Potassium (K)
alkali-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
39.0983 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Ar] 4s1द्रवणांक
63.38 °Cउत्कलनांक
758.85 °Cघनता
890 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−1, +1विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
0.82आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
4.340664 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1807अणुत्रिज्या
220 pmतपशील
Potassium is an alkali metal and a major rock-forming and biological element. It occurs naturally only in compounds, chiefly as K⁺ in salts, feldspars, micas, and clay minerals. The metal is highly electropositive, reacts vigorously with water, and is stored away from air and moisture. In living cells, potassium is the principal intracellular cation and is central to osmotic balance and electrical signaling.
It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. Except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal. It is soft, easily cut with a knife, and is silvery in appearance immediately after a fresh surface is exposed. It rapidly oxidizes in air and must be preserved in a mineral oil such as kerosene.
As with other metals of the alkali group, it decomposes in water with the evolution of hydrogen. It catches fire spontaneously on water. Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames.
The name derives from the English "potash" or "pot ashes" because it is found in caustic potash (KOH). The symbol K derives from the Latin kalium via the Arabic qali for alkali. It was first isolated by the British chemist Humphry Davy in 1807 from electrolysis of potash (KOH).
Although potassium is the eighth most abundant element on earth and comprises about 2.1% of the earth's crust, it is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. Metallic potassium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 through the electrolysis of molten caustic potash (KOH). A few months after discovering potassium, Davy used the same method to isolate sodium. Potassium can be obtained from the minerals sylvite (KCl), carnallite (KCl·MgCl2·6H2O), langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)3) and polyhalite (K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2H2O). These minerals are often found in ancient lake and sea beds. Caustic potash, another important source of potassium, is primarily mined in Germany, New Mexico, California and Utah. Pure potassium is a soft, waxy metal that can be easily cut with a knife. It reacts with oxygen to form potassium superoxide (KO2) and with water to form potassium hydroxide (KOH), hydrogen gas and heat. Enough heat is produced to ignite the hydrogen gas. To prevent it from reacting with the oxygen and water in the air, samples of metallic potassium are usually stored submerged in mineral oil.
From the English word, potash - pot ashes; Latin kalium, Arab qali, alkali. Discovered in 1807 by Davy, who obtained it from caustic potash (KOH); this was the first metal isolated by electrolysis.
Pure potassium is a very soft, silvery metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes rapidly in air as oxide, hydroxide, and carbonate layers form. It has a low melting point for a metal and can be cut with a knife; samples are commonly kept under dry mineral oil or inert gas.
Elemental potassium has limited direct use because sodium is cheaper and less reactive for many purposes. It is used in some laboratory reductions and in potassium-sodium alloys for heat-transfer applications where a liquid metal is useful. Most practical demand is for potassium compounds, especially fertilizers that supply plant-available K⁺. Potassium salts are also used in glass, soaps, pyrotechnics, food processing, and chemical manufacturing.
Potassium forms an alloy with sodium (NaK) that is used as a heat transfer medium in some types of nuclear reactors.
Potassium forms many important compounds. Potassium chloride (KCl) is the most common potassium compound. It is used in fertilizers, as a salt substitute and to produce other chemicals. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used to make soaps, detergents and drain cleaners. Potassium carbonate (KHCO3), also known as pearl ash, is used to make some types of glass and soaps and is obtained commercially as a byproduct of the production of ammonia. Potassium superoxide (KO2) can create oxygen from water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) through the following reaction: 2KO2 + H2O + 2CO2 => 2KHCO3 + O2. It is used in respiratory equipment and is produced by burning potassium metal in dry air. Potassium nitrate (KNO3), also known as saltpeter or nitre, is used in fertilizers, match heads and pyrotechnics.
The greatest demand for potash has been in its use for fertilizers. Potassium is an essential constituent for plant growth and is found in most soils.
An alloy of sodium and potassium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer medium. Many potassium salts are of utmost importance, including the hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, cyanide, sulfate, chromate, and dichromate.
Isotopes in Biology
The mole fraction of 40K, n(40K)/n(K), is used to study the effects of potassium in soil on the growth of plants. Plants need potassium to promote growth and reproduction, and potassium also helps plants resist drought and diseases. The mole fraction of 40K is being studied at different depths in several soil types to determine how soil properties affect the fractionation of 40K [178] R. Fujiyoshi, Y. Satake, T. Sumiyoshi. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.281, 553 (2009)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The amount ratio n(40K)/n(40Ar) is used in potassium-argon dating by geologists, archaeologists, and paleoanthropologists to determine the age of rocks. This dating method is based on the radioactive decay of 40K, having a half-life of 1.248×109 years, to 40Ar. When lava crystalizes, 40Ar can no longer escape and begins increasing in concentration in a rock (Fig. IUPAC.19.1) [179] United States Geological Survey. Geology and Geophysics, U.S. Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 25; http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/common/geochronology.html., [180] New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources. K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar Methods, New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources (2014), Feb. 25; http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/labs/argon/methods/home.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
38K, which has a half-life of 7.6 min and is produced by a nuclear reaction involving 38Ar and 40Ar as targets, is a widely used blood-flow tracer. Because 38Ar is more expensive, 40Ar, which also offers many additional advantages as a target, is more commonly used to produce 38K for medical purposes [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf., [176] K. Nagatsu, A. Kubodera, K. Suzuki. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1505 (1998)., [181] P. G. Melon, C. Brihaye, C. Degueldre, M. Guillaume, R. Czichosz, P. Rigo, H. E. Kulbertus, D. Comar. J. Nucl. Med.35, 1116 (1994)..
Potassium chemistry is dominated by the +1 oxidation state and the K⁺ ion. Common compounds include potassium chloride (KCl), the main fertilizer potash salt; potassium hydroxide (KOH), a strong base used in alkaline chemistry; potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃); potassium nitrate (KNO₃), an oxidizing salt; and potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), in which potassium is only the counterion to permanganate. Potassium forms ionic halides, oxides, superoxide potassium superoxide (KO₂), and many double salts and aluminosilicates.
See more information at the Potassium compound page.
Metallic potassium is a severe fire and chemical hazard. It reacts with water to form potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrogen (H₂), often with enough heat to ignite the gas. Concentrated potassium hydroxide is strongly corrosive. Soluble potassium salts vary widely in hazard; ordinary dietary amounts are essential, but excessive intake or medical exposure can disturb heart rhythm. Natural potassium contains radioactive ⁴⁰K at low abundance.
Potassium is abundant in the crust and is released slowly by weathering of silicate minerals, then cycled through soils, waters, plants, and organisms as K⁺. It is not degraded, but it is redistributed by erosion, leaching, uptake, and ion exchange on clays. Potassium is an essential plant nutrient, and deficiency limits crop growth in many soils. The isotope ⁴⁰K is a natural source of background radiation.
The potassium economy is centered on potash minerals and brines rather than the free metal. Commercial products are mined or solution-mined from evaporite deposits and processed mainly into potassium chloride (KCl), with potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) important for chloride-sensitive crops. Demand is strongly linked to agriculture, so fertilizer logistics and ore quality dominate supply. Elemental potassium is made by chemical reduction or electrochemical routes on a much smaller scale and is not a bulk commodity comparable with sodium.
The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth's crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty.
Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained. Potash is mined in Germany, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 3000 ft in Saskatchewan, promise to be important in coming years.
Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium.
Potassium is produced in stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova-related processes but is far less abundant cosmically than lighter elements such as sodium, magnesium, and silicon. In rocky planets it behaves as a moderately incompatible lithophile element, concentrating in crustal rocks and evolved magmas. Radioactive ⁴⁰K contributed heat to early planetary interiors and remains important in geochronology.
- The chemical symbol K comes from kalium, a Neo-Latin name derived from alkali sources.
- Potassium metal is less dense than water, although contact with water is violently reactive.
- Potassium chloride can be purple or reddish as a mineral because of impurities or radiation-induced color centers.
- Potassium-argon dating depends on the decay of ⁴⁰K to ⁴⁰Ar trapped in minerals.
- Potassium superoxide (KO₂) has been used in breathing equipment because it reacts with CO₂ and moisture to release O₂.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 220 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 203 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 275 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 203 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 890 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0453 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 63.38 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 758.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 79 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.757 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 29.6 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पिंडकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 0.82 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 0.734
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.5014 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 4.340664 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 31.625109 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 45.803258 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 60.91721 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 82.660285 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −1, +1 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 1 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Ar] 4s1
उष्मागतिक
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- 1950 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (दाब)
- 1.6e+7 Pa
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.02414883 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 0.79701508 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 0.92449604 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 0.92449604 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 0.92242317 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 19 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 20 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 29 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 2 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- K-39
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1807
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 2.09e+4 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 399 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 523 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 8, 1 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-09-7 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/K
- InChI की
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
K: 4s¹[Ar] 4s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39 स्थिर | ३८.९६३७०६४८६४ ± ०.००००००००४९ | 93.2581% | स्थिर |
| 41 स्थिर | ४०.९६१८२५२५७९ ± ०.००००००००४१ | 6.7302% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (63.38 °C) 38.4 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रगत
अणुवर्णपट
22 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| 41K I समस्थानिक | 0 | 8 |
| 40K I समस्थानिक | 0 | 3 |
| 39K I समस्थानिक | 0 | 123 |
| K I | 0 | 299 |
| K II | +1 | 97 |
| K III | +2 | 40 |
| K IV | +3 | 38 |
| K V | +4 | 40 |
| K VI | +5 | 28 |
| K VII | +6 | 81 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 137 pm |
| +1 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 138 pm |
| +1 | 7 | उपलब्ध नाही | 146 pm |
| +1 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 151 pm |
| +1 | 9 | उपलब्ध नाही | 155 pm |
| +1 | 10 | उपलब्ध नाही | 159 pm |
| +1 | 12 | उपलब्ध नाही | 164 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (2)
Seventeen isotopes of potassium are known. Ordinary potassium is composed of three isotopes, one of which is 40°K (0.0118%), a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 1.28 x 109 years.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 39 स्थिर | ३८.९६३७०६४८६४ ± ०.००००००००४९ | 93.2581% ± 0.0044% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 41 स्थिर | ४०.९६१८२५२५७९ ± ०.००००००००४१ | 6.7302% ± 0.0044% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
141 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 693.8764 nm | 20 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 691.10815 nm | 19 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 404.41422 nm | 18 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.5p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 404.72132 nm | 17 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.5p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 580.17662 nm | 17 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 583.18899 nm | 17 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 578.23999 nm | 16 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 581.21521 nm | 15 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 535.95761 nm | 14 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 533.96873 nm | 13 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 511.225448 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 532.32786 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 534.29693 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 693.62861 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.4d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 696.46903 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.4d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 464.23725 nm | 11 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.3d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 509.717137 nm | 11 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 509.920005 nm | 11 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 464.1875 nm | 10 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.3d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 496.503213 nm | 10 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 508.423399 nm | 10 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 482.924 nm | 9 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 486.975897 nm | 9 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 495.081801 nm | 9 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 495.614802 nm | 9 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.10s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 389.7896 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 418.6232 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.849 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 480.43395 nm | 8 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.10d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 485.609209 nm | 8 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 486.348075 nm | 8 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.11s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 500.564 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 612.028 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3F* → 3p5.4p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 381.7547 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4p 3D → 3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 400.122 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 413.4705 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 422.296 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 422.566 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3P* → 3p5.4p 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 426.334 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 430.498 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3P* → 3p5.4p 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 430.911 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 438.816 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 1P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 475.737719 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.11d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 479.104132 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.10d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 484.98645 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.11s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 505.625 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3P* → 3p5.4p 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 630.728 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3F* → 3p5.4p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 696.41712 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.4d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 380.0162 nm | 6 | K II | emission | 3p5.4p 3D → 3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 381.657 nm | 6 | K II | emission | 3p5.4p 3P → 3p5.4d 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 196 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 193 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 207 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Bondi
- 275 pm
- Batsanov
- 280 pm
- Alvarez
- 273 pm
- UFF
- 381.2 pm
- MM3
- 309 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 234 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 235 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 3
- Pettifor
- 10
- Glawe
- 10
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 2
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 2
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 1
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 289.7 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.3 a.u.
- C₆
- 3923 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 3910 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 45.63 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 0
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 21
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 5
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 61
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 81
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 81
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 336.65 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 1032.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 2223.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (दाब) | 16 MPa |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (6)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.5105 |
| 2 | p | 3.9728 |
| 2 | s | 5.9938 |
| 3 | p | 11.2744 |
| 3 | s | 10.3201 |
| 4 | s | 15.5048 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (7)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 151 | ||
| 1 | VI | 152 | ||
| 1 | VII | 160 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 165 | ||
| 1 | IX | 169 | ||
| 1 | X | 173 | ||
| 1 | XII | 178 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (53)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 31 | 3p | 100% |
| 32 | p | — |
| 33 | p | — |
| 34 | p | — |
| 35 | B+ | 100% |
| 35 | B+p | 0.4% |
| 36 | B+ | 100% |
| 36 | B+p | 0% |
| 36 | B+A | 0% |
| 37 | B+ | 100% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (503)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.03426 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.03529 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.03635 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.03744 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.03856 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.03972 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.04091 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.04214 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.0434 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.04471 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.09×104 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Potassium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele019.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3.99×102 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Potassium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele019.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth's crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty.
Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained. Potash is mined in Germany, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 3000 ft in Saskatchewan, promise to be important in coming years.
Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Potassium https://periodic.lanl.gov/19.shtml
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
Potassium is never found free in nature, but is obtained by electrolysis of the hydroxide, much in the same manner as prepared by Davy's first process. Thermal methods also are commonly used to produce potassium (such as by reduction of potassium compounds with CaC2, C, Si, or Na).
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Potassium https://periodic.lanl.gov/19.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Potassium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.