Titanium (Ti)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
47.867 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Ar] 4s2 3d2द्रवणांक
1667.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
3286.85 °Cघनता
4500 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.54आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
6.82812 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1791अणुत्रिज्या
140 pmतपशील
Titanium is a light, strong transition metal with a high melting point and exceptional resistance to corrosion in many natural and industrial environments. Its chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state, although +3 and lower states occur in specialized compounds. The metal is abundant in Earth’s crust but is rarely found in concentrated metallic form because it bonds strongly to oxygen and nitrogen. Its combination of low density, strength, and passivation makes it important in aerospace, chemical equipment, pigments, and medical materials.
Titanium, when pure, is a lustrous, white metal. It has a low density, good strength, is easily fabricated, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is ductile only when it is free of oxygen. The metal, which burns in air, is the only element that burns in nitrogen.
Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, most organic acids, most chlorine gas, and chloride solutions.
Natural titanium is reported to become very radioactive after bombardment with deuterons. The emitted radiations are mostly positrons and hard gamma rays. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal alpha form changes to the cubic beta form very slowly at about 880°C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550°C.
Titanium metal is considered to be physiologically inert. When pure, titanium dioxide is relatively clear and has an extremely high index of refraction with an optical dispersion higher than diamond.
The name derives from the Latin titans, who were the mythological "first sons of the earth". It was originally discovered by the English clergyman William Gregor in the mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3) in 1791. He called this mineral menachanite and the element menachin, for the Menachan parish where it was found. It was rediscovered in 1795 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who called it titanium because it had no characteristic properties to use as a name. Titanium metal was first isolated by the Swedish chemists Sven Otto Pettersson and Lars Fredrik Nilson.
Titanium was discovered in 1791 by the Reverend William Gregor, an English pastor. Pure titanium was first produced by Matthew A. Hunter, an American metallurgist, in 1910. Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust and is primarily found in the minerals rutile (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) and sphene (CaTiSiO5). Titanium makes up about 0.57% of the earth's crust.
From the Latin titans, the first sons of the Earth, Greek mythology.
Discovered by Gregor in 1791; named by Klaproth in 1795. Impure titanium was prepared by Nilson and Pettersson in 1887; however, the pure metal (99.9%) was not made until 1910 when Hunter heated TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb.
Pure titanium is a silvery gray metal. It is ductile when sufficiently pure, but interstitial oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, or hydrogen can harden and embrittle it. At ordinary temperatures it is protected by a thin, adherent oxide film that reforms rapidly after scratching in air or water.
Most titanium mined is not converted to metal but to titanium dioxide, TiO₂, a white pigment used in paints, plastics, paper, inks, ceramics, and sunscreens. Metallic titanium and its alloys are used where high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance justify the cost, including aircraft structures, jet-engine parts, marine hardware, heat exchangers, and chemical-process equipment. Biocompatible titanium alloys are used for dental and orthopedic implants. Titanium is also used in some sporting goods, architecture, and as a getter or alloying addition in metallurgy.
Titanium is a strong, light metal. It is as strong as steel and twice as strong as aluminum, but is 45% lighter than steel and only 60% heavier than aluminum. Titanium is not easily corroded by sea water and is used in propeller shafts, rigging and other parts of boats that are exposed to sea water. Titanium and titanium alloys are used in airplanes, missiles and rockets where strength, low weight and resistance to high temperatures are important. Since titanium does not react within the human body, it is used to create artificial hips, pins for setting bones and for other biological implants. Unfortunately, the high cost of titanium has limited its widespread use.
Titanium oxide (TiO2) is used as a pigment to create white paint and accounts for the largest use of the element. Pure titanium oxide is relatively clear and is used to create titania, an artificial gemstone. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), another titanium compound, has been used to make smoke screens.
A final bit of titanium trivia titanium is one of the few elements that will burn in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen.
Titanium is important as an alloying agent with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Alloys of titanium are principally used for aircraft and missiles where lightweight strength and ability to withstand extremes of temperature are important.
Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter. It is 60% heavier than aluminum, but twice as strong.
Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has excellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with platinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water.
It is produced artificially for use as a gemstone, but it is relatively soft. Star sapphires and rubies exhibit their asterism as a result of the presence of TiO2.
Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and artist's paint, because it is permanent and has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and is extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor viewing conditions.
Titanium tetrachloride is used to iridize glass. This compound fumes strongly in air and has been used to produce smoke screens.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The isotope-amount ratio n(50Ti)/n(46Ti) is used to study the early history of the Solar System. The value of the ratio can help determine whether the Solar System was created from a well-homogenized source [197] I. Leya, M. Schönbächler, U. Krähenbühl, A. N. Halliday. Astrophys. J.702, 1118 (2009)., [198] R. Courtland. Titanium Reveals Explosive Origins of the Solar System, New Scientist (2014), Feb. 25; http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16969-titanium-reveals-explosive-origins-of-the-solar-system.html.. For example, variations in titanium isotopic compositions of various groups of meteorites can be observed (Fig. IUPAC.22.1) [199] J. Zhang, N. Dauphas, A. M. Davis, A. Pourmand. J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26, 2197 (2011)..
Isotopes in Industry
The isotope-amount ratio n(48Ti)/n(49Ti) has been used in Isotope Ratio Method (IRM) analysis (initial titanium ratio/final titanium ratio) to estimate the energy production of nuclear reactors. This ratio can also be used to confirm that a reactor is being used for non-proliferation purposes (purposes other than to assist in the formation of nuclear weapon grade materials) [201] D. C. Gerlach, C. J. Gesh, D. E. Hurley, M. R. Mitchell, G. H. Meriwether, B. D. Reid. Final Report on Isotope Ratio Techniques for Light Water Reactors, PNNL-18573. U.S. Department of Energy (2009)..
Titanium forms stable oxides, halides, nitrides, carbides, and organometallic compounds. Titanium dioxide, TiO₂, occurs mainly as rutile, anatase, and brookite and is chemically durable and optically important. Titanium tetrachloride, TiCl₄, is a volatile liquid used in metal production and pigment processing; it fumes in moist air by hydrolysis. Titanium nitride, TiN, is a hard, gold-colored ceramic coating. Titanium carbide, TiC, is a very hard refractory material. In aqueous chemistry, Ti⁴⁺ hydrolyzes strongly, while Ti³⁺ compounds are reducing and less stable in air.
See more information at the Titanium compound page.
Massive titanium metal is generally of low toxicity and is widely used in implants, but fine powder, turnings, and dust can burn vigorously and may pose explosion hazards when dispersed. Hot titanium reacts readily with oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Titanium tetrachloride, TiCl₄, is highly corrosive and releases hydrogen chloride, HCl, on contact with moisture. Titanium dioxide, TiO₂, is chemically inert in many uses, but inhalation of respirable dust is controlled in occupational settings.
Titanium is a common lithophile element in rocks and soils, mostly locked in resistant oxide and silicate minerals. It has low biological availability because Ti⁴⁺ is strongly hydrolyzed and insoluble under many environmental conditions. Weathering can concentrate titanium minerals such as rutile and ilmenite in heavy-mineral sands. Titanium dioxide particles are persistent, and their environmental behavior depends on particle size, surface coating, and light exposure rather than simple dissolution.
Titanium supply is tied mainly to mineral feedstocks used for pigment production, especially ilmenite and rutile, rather than to metallic titanium demand. Metal production is energy- and process-intensive because titanium cannot be reduced easily from its oxide; the Kroll process converts titanium tetrachloride, TiCl₄, with magnesium to produce sponge metal. Alloy fabrication and machining are costly compared with steel or aluminum. Recycling of clean titanium scrap is important in aerospace and medical supply chains, while contaminated scrap is harder to reuse in high-grade alloys.
Titanium is present in meteorites and the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2; rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages.
Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them.
It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in ash of coal, in plants, and in human body.
The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is still largely used for producing the metal. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide.
Titanium is produced in massive stars and supernova environments by nuclear burning and related explosive nucleosynthesis. It is a minor but widely detected element in the Sun, meteorites, and many stellar spectra. In rocky planets it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and is incorporated into oxide and silicate minerals rather than metallic cores. Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in meteorites can contain titanium-bearing refractory phases.
- Titanium was named after the Titans of Greek mythology, not after the element’s strength.
- The metal’s useful corrosion resistance comes from a nanometer-scale TiO₂ film.
- Titanium can burn in nitrogen at high temperature, forming titanium nitride.
- Commercially pure titanium grades differ largely by controlled oxygen content.
- Titanium tetrachloride produces dense white fumes in humid air.
- Rutile TiO₂ has one of the highest refractive indices of common colorless solids.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 140 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 160 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 187 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 132 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 4500 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0106 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 1667.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 3286.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 21.9 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.523 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 25.06 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- षट्कोणी निकट-संकुलित सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.54 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.38
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.0755 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 6.82812 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 13.575547 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 27.491805 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 43.267319 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 99.299342 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 4 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Ar] 4s2 3d2
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.14665492 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 4.40483 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 4.851531 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 4.851531 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 4.902316 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 22 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 26 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 29 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 5 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Ti-48
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1791
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 5650 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 0.001 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 295 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 10, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-32-6 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 3F2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ti
- InChI की
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Ti: 3d² 4s²[Ar] 3d² 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d² 4s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 46 स्थिर | ४५.९५२६२७७२ ± ०.००००००३५ | 8.2500% | स्थिर |
| 47 स्थिर | ४६.९५१७५८७९ ± ०.००००००३८ | 7.4400% | स्थिर |
| 48 स्थिर | ४७.९४७९४१९८ ± ०.००००००३८ | 73.7200% | स्थिर |
| 49 स्थिर | ४८.९४७८६५६८ ± ०.००००००३९ | 5.4100% | स्थिर |
| 50 स्थिर | ४९.९४४७८६८९ ± ०.००००००३९ | 5.1800% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (1667.85 °C) 1642.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
22 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti I | 0 | 4029 | 496 | 4029 |
| Ti II | +1 | 1872 | 470 | 1872 |
| Ti III | +2 | 819 | 297 | 819 |
| Ti IV | +3 | 86 | 39 | 86 |
| Ti V | +4 | 252 | 4 | 252 |
| Ti VI | +5 | 71 | 14 | 71 |
| Ti VII | +6 | 92 | 13 | 92 |
| Ti VIII | +7 | 85 | 37 | 85 |
| Ti IX | +8 | 85 | 50 | 85 |
| Ti X | +9 | 162 | 78 | 162 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Ti I | 0 | 559 |
| Ti II | +1 | 253 |
| Ti III | +2 | 200 |
| Ti IV | +3 | 40 |
| Ti V | +4 | 66 |
| Ti VI | +5 | 59 |
| Ti VII | +6 | 62 |
| Ti VIII | +7 | 44 |
| Ti IX | +8 | 32 |
| Ti X | +9 | 83 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 86 pm |
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 67 pm |
| +4 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 42 pm |
| +4 | 5 | उपलब्ध नाही | 51 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 60.5 pm |
| +4 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 74 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (5)
Natural titanium consists of five isotopes with atomic masses from 46 to 50. All are stable. Eight other unstable isotopes are known.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46 स्थिर | ४५.९५२६२७७२ ± ०.००००००३५ | 8.2500% ± 0.0300% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 47 स्थिर | ४६.९५१७५८७९ ± ०.००००००३८ | 7.4400% ± 0.0200% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 48 स्थिर | ४७.९४७९४१९८ ± ०.००००००३८ | 73.7200% ± 0.0300% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 49 स्थिर | ४८.९४७८६५६८ ± ०.००००००३९ | 5.4100% ± 0.0200% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 50 स्थिर | ४९.९४४७८६८९ ± ०.००००००३९ | 5.1800% ± 0.0200% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
1717 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 521.03843 nm | 21000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 506.46526 nm | 17000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 519.29686 nm | 17000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 517.37431 nm | 15000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 498.17305 nm | 14000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 503.99574 nm | 14000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 468.19089 nm | 13000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 499.1066 nm | 13000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 499.9503 nm | 12000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 501.41861 nm | 11000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 399.86363 nm | 10000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 466.75845 nm | 10000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 500.72093 nm | 10000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 453.32394 nm | 9200 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 398.17616 nm | 8800 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 398.97582 nm | 8800 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 501.42762 nm | 8700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 395.82055 nm | 8600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 465.64693 nm | 8400 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 395.63338 nm | 8000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 453.47761 nm | 7900 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.86705 nm | 7000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 484.08737 nm | 6600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 1D → 3d2.(1D).4s.4p.(1P*) y 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 430.59074 nm | 6400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 453.55686 nm | 6100 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.77683 nm | 5700 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(1D).4s.4p.(3P*) 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 502.00263 nm | 5100 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 430.10787 nm | 4900 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 503.5903 nm | 4900 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s b 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p w 3G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 502.28679 nm | 4800 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 453.59176 nm | 4700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 430.05538 nm | 4400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 453.60403 nm | 4000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 503.64639 nm | 4000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s b 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p w 3G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 501.61609 nm | 3800 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 451.8022 nm | 3700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 488.50794 nm | 3700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(2G).4s a 3G → 3d3.(2G).4p y 3H* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.45264 nm | 3600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 402.45711 nm | 3600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 390.47826 nm | 3500 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 1D → 3d2.(1D).4s.4p.(1P*) y 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 452.2797 nm | 3500 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 502.48444 nm | 3500 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 398.24811 nm | 3400 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3P).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 454.87635 nm | 3400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 455.24533 nm | 3400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 400.89274 nm | 3300 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 503.83979 nm | 3300 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s b 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p w 3G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.98737 nm | 3200 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 429.86657 nm | 3200 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 489.99088 nm | 3200 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(2G).4s a 3G → 3d3.(2G).4p y 3H* | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 136 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 117 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 108 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 140 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 215 pm
- Alvarez
- 246 pm
- UFF
- 317.5 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 257 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 147 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 43
- Pettifor
- 51
- Glawe
- 51
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 100 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 10 a.u.
- C₆
- 1044 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1200 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक आसक्ती
- प्रोटॉन आसक्ती
- 876 kJ/mol
- वायूची क्षारकता
- 853.7 kJ/mol
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 10.58 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 4
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 21
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 5
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 29
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 81
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 24
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 1943.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 3560.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (7)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.5591 |
| 2 | p | 3.9352 |
| 2 | s | 6.6234 |
| 3 | d | 13.8586 |
| 3 | p | 11.8963 |
| 3 | s | 10.9669 |
| 4 | s | 17.1832 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (6)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 100 | estimated, | |
| 3 | VI | 81 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | IV | 56 | calculated, | |
| 4 | V | 65 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 74.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VIII | 88 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (47)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 37 | p | — |
| 38 | 2p | — |
| 39 | B+ | 100% |
| 39 | B+p | 93.7% |
| 39 | 2p | — |
| 40 | B+ | 100% |
| 40 | B+p | 95.8% |
| 41 | B+ | 100% |
| 41 | B+p | 91.1% |
| 42 | B+ | 100% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (530)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.51668 |
| 10.1428 | — | 1.54246 |
| 10.3068 | — | 1.57217 |
| 10.4735 | — | 1.60245 |
| 10.6429 | — | 1.63331 |
| 10.8151 | — | 1.66477 |
| 10.99 | — | 1.70636 |
| 11.1677 | — | 1.75257 |
| 11.3484 | — | 1.80003 |
| 11.5319 | — | 1.84878 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
5.65×103 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Titanium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele022.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-3 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Titanium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele022.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Titanium is present in meteorites and the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2; rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages.
Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them.
It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in ash of coal, in plants, and in human body.
The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is still largely used for producing the metal. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Titanium https://periodic.lanl.gov/22.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Titanium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.