Gadolinium (Gd)
lanthanideSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
157.25 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Xe] 6s2 4f7 5d1द्रवणांक
1312.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
3272.85 °Cघनता
7900 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
0, +1, +2, +3विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.2आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
6.1498 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1886अणुत्रिज्या
180 pmतपशील
Gadolinium is a silvery lanthanide metal and one of the middle rare-earth elements. Its chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, but its seven unpaired 4f electrons give it unusually strong magnetic behavior for a rare-earth element. Natural gadolinium is a mixture of stable isotopes, with ¹⁵²Gd very long-lived and weakly radioactive. The element is technologically important in magnetic materials, neutron absorption, phosphors, and medical contrast agents.
As with other related rare-earth metals, gadolinium is silvery white, has a metallic luster, and is malleable and ductile. At room temperature, gadolinium crystallizes in the hexagonal, close-packed alpha form. Upon heating to 1235°C, alpha gadolinium transforms into the beta form, which has a body-centered cubic structure.
The metal is relatively stable in dry air, but tarnishes in moist air and forms a loosely adhering oxide film which falls off and exposes more surface to oxidation. The metal reacts slowly with water and is soluble in dilute acid.
Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any known element (49,000 barns).
The name derives from the mineral gadolinite, in which it was found, and that had been named for the Finnish rare earth chemist Johan Gadolin. Gadolinium was discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean-Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1886, who produced a white oxide in a samarskite mineral. In 1886, the French chemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran gave the name gadolinium.
Spectroscopic evidence for the existence of gadolinium was first observed by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in the minerals didymia and gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10) in 1880. Today, gadolinium is primarily obtained from the minerals monazite ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4) and bastnasite ((Ce,La,Y)CO3F).
From gadolinite, a mineral named for Gadolin, a Finnish chemist. The rare earth metal is obtained from the mineral gadolinite. Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Marignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently isolated it from Mosander's yttria in 1886.
Pure gadolinium is a soft, bright, silvery-white metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes in air and can form a darker oxide surface. At ordinary pressure it is ferromagnetic below about 20 °C, close enough to room temperature that modest temperature changes strongly affect its magnetism.
Gadolinium is used where high magnetic moment or high neutron-capture ability is valuable. Gadolinium compounds are used in some magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, where chelation is essential to control toxicity. Gadolinium oxide is used in phosphors and scintillators, and gadolinium gallium garnet has served as a substrate and optical material. Gadolinium is also used in control materials and burnable neutron absorbers in some nuclear reactors, often as gadolinium oxide mixed into fuel.
Gadolinium has the greatest ability to capture thermal neutrons of all known elements and can be used as control rods for nuclear reactors. Unfortunately, the two isotopes best suited for neutron capture, gadolinium-155 and gadolinium-157, are present in gadolinium in small amounts. As a result, gadolinium control rods quickly lose their effectiveness.
Gadolinium can be combined with yttrium to form garnets that have applications in microwave technology. Gadolinium can be alloyed with iron, chromium and other metals to improve their workability and their resistance to high temperatures and oxidation. Gadolinium compounds are used to make phosphors for color televisions.
Gadolinium yttrium garnets are used in microwave applications and gadolinium compounds are used as phosphors in color television sets.
The metal has unusual superconductive properties. As little as 1 percent gadolinium improves the workability and resistance of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation.
Gadolinium ethyl sulfate has extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance of amplifiers, such as the maser.
The metal is ferromagnetic. Gadolinium is unique for its high magnetic movement and for its special Curie temperature (above which ferromagnetism vanishes) lying just at room temperature, meaning it could be used as a magnetic component that can sense hot and cold.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The lunar surface is continuously exposed to cosmic radiation, and the interaction between planetary material and cosmic rays produces secondary neutrons. The neutron flux can be investigated using the large neutron capture cross sections of 149Sm, 155Gd, and 157Gd. For example, 157Gd will absorb neutrons and be converted to 158Gd. On a cross plot of n(158Gd)/n(160Gd) isotope-amount ratio and n(157Gd)/n(160Gd) isotope-amount ratio (Fig. IUPAC.64.1), values will move from the lower right corner to the upper left corner of the cross plot with increasing time or increasing flux.
Isotopes in Medicine
The addition of 157Gd to Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT) has been shown to be more effective at targeting tumors than the previous method of using only 10B for the treatment (Fig. IUPAC.64.2) [453] C. N. Culbertson, T. Jevremovic. Phys. Med. Biol.48, 3943 (2003).. 153Gd (with a half-life of 0.66 years) is used in the production of photon line sources (an optical source that emits one or more spectrally narrow lines as opposed to a continuous spectrum) to manufacture 153Gd line sources [454] V. M. Lebedev, J. N. Gordeev, E. A. Karelin, V. D. Gavrilov. Appl. Radiat. Isot.53, 829 (2000).. 153Gd is also used as a photon source of the dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) technique that is used to measure bone mineral content (BMC). Studies for this technique have been conducted in horses and humans [455] A. Moure, P. Reichmann, H. R. Gamba. Phys. Med. Biol.48, 3851 (2003)., [456] P. Tothill, M. A. Smith, D. Sutton. Br. J. Radiol.56, 829 (1983)..
Gadolinium chemistry is mainly that of Gd³⁺ salts and oxides. Gadolinium(III) oxide, Gd₂O₃, is a stable refractory oxide and a common starting material. Gadolinium(III) chloride, GdCl₃, and gadolinium(III) nitrate, Gd(NO₃)₃, form hydrated salts and coordination complexes. Gadolinium(III) sulfate, Gd₂(SO₄)₃, and many organic chelates are also important. The +2 state is known in specialized solid-state and organometallic chemistry, but it is not the normal aqueous form.
See more information at the Gadolinium compound page.
Metallic gadolinium dust can burn and should be treated as a reactive metal powder. Soluble gadolinium salts are toxic at sufficient dose, largely because free Gd³⁺ can interfere with calcium-dependent biological processes. Medical contrast agents use tightly bound complexes, but release or retention of gadolinium is a recognized safety concern, especially in vulnerable patients. Stable gadolinium isotopes do not present a radiological hazard of practical importance.
Gadolinium occurs in nature dispersed with other rare-earth elements in minerals such as monazite and bastnäsite. It is not known to have an essential biological role. In soils and waters it tends to bind strongly to minerals, phosphates, carbonates, and organic matter rather than remain as a simple free ion. Anthropogenic gadolinium from contrast agents can pass through wastewater systems and has been detected as anomalous rare-earth patterns in some surface waters.
Gadolinium is not mined as a primary metal. It is recovered during processing of rare-earth ores, with separation from chemically similar lanthanides by solvent extraction or ion-exchange methods. Supply depends on the rare-earth industry as a whole and on the economics of separating mixed concentrates into individual oxides. Demand is smaller than for neodymium or cerium but important in medical imaging, nuclear technology, phosphors, and specialty magnetic materials. Recycling is limited and is most practical from concentrated industrial scrap rather than diffuse medical releases.
Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, both of which are commercially important. With the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, the availability and prices of gadolinium and the other rare-earth metals have greatly improved. The metal can be prepared by the reduction of the anhydrous fluoride with metallic calcium.
Gadolinium is a heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars. Its stable isotopes include products associated with both slow and rapid neutron capture. In the Solar System it is far less abundant than iron or the light elements, but it follows the general rare-earth pattern in meteorites and planetary materials.
- Natural gadolinium has one of the highest thermal-neutron absorption capacities among stable-element mixtures.
- The element is named through gadolinite, a mineral ultimately named for Johan Gadolin.
- Gadolinium becomes ferromagnetic only just below ordinary room temperature.
- Free Gd³⁺ is far more hazardous than gadolinium held in approved chelating ligands.
- Gadolinium anomalies in rivers can trace releases from medical imaging agents.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 180 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 196 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 237 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 7900 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0199 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 1312.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 3272.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.236 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 37.03 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- षट्कोणी निकट-संकुलित सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.2 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.132 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 6.1498 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 12.076042 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 20.540071 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 44.440153 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 64.800223 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- 0, +1, +2, +3 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 3 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Xe] 6s2 4f7 5d1
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.10364305 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 3.109292 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 4.124994 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 4.124994 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 4.119811 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 64 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 94 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 40 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 5 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Gd-158
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1886
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 6.2 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 7 × 10−7 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 364 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-54-2 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 9D°2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Gd
- InChI की
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Gd: 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²[Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 154 स्थिर | १५३.९२०८७४१ ± ०.०००००१७ | 2.1800% | स्थिर |
| 155 स्थिर | १५४.९२२६३०५ ± ०.०००००१७ | 14.8000% | स्थिर |
| 156 स्थिर | १५५.९२२१३१२ ± ०.०००००१७ | 20.4700% | स्थिर |
| 157 स्थिर | १५६.९२३९६८६ ± ०.०००००१७ | 15.6500% | स्थिर |
| 158 स्थिर | १५७.९२४११२३ ± ०.०००००१७ | 24.8400% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (1312.85 °C) 1287.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
64 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gd I | 0 | 371 | 16 | 19 |
| Gd II | +1 | 465 | 0 | 17 |
| Gd III | +2 | 158 | 0 | 0 |
| Gd IV | +3 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Gd I | 0 | 634 |
| Gd II | +1 | 321 |
| Gd III | +2 | 28 |
| Gd IV | +3 | 5 |
| Gd V | +4 | 2 |
| Gd VI | +5 | 2 |
| Gd VII | +6 | 2 |
| Gd VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Gd IX | +8 | 2 |
| Gd X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 93.8 pm |
| +3 | 7 | उपलब्ध नाही | 100 pm |
| +3 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 105.3 pm |
| +3 | 9 | उपलब्ध नाही | 110.7 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (5)
Natural gadolinium is a mixture of seven isotopes, but 17 isotopes of gadolinium are now recognized. Although two of these, 155Gd and 157Gd, have excellent capture characteristics, they are only present naturally in low concentrations. As a result, gadolinium has a very fast burnout rate and has limited use as a nuclear control rod material.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 154 स्थिर | १५३.९२०८७४१ ± ०.०००००१७ | 2.1800% ± 0.0300% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 155 स्थिर | १५४.९२२६३०५ ± ०.०००००१७ | 14.8000% ± 0.1200% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 156 स्थिर | १५५.९२२१३१२ ± ०.०००००१७ | 20.4700% ± 0.0900% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 157 स्थिर | १५६.९२३९६८६ ± ०.०००००१७ | 15.6500% ± 0.0200% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 158 स्थिर | १५७.९२४११२३ ± ०.०००००१७ | 24.8400% ± 0.0700% | स्थिर | stable |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 169 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 135 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 132 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Alvarez
- 283 pm
- UFF
- 336.8 pm
- MM3
- 271 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 277 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 27
- Pettifor
- 27
- Glawe
- 26
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 7
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 6
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 158 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 20 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2340 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 19.9 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 2
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 97
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 10
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 50
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 24
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 1586.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 3546.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (13)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.2565 |
| 2 | p | 4.2946 |
| 2 | s | 16.783 |
| 3 | d | 13.723 |
| 3 | p | 19.8508 |
| 3 | s | 20.2903 |
| 4 | d | 34.3664 |
| 4 | f | 38.9864 |
| 4 | p | 31.3532 |
| 4 | s | 30.556 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (4)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 107.8 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VII | 114 | ||
| 3 | VIII | 119.3 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 124.7 | from r^3 vs V plots, calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (57)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 133 | B+ | — |
| 133 | B+p | — |
| 134 | B+ | — |
| 134 | B+p | — |
| 135 | B+ | 100% |
| 135 | B+p | 2% |
| 136 | B+ | — |
| 136 | B+p | — |
| 137 | B+ | 100% |
| 137 | B+p | — |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (719)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2.59886 |
| 10.1152 | — | 2.63957 |
| 10.2317 | — | 2.68119 |
| 10.3496 | — | 2.72415 |
| 10.4688 | — | 2.7678 |
| 10.5894 | — | 2.81214 |
| 10.7114 | — | 2.8572 |
| 10.8348 | — | 2.90298 |
| 10.9596 | — | 2.94949 |
| 11.0859 | — | 2.99675 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
6.2 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Gadolinium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele064.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
7×10-7 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Gadolinium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele064.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, both of which are commercially important. With the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, the availability and prices of gadolinium and the other rare-earth metals have greatly improved. The metal can be prepared by the reduction of the anhydrous fluoride with metallic calcium.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Gadolinium https://periodic.lanl.gov/64.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Gadolinium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.