Lithium (Li)
alkali-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
6.94 u [६.९३८, ६.९९७]इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[He] 2s1द्रवणांक
180.5 °Cउत्कलनांक
1341.85 °Cघनता
534 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
+1विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
0.98आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
5.391715 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1817अणुत्रिज्या
145 pmतपशील
Lithium is the lightest metal and the first alkali metal. It forms Li⁺ very readily, yet its small ion gives lithium chemistry a distinctive hardness, strong hydration, and extensive organometallic chemistry. In nature it occurs only in compounds, mainly in brines, pegmatite minerals, and some clays. Its low atomic mass, high electrochemical potential, and ability to move reversibly through host materials make it central to rechargeable batteries.
Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
The name derives from the Latin lithos for "stone" because lithium was thought to exist only in minerals at that time. It was discovered by the Swedish mineralogist Johan August Arfwedson in 1818 in the mineral petalite LiAl(Si2O5)2. Lithium was isolated in 1855 by the German chemists Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.
Lithium was discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAl(Si2O5)2) by Johann August Arfvedson in 1817. It was first isolated by William Thomas Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy through the electrolysis of lithium oxide (Li2O). Today, larger amounts of the metal are obtained through the electrolysis of lithium chloride (LiCl). Lithium is not found free in nature and makes up only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word lithos, stone. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water.
Pure lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes quickly in air, forming dull gray surface films of oxide, nitride, hydroxide, and carbonate. It is the least dense solid element at ordinary conditions and can be cut with a knife.
Most lithium demand is tied to lithium-ion batteries, where lithium ions shuttle between intercalation or conversion materials rather than existing as metallic lithium in normal operation. Lithium metal is used in some primary batteries and specialized rechargeable cells. Lithium compounds are also used in heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lubricating greases, air-treatment chemicals, aluminum production, and pharmaceutical salts such as lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, for selected mood disorders.
Many uses have been found for lithium and its compounds. Lithium has the highest specific heat of any solid element and is used in heat transfer applications. It is used to make special glasses and ceramics, including the Mount Palomar telescope's 200 inch mirror. Lithium is the lightest known metal and can be alloyed with aluminium, copper, manganese, and cadmium to make strong, lightweight metals for aircraft. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of spacecraft. Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2) is used as a general purpose and high temperature lubricant. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is used as a drug to treat manic depression disorder.
Lithium reacts with water, but not as violently as sodium.
Since World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Lithium carbonate is used for the treatment of bipolar disease and other mental illness conditions.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of lithium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. Natural terrestrial materials show a substantial variation in lithium isotopic abundance (Fig. IUPAC.3.1), and these natural isotopic abundances have been used to determine sources of dissolved lithium and to investigate environmental processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)..
Variations in isotope-amount ratiosn(7Li)/n(6Li) can help determine the source of some water. Because the relative abundances of lithium isotopes can change during hydrothermal processes, isotopic analysis of lithium in water can help distinguish water derived from marine sedimentary rocks from water derived from hydrothermally altered igneous rocks (Fig. IUPAC.3.2) [36] T. D. Bullen, Y. K. Kharaka. “Isotopic composition of Sr, Nd, and Li in thermal waters from the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park and surrounding region”, in Water-Rock Interaction. in 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Rotterdam, Balkema Publishers (1992)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Industry
7Li, as hydroxide monohydrate (7LiOH•H2O), is used to maintain the pH level of the coolant used in pressurized water reactors in the nuclear power industry [39] International Atomic Energy Agency. Assessment and Management of Ageing of Major Nuclear Power Plant Components Important to Safety, IAEA-TECDOC-1361. 235 (2003)., [40] F. Nordmann. “Aspects on chemistry in french nuclear power plants”, in 14th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam in Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.. Lithium plays a role in the construction of a thermonuclear bomb, which differs from a fission weapon in that it uses the energy released when two light atomic nuclei (i.e. deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H)) fuse to form helium and a high energy neutronvia this DT reaction. 6Li is used, in the form of 6Li deuteride (6Li 2H), as fusion fuel capable of producing tritium when bombarded with neutrons within the weapon via the reaction 6Li (n, 3H) 4He [41] FUSION EXPO. Controlled Fusion: The Energy Option for the 21st Century, FUSION EXPO (2011), November 6; http://www.fusion-eur.org/fusion_cd/popu.htm..
Li-based laboratory reagents have found their way into surface water and can be easily identified. Although a military secret in the 1950s, it is now known that substantial amounts of 6Li (normally having an isotopic abundance of 0.076) were removed from chemical reagents to be used in nuclear weapon development. Reagents containing the remaining lithium depleted in 6Li (having an isotopic abundance as low as 0.025) were sold to both chemical manufacturers and to laboratory chemists for their use [42] N. E. Holden. Chem. Int.32(1), 12 (2010).. The distinctive isotopic signature of depleted 6Li, having a n(7Li)/n(6Li) ratio of 39, compared to a ratio of 12 in naturally occurring terrestrial materials, enables easier detection of this lithium source in polluted waterways and the environment [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
7Li is a decay product of the 10B (neutron, alpha) 7Li reaction, which has a peak value for room temperature neutrons. Brain tumor cells are typically found some 5 to 7 cm below the surface of the skull. After 10B has been introduced to or entered the tumor cells, a beam of neutrons of energy slightly above room temperature is introduced to the affected areas. The energy of these neutrons is reduced to room temperature by the time they react with the 10B, which then disintegrates into high energy charged particles (7Li and 4He), which deposit their kinetic energy in nearby (predominately cancerous) cells and destroys them. Any adjacent normal cells are unaffected [43] R. F. Barth. J. Neurooncol.62, 1 (2003)..
Lithium almost always has the +1 oxidation state in ordinary chemistry. Important compounds include lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, lithium hydroxide, LiOH, lithium chloride, LiCl, and lithium fluoride, LiF. Lithium hydride, LiH, is a reactive hydride and hydrogen source. Organolithium reagents such as butyllithium, C₄H₉Li, are strong bases and nucleophiles used in synthesis. Lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO₂, and lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO₄, are well-known battery cathode materials.
See more information at the Lithium compound page.
Lithium metal reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide, LiOH, and flammable H₂, and finely divided metal can ignite. Strongly basic lithium compounds can be corrosive, while soluble lithium salts can affect the nervous system, kidneys, and thyroid at excessive doses. Therapeutic use of lithium salts requires controlled dosing. Battery fires involve additional hazards from electrolytes, heat, and decomposition products, not only lithium itself.
Lithium is widely dispersed at low concentrations in rocks, soils, natural waters, and seawater. Weathering releases Li⁺, which can remain in solution, exchange onto clays, or concentrate in closed-basin brines through evaporation. It has no established essential biological role in humans, although trace exposure is common. Mining and brine extraction can alter water balances, salinity, dust levels, and local habitats if poorly managed.
Commercial lithium is produced mainly from hard-rock pegmatites, especially spodumene, and from continental brines concentrated by evaporation or direct extraction methods. The principal traded chemicals are lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, and lithium hydroxide, LiOH, with battery-grade purity a major value factor. Demand is strongly linked to rechargeable batteries, while ceramics, greases, and other uses form smaller markets. Recycling from batteries is growing but is constrained by collection, chemistry differences, and process economics.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
Lithium is unusually scarce in the cosmos compared with hydrogen and helium. Some ⁷Li was formed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but lithium is readily destroyed inside stars at temperatures below those needed to burn many heavier nuclei. Additional lithium is made by cosmic-ray spallation and in certain stellar events. Its abundance in old stars is important in tests of early-universe models.
- Lithium floats on many hydrocarbon oils because its density is lower than theirs.
- Natural lithium is a mixture mainly of ⁷Li with a smaller fraction of ⁶Li.
- Lithium gives a crimson color in flame tests, though sodium contamination can mask it.
- Lithium nitride, Li₃N, forms directly when lithium is exposed to nitrogen.
- The name comes from Greek lithos, reflecting its discovery in a mineral source.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 145 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 128 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 182 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 123 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 534 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0131 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 180.5 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 1341.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 84.8 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 3.582 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 24.86 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पिंडकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 0.98 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 0.912
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.61804 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 5.391715 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 75.640357 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 122.454781 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- +1 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 1 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [He] 2s1
उष्मागतिक
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- 2950 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (दाब)
- 6.7e+7 Pa
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.03109292 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 1.524589 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 1.65207 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 1.65207 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 1.651034 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 3 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 4 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 11 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 2 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Li-7
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1817
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 20 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 0.18 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 349 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 1 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7439-93-2 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Li
- InChI की
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Li: 2s¹[He] 2s¹1s² 2s¹अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 स्थिर | ६.०१५१२२८८७४ ± ०.००००००००१६ | 7.5900% | स्थिर |
| 7 स्थिर | ७.०१६००३४३६६ ± ०.००००००००४५ | 92.4100% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (180.5 °C) 155.5 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रगत
अणुवर्णपट
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li I | 0 | 344 | 257 | 328 |
| Li II | +1 | 663 | 564 | 630 |
| Li III | +2 | 144 | 144 | 144 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Li I | 0 | 182 |
| Li II | +1 | 179 |
| Li III | +2 | 149 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 59 pm |
| +1 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 76 pm |
| +1 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 92 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (2)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 स्थिर | ६.०१५१२२८८७४ ± ०.००००००००१६ | 7.5900% ± 0.0400% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 7 स्थिर | ७.०१६००३४३६६ ± ०.००००००००४५ | 92.4100% ± 0.0400% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383.559 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.564 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 387.8838 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 391.5292 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 391.5342 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 391.5344 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 398.5481 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 398.5535 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 413.2557 nm | 40 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 413.2613 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 413.2615 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 415.519 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 419.115 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 427.306 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 427.312 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 432.21 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 432.226 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 432.53 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 432.54 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 432.542 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 432.554 nm | 5 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 432.562 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 432.578 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.8225057 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.8277799 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.8581249 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.866202 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.8846443 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.8847466 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.897364 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.8975539 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.9032229 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.9032561 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.9095915 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.90966 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.9118883 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.9157307 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.9220996 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.9223809 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.9224003 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.933185 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.9357979 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.282 nm | 13 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 463.61 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.14 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.153 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.188 nm | 2 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.806 nm | 3 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 474.15 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 478.836 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 479.239 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 484.278 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 484.292 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 484.294 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 484.304 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 484.321 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 484.331 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 488.12 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 488.147 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 488.169 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 491.912 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 497.166 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 497.174 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 503.791 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 510.8 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.7p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 519.919 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 519.928 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 519.937 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 519.947 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 532.949 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 532.96 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 532.98 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 539.3 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.153 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.172 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.175 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.665 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.091 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.122 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.236 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.237 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.256 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 546.84 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 548.346 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 548.44 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 548.509 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 552.54 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 565.388 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 565.409 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 565.421 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 610.353 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 610.364 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 610.366 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 611.81 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 613.864 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 625.222 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 625.235 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 625.248 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 625.263 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 653.14 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 654.566 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 655.319 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.006 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.052 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.143 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.16 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.191 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.306 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.307 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.336 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 662.07 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 664.252 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 664.269 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 664.281 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 664.48 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 664.77 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 668.73 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 670.776 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 670.791 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 678.09 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 133 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 124 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 150 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Bondi
- 181 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 212 pm
- UFF
- 245.1 pm
- MM3
- 255 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 220 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 155 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 1
- Pettifor
- 12
- Glawe
- 12
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 164.1125 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.0005 a.u.
- C₆
- 1392 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1410 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 13 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 1
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 62
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 7
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 58
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 75
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 68
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 453.65 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 1615.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 3223.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (दाब) | 67 MPa |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (2)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3094 |
| 2 | s | 1.7208 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (3)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 73 | ||
| 1 | VI | 90 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 106 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (17)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | p | — |
| 4 | p | 100% |
| 5 | p | 100% |
| 8 | B- | 100% |
| 8 | B-A | 100% |
| 9 | B- | 100% |
| 9 | B-n | 50.5% |
| 10 | n | 100% |
| 11 | B- | 100% |
| 11 | B-n | 86.3% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (501)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.11642 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.11743 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.11844 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.11947 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.12051 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.12155 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.12261 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.12367 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.12444 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.12502 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.8×10-1 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Lithium https://periodic.lanl.gov/3.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Lithium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.