 0.0304 |
| 0.3 | -0.0058 | 0.03194 |
| 0.32 | -0.0058 | 0.03342 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Platinum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele078.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Platinum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele078.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Platinum occurs natively, accompanied by small quantities of iridium, osmium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium, all belonging to the same group of metals. These are found in the alluvial deposits of the Ural mountains, of Columbia, and of certain western American states. Sperrylite, occurring with the nickel-bearing deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, is the source of a considerable amount of metal.
The large production of nickel makes up for the fact that is only one part of the platinum metals in two million parts of ore.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Platinum https://periodic.lanl.gov/78.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Platinum.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.