Copernicium (Cn)
transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
[285]इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 (भाकीत केलेले)द्रवणांक
उपलब्ध नाहीउत्कलनांक
-165.15 °Cघनता
1.4e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
+2, +4विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
उपलब्ध नाहीआयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
उपलब्ध नाहीशोधाचे वर्ष
1996अणुत्रिज्या
147 pmतपशील
Copernicium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 12, below zinc, cadmium, and mercury. It is known only from accelerator experiments that create individual atoms of short-lived isotopes. Relativistic effects are expected to make its chemistry unusually noble for a group 12 element, with weak metallic bonding and a comparatively volatile elemental state. Its confirmed properties are therefore mainly nuclear, while its chemical behavior remains partly experimental and partly theoretical.
Copernicium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Copernicium was synthesized by scientists at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany in 1996 (Fig. IUPAC.112.1). Sigurd Hofmann and an international team of scientists used the nuclear reaction 208Pb (70Zn, n) 277Cn. The observed alpha decays led to the known nuclide, 269Sg. The name, copernicium, was given to element 112 to honor astronomer Nicholas Copernicus, who is known for his heliocentric theory of how the planets orbit the Sun [663], [664]. Copernicium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
Copernicium is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
Copernicium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany on February 9, 1996. They bombarded atoms of lead with ions of zinc with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced atoms of copernicium-277, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.24 milliseconds (0.00024 seconds). Copernicium's most stable isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of about 30 seconds. It decays into darmstadtium-281 through alpha decay.
On February 9, 1996, element 277Cn was created at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany by using the reaction 208Pb + 70Zn. Unlike element 110, Copernicium has properties more similar to radon than mercury, but due to its short half-life, it is difficult to study. As of 2011, Copernicum's most stable isotope has an atomic weight of 285.
No macroscopic sample of copernicium has been made, so its visible appearance is unknown. Calculations suggest a very volatile, weakly bound metal, possibly more gas-like in atom-at-a-time conditions than mercury, but this is not a directly observed bulk property.
Copernicium has no practical use outside scientific research. Its isotopes are produced one atom at a time to study superheavy nuclei, decay chains, and the influence of strong relativistic effects on chemical behavior. Experimental work with copernicium also helps test models used to predict the stability and chemistry of still heavier elements. No commercial, medical, structural, or electronic application is known or feasible with present production methods and isotope lifetimes.
Since only a few atoms of copernicium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
Originally, the symbol Cp was recommended for Copernicium. That symbol was rejected because Cp had previously been used for the element lutetium which, prior to 1949, had cassiopeium as an alternative allowed name. Please see this file for additional details.
Copernicium chemistry has been investigated only in atom-at-a-time experiments and by theory. The element is expected to favor the +2 oxidation state in compounds, by analogy with group 12 elements, but strong relativistic stabilization of the 7s electrons may make neutral copernicium especially inert. Studies of adsorption behavior suggest that elemental Cn interacts weakly with gold surfaces compared with mercury. Predicted species include copernicium(II) fluoride, CnF₂, and copernicium(II) chloride, CnCl₂, but well-characterized bulk compounds do not exist.
See more information at the Copernicium compound page.
The hazards of copernicium are dominated by radioactivity rather than ordinary chemical toxicity. All known isotopes are short-lived and decay mainly by alpha emission, with some decay chains involving spontaneous fission. The element is produced in quantities far too small for conventional handling or environmental exposure. In laboratories, risk control concerns the accelerator target, recoil products, and radioactive decay products, not bulk copernicium material.
Copernicium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no environmental cycle. Any atoms formed naturally, if at all, would decay rapidly and would not accumulate. Laboratory production yields isolated atoms that decay within controlled experimental systems. Consequently, environmental behavior such as solubility, transport in soils or waters, bioaccumulation, and ecological effects has not been observed for copernicium.
Copernicium has no commodity market, industrial supply chain, or recoverable source. It is made in heavy-ion fusion experiments, commonly by bombarding heavy actinide targets with accelerated ions, followed by separation and detection of a few decay events. Production depends on specialized accelerators, rare target materials, long beam times, and highly sensitive detectors. The limiting factors are nuclear reaction cross sections and isotope half-lives, not ore availability or refining capacity. Recycling and substitution have no practical meaning for this element outside research planning.
Made by bombarding lead-208 with zinc-70.
Copernicium is not expected to be a primordial or cosmically abundant element because its known isotopes decay far too quickly to survive since nucleosynthesis. Superheavy nuclei may be formed fleetingly in extreme astrophysical neutron-rich events, but no stable or long-lived copernicium isotope is known. It has no established role in planetary chemistry or extraterrestrial materials.
- Copernicium was named for Nicolaus Copernicus.
- Its chemistry is strongly affected by relativistic stabilization of the 7s electrons.
- Only individual atoms have been studied experimentally.
- The most useful evidence for its chemistry comes from rapid gas-phase adsorption experiments.
- Copernicium sits below mercury but may be even more volatile.
- Its discovery was credited to work at GSI in Darmstadt, Germany.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 147 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 1.4 × 104 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- STP येथे अवस्था
- वायू सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- -165.15 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- -0.8 eV (नकारात्मक मूल्य — अणूने अतिरिक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन बांधण्याचा अंदाज नाही)
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- +2, +4 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 (भाकीत केलेले)
उष्मागतिक
उपलब्ध नाही
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 112 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 173 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 13 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 0 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- वस्तुमानांक (सर्वाधिक स्थिर)
- 285
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Cn-285
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1996
विपुलता
उपलब्ध नाही
स्फटिक संरचना
उपलब्ध नाही
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 14, 10, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 54084-26-3 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cn
- InChI की
- NOTIIDSZELDPOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण भाकीत केलेले
——या आयनासाठी इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपणाची माहिती उपलब्ध नाही.
अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
उपलब्ध नाही
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
स्थिर समस्थानिके नाहीत.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 277 किरणोत्सारी | २७७.१६३६४ ± ०.०००१५ | उपलब्ध नाही | 790 us |
| 281 किरणोत्सारी | २८१.१६९७५ ± ०.०००४२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 180 ms |
| 284 किरणोत्सारी | २८४.१७४१६ ± ०.०००९१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 102 ms |
| 276 किरणोत्सारी | २७६.१६१४१ ± ०.०००६४ | उपलब्ध नाही | 100 us |
| 279 किरणोत्सारी | २७९.१६६५४ ± ०.०००५ | उपलब्ध नाही | 60 us |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: उत्कलनांकापेक्षा (-165.15 °C) 190.1 °C अधिक
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
सध्याच्या T येथे आदर्श वायू नियमाने अंदाजित
घन अवस्थेसाठी स्फटिक संरचनेची माहिती उपलब्ध नाही
समस्थानिके (5)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 277 किरणोत्सारी | २७७.१६३६४ ± ०.०००१५ | उपलब्ध नाही | 790 us | α =100% | |
| 281 किरणोत्सारी | २८१.१६९७५ ± ०.०००४२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 180 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 284 किरणोत्सारी | २८४.१७४१६ ± ०.०००९१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 102 ms | SF =100% | |
| 276 किरणोत्सारी | २७६.१६१४१ ± ०.०००६४ | उपलब्ध नाही | 100 us | α ?SF ? | |
| 279 किरणोत्सारी | २७९.१६६५४ ± ०.०००५ | उपलब्ध नाही | 60 us | α ?SF ? |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 122 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 137 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 130 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 80
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 28 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 2 a.u.
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (23)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 276 | A | — |
| 276 | SF | — |
| 277 | A | 100% |
| 278 | A | — |
| 278 | SF | — |
| 279 | A | — |
| 279 | SF | — |
| 280 | A | — |
| 280 | SF | — |
| 281 | A | 100% |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Copernicium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele112.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Copernicium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele112.html
संदर्भ
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Copernicium.