Europium (Eu)
lanthanideSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
151.964 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Xe] 6s2 4f7द्रवणांक
821.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
1528.85 °Cघनता
5240 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
0, +2, +3विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
उपलब्ध नाहीआयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
5.670385 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1896अणुत्रिज्या
185 pmतपशील
Europium is a lanthanide rare-earth metal with atomic number 63. It is chemically notable for the relative stability of both Eu³⁺ and Eu²⁺, a contrast to most lanthanides, which are dominated by the +3 state. This redox flexibility controls much of its mineral behavior and its optical technology. Europium is best known for intense, narrow luminescence from Eu³⁺ and Eu²⁺ ions in solid hosts, especially in phosphors and security materials.
As with other rare-earth metals, except for lanthanum, europium ignites in air at about 150 to 180°C. Europium is about as hard as lead and is quite ductile. It is the most reactive of the rare-earth metals, quickly oxidizing in air. It resembles calcium in its reaction with water. Bastnasite and monazite are the principal ores containing europium.
The name derives from the continent of Europe. It was separated from the mineral samaria in magnesium- samarium nitrate by the French chemist Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1896. It was also first isolated by Demarçay in 1901.
Europium was discovered by Eugène-Antole Demarçay, a French chemist, in 1896. Demarçay suspected that samples of a recently discovered element, samarium, were contaminated with an unknown element. He was able to produce reasonably pure europium in 1901. Today, europium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.
Named after Europe. In 1890 Boisbaudran obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spark spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium. These lines subsequently have been shown to belong to europium. The discovery of europium is generally credited to Demarcay, who separated the rare earth in reasonably pure form in 1901. The pure metal was not isolated until recent years.
Pure europium is a soft, silvery metal that tarnishes rapidly in air and can darken as oxide and hydroxide layers form. It is among the more reactive lanthanide metals and is usually stored under inert gas or oil to limit oxidation.
Europium is used chiefly as an activator ion in luminescent materials. Eu³⁺ gives red emission in many oxide and vanadate phosphors, while Eu²⁺ can give blue, green, or other emissions depending on the host lattice. These phosphors have been important in color television tubes, fluorescent lamps, light-emitting diodes, displays, and anti-counterfeiting inks. Europium-doped materials are also used as optical probes in analytical assays, taking advantage of sharp emission lines and long-lived excited states.
Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements. There are no commercial applications for europium metal, although it has been used to dope some types of plastics to make lasers. Since it is a good absorber of neutrons, europium is being studied for use in nuclear reactors.
Europium oxide (Eu2O3), one of europium's compounds, is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors.
Europium-doped plastic has been used as a laser material. With the development of ion-exchange techniques and special processes, the cost of the metal has been greatly reduced in recent years.
Isotopes in Geochronology
For more than 40 years, weapons-grade plutonium was manufactured by the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine in the now closed town of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, using single-pass uranium-graphite production reactors [447] Z. G. Gritchenko, Y. V. Kuznetsov, V. K. Legin, V. N. Strukov. Radiochemistry44, 199 (2002).. Water from the Yenisei River was used for heat removal from the reactor core. Radioactively contaminated water was discharged into the Yenisei River and was a primary source of contamination of bottom sediments and floodland for hundreds of kilometers down gradient from the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine. In 2002, radioactive contamination of the bottom sediments and floodlands was composed primarily of 137Cs, 152Eu, 154Eu, and 60Co [447] Z. G. Gritchenko, Y. V. Kuznetsov, V. K. Legin, V. N. Strukov. Radiochemistry44, 199 (2002).. The decrease in the isotope-amount ratio n(154Eu)/n(152Eu) down the depth profiles (Fig. IUPAC.63.1) enables one to determine the age of bottom sediments and floodlands of the Yenisei River and calculate their average formation rates [447] Z. G. Gritchenko, Y. V. Kuznetsov, V. K. Legin, V. N. Strukov. Radiochemistry44, 199 (2002)..
Isotopes in Industry
Europium isotopes have been used in nuclear-control applications because they are good neutron absorbers [448] C. R. Hammond. “The elements”, in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, C. Press, Taylor & Francis Group (1998).. 152Eu (with a half-life of 13.5 years), which is produced by 151Eu via the neutron capture reaction 151Eu (n, γ) 152Eu, and 154Eu (with a half-life of 8.59 years) are used as reference sources for calibration in gamma ray spectroscopy (Fig. IUPAC.63.2) [449] K. V. Vimalnatha, M. K. Dasb, M. Ananthakrishnana, N. Ramamoorthy. Appl. Radiat. Isot.62, 17 (2005)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
Reactions on 153Eu can produce the therapeutic radionuclide 153Sm (with a half-life of about 1.9 days) via fast neutron irradiation 153Eu (n, p) 153Sm [451] M. Al-Abyad, I. Spahn, S. Sudár, M. Morsy, M. N. H. Comsan, J. Csikai, S. M. Qaim, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.64, 717 (2006)..
Europium chemistry is dominated by ionic compounds of Eu³⁺, but Eu²⁺ compounds are unusually accessible for a lanthanide and resemble alkaline-earth compounds in size and behavior. Europium(III) oxide, Eu₂O₃, is a common source and phosphor precursor. Europium(II) oxide, EuO, is a ferromagnetic semiconductor studied in solid-state physics. Halides such as europium(III) chloride, EuCl₃, and europium(II) chloride, EuCl₂, illustrate the two main oxidation states. Complexes of Eu³⁺ with organic ligands are widely used for luminescence studies.
See more information at the Europium compound page.
Europium metal presents a fire and chemical hazard because finely divided material can oxidize readily and reacts with moisture and acids to release hydrogen, H₂. Soluble europium salts are not known to have a biological role and should be treated as toxicologically incompletely characterized heavy-metal compounds. Dusts and aerosols are the main practical exposure concern in laboratories and phosphor manufacture. Natural europium is only weakly radioactive through long-lived ¹⁵¹Eu.
Europium occurs dispersed in rare-earth minerals rather than as native metal. It is typically present in monazite, bastnäsite, xenotime, and related deposits, and it follows other trivalent rare earths during weathering and sediment transport. Its ability to exist as Eu²⁺ under reducing geological conditions produces europium anomalies in rocks and minerals, which are useful tracers of magmatic and crustal processes. It has no known essential biological function.
Europium is produced as a separated rare earth from mineral concentrates, not mined as a primary element. Its separation is helped by the distinctive Eu²⁺/Eu³⁺ redox chemistry, but high purity still requires solvent extraction or ion-exchange processing. Demand has historically been tied to red phosphors for lamps and displays; changes in lighting technology and improved phosphor efficiency have reduced some consumption. Recycling from spent fluorescent lamps and display phosphors is technically possible, but collection, contamination, and changing waste streams limit broad recovery. Supply is linked to the wider rare-earth industry and to by-product recovery decisions.
Europium has been identified spectroscopically in the sun and certain stars. Seventeen isotopes are now recognized. Europium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are being studied for use in nuclear control applications.
Europium is a rare element in the universe. Its stable isotopes are made mainly by neutron-capture nucleosynthesis, with the rapid r-process especially important. Because its spectral lines can be measured in old stars, europium is often used by astronomers as a tracer of r-process enrichment. In planetary materials it is lithophile and usually remains in oxide and silicate phases rather than metallic cores.
- Europium is one of the few lanthanides that commonly forms stable divalent compounds.
- Eu²⁺ can substitute for Ca²⁺ or Sr²⁺ in many phosphor host lattices.
- Europium anomalies help identify plagioclase fractionation in igneous rocks.
- The red emission of Eu³⁺ is extremely narrow compared with many organic dyes.
- EuO becomes ferromagnetic at low temperature.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 185 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 198 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 233 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 5240 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0289 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 821.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 1528.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 13.9 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.182 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 27.66 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पिंडकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.116 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 5.670385 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 11.240039 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 24.840086 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 42.940148 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 63.200218 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- 0, +2, +3 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 3 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Xe] 6s2 4f7
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.09535161 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 1.824118 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 1.886304 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 1.886304 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 1.838628 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 63 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 88 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 41 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 0 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Eu-151
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1896
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 2 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 1.3 × 10−7 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 461 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-53-1 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 8S°7/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Eu
- InChI की
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Eu: 4f⁷ 6s²[Xe] 4f⁷ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f⁷ 6s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
स्थिर समस्थानिके नाहीत.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 153 किरणोत्सारी | १५२.९२१२३८ ± ०.०००००१८ | 52.1900% | 550 Py |
| 134 किरणोत्सारी | १३३.९४६४ ± ०.०००३२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 500 ms |
| 169 किरणोत्सारी | १६८.९६१७१७ ± ०.०००५३७ | उपलब्ध नाही | 420 ms |
| 133 किरणोत्सारी | १३२.९४९२९ ± ०.०००३२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 200 ms |
| 168 किरणोत्सारी | १६७.९५७८६३ ± ०.०००४२९ | उपलब्ध नाही | 200 ms |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (821.85 °C) 796.9 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
63 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eu I | 0 | 350 | 152 | 343 |
| Eu II | +1 | 218 | 13 | 13 |
| Eu III | +2 | 229 | 0 | 0 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Eu I | 0 | 592 |
| Eu II | +1 | 163 |
| Eu III | +2 | 118 |
| Eu IV | +3 | 13 |
| Eu V | +4 | 2 |
| Eu VI | +5 | 2 |
| Eu VII | +6 | 2 |
| Eu VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Eu IX | +8 | 2 |
| Eu X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 117 pm |
| +2 | 7 | उपलब्ध नाही | 120 pm |
| +2 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 125 pm |
| +2 | 9 | उपलब्ध नाही | 130 pm |
| +2 | 10 | उपलब्ध नाही | 135 pm |
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 94.69999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 7 | उपलब्ध नाही | 101 pm |
| +3 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 106.60000000000001 pm |
| +3 | 9 | उपलब्ध नाही | 112.00000000000001 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (5)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 153 किरणोत्सारी | १५२.९२१२३८ ± ०.०००००१८ | 52.1900% ± 0.0600% | 550 Py | IS =52.19±0.6% | |
| 134 किरणोत्सारी | १३३.९४६४ ± ०.०००३२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 500 ms | β+ =100%β+p =? | |
| 169 किरणोत्सारी | १६८.९६१७१७ ± ०.०००५३७ | उपलब्ध नाही | 420 ms | β- ? | |
| 133 किरणोत्सारी | १३२.९४९२९ ± ०.०००३२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 200 ms | β+ ?β+p ? | |
| 168 किरणोत्सारी | १६७.९५७८६३ ± ०.०००४२९ | उपलब्ध नाही | 200 ms | β- =100%β-n ? |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 168 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 134 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Alvarez
- 287 pm
- UFF
- 349.3 pm
- MM3
- 294 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 280 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 25
- Pettifor
- 18
- Glawe
- 17
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 184 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 20 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2940 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 19.97 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 2
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 97
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 10
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 50
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 24
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 1095.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 1802.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (13)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.2391 |
| 2 | p | 4.282 |
| 2 | s | 16.5292 |
| 3 | d | 13.7472 |
| 3 | p | 19.716 |
| 3 | s | 20.1318 |
| 4 | d | 34.0592 |
| 4 | f | 38.68 |
| 4 | p | 31.1252 |
| 4 | s | 30.132 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (9)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 131 | ||
| 2 | VII | 134 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 139 | ||
| 2 | IX | 144 | ||
| 2 | X | 149 | ||
| 3 | VI | 108.7 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VII | 115 | ||
| 3 | VIII | 120.6 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 126 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (63)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 130 | p | 100% |
| 130 | B+ | — |
| 130 | B+p | — |
| 131 | p | 89% |
| 131 | B+ | — |
| 131 | B+p | — |
| 132 | B+ | — |
| 132 | B+p | — |
| 132 | p | 0% |
| 133 | B+ | — |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (514)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.18583 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.19489 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.20439 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.21435 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.22479 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.23529 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.24598 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.25716 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.26817 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.27854 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Europium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele063.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.3×10-7 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Europium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele063.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Europium has been identified spectroscopically in the sun and certain stars. Seventeen isotopes are now recognized. Europium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are being studied for use in nuclear control applications.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Europium https://periodic.lanl.gov/63.shtml
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
Europium is now prepared by mixing Eu2O3 with a 10%-excess of lanthanum metal and heating the mixture in a tantalum crucible under high vacuum. The element is collected as a silvery-white metallic deposit on the walls of the crucible.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Europium https://periodic.lanl.gov/63.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Europium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.