Roentgenium (Rg)
transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
281 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d9 (भाकीत केलेले)द्रवणांक
उपलब्ध नाहीउत्कलनांक
उपलब्ध नाहीघनता
2.87e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−1, +1, +3, +5विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
उपलब्ध नाहीआयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
उपलब्ध नाहीशोधाचे वर्ष
1994अणुत्रिज्या
138 pmतपशील
Roentgenium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 11, below gold. It has been made only one atom at a time in heavy-ion fusion experiments, and all confirmed isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived. Its chemistry has not been established experimentally in bulk or solution. Relativistic calculations generally place it among the coinage metals, but with properties that may differ appreciably from lighter homologues.
Roentgenium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Roentgenium was first synthesized by an international team of scientists from the GSI in Darmstadt, Germany, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, the Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia, and the University of Jyväskylä, Finland at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany in 1994, using the nuclear reaction 209Bi (64Ni, n) 272Rg. The credit for the first synthesis was confirmed in 2003. The element was named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Fig. IUPAC.111.1), who discovered X-rays in 1895 [660], [661], [662]. Roentgenium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.
Roentgenium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany in late 1994. They bombarded atoms of bismuth-209 with ions of nickel-64 with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced three atoms of roentgenium-272, an isotope with a half-life of about 1.5 milliseconds (0.0015 seconds), and a free neutron. Roentgenium's most stable isotope, roentgenium-281, has a half-life of about 26 seconds and decays through spontaneous fission.
Discovered by Gesellschaft Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, in 1994. Reasearch group of S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Munzenberg, H.J. Schott, and others.
No macroscopic sample of roentgenium has ever been prepared, so its appearance is unknown. A bulk metal, if it could exist long enough, is expected from theory to be dense and metallic, but color, surface behavior, and ordinary physical constants have not been measured.
Roentgenium has no practical, commercial, medical, or industrial use. Its only use is in nuclear research, where individual atoms and their decay chains help test models of heavy-element formation, nuclear stability, and alpha decay. Experiments involving roentgenium also support the identification of neighboring superheavy nuclei, but the element is not available as a material for devices, tracers, or chemical applications.
Since only a few atoms of roentgenium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No confirmed roentgenium compound has been isolated or characterized. The element is expected to show group 11 chemistry in some respects, but strong relativistic effects make detailed predictions uncertain. The +1 and +3 oxidation states are commonly discussed in theoretical work, with possible analogies to gold compounds such as gold(III) chloride, AuCl₃, rather than to the more stable simple chemistry of copper or silver. Proposed species such as roentgenium fluorides or chlorides remain predictions, not observed substances.
See more information at the Roentgenium compound page.
The safety properties of roentgenium are governed by radioactivity rather than ordinary chemical toxicity. Known isotopes decay rapidly, mainly through alpha decay and spontaneous fission pathways within decay chains. The quantities produced are far below a macroscopic hazard under normal laboratory containment, but any experiment requires specialized radiological controls for heavy-ion target materials, recoil products, and short-lived radioactive daughters.
Roentgenium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no environmental cycle. Any atoms produced in a laboratory decay before they could disperse or participate in ordinary geochemical processes. Environmental relevance is therefore limited to controlled accelerator facilities and to the management of irradiated targets, catcher foils, and associated radioactive residues from superheavy-element experiments.
Roentgenium is not a commodity and has no market price, supply chain, or recycling practice. Production requires a heavy-ion accelerator, rare target materials, and long experiments with extremely low atom yields. The element is identified through decay correlations rather than collected as a product. Economic considerations are those of publicly or institutionally funded nuclear-physics research, including accelerator time, target preparation, detector systems, and radiological handling.
Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with nickel-60.
Roentgenium is not expected to be a persistent cosmic element because its known isotopes are too unstable. If nuclei with 111 protons are formed transiently in extreme nucleosynthetic environments, they would decay quickly unless an unknown much longer-lived isotope exists. No roentgenium has been detected in stars, meteorites, planets, or terrestrial minerals.
- Roentgenium was named in honor of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, discoverer of X-rays.
- Its identification relies on linking a few decay events to known daughter nuclei.
- The longest-lived confirmed isotopes still have half-lives far too short for chemical stockpiles.
- Roentgenium lies in the same periodic-table group as copper, silver, and gold.
- Chemical experiments have not yet established a measured oxidation state for roentgenium.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 138 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 2.87 × 104 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 1.6 eV
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −1, +1, +3, +5 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d9 (भाकीत केलेले)
उष्मागतिक
उपलब्ध नाही
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 111 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 171 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 15 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 0 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- वस्तुमानांक (सर्वाधिक स्थिर)
- 282
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Rg-282
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1994
विपुलता
उपलब्ध नाही
स्फटिक संरचना
उपलब्ध नाही
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 14, 9, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 54386-24-2 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Rg
- InChI की
- LJROPTGWFUZRDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण भाकीत केलेले
——या आयनासाठी इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपणाची माहिती उपलब्ध नाही.
अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
उपलब्ध नाही
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
स्थिर समस्थानिके नाहीत.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 279 किरणोत्सारी | २७९.१६२७२ ± ०.०००५१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 170 ms |
| 282 किरणोत्सारी | २८२.१६९१२ ± ०.०००७२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 130 सेकंद |
| 285 किरणोत्सारी | २८५.१७५७७१ ± ०.०००६४४ | उपलब्ध नाही | 30 सेकंद |
| 274 किरणोत्सारी | २७४.१५५२५ ± ०.०००१९ | उपलब्ध नाही | 20 ms |
| 281 किरणोत्सारी | २८१.१६६३६ ± ०.०००८९ | उपलब्ध नाही | 19 सेकंद |
अवस्था / स्थिती
अवस्थेविषयी माहिती उपलब्ध नाही
अवस्थेविषयी माहिती उपलब्ध नाही
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (5)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 279 किरणोत्सारी | २७९.१६२७२ ± ०.०००५१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 170 ms | α =100% | |
| 282 किरणोत्सारी | २८२.१६९१२ ± ०.०००७२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 130 सेकंद | α =100% | |
| 285 किरणोत्सारी | २८५.१७५७७१ ± ०.०००६४४ | उपलब्ध नाही | 30 सेकंद | α ?SF ? | |
| 274 किरणोत्सारी | २७४.१५५२५ ± ०.०००१९ | उपलब्ध नाही | 20 ms | α ≈100% | |
| 281 किरणोत्सारी | २८१.१६६३६ ± ०.०००८९ | उपलब्ध नाही | 19 सेकंद | SF =87±0.8%α =13±0.8% |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 121 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 116 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 118 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 74
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 32 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 6 a.u.
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (22)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 272 | A | 100% |
| 273 | A | — |
| 274 | A | 100% |
| 275 | A | — |
| 276 | A | — |
| 276 | SF | — |
| 277 | A | — |
| 277 | SF | — |
| 278 | A | 100% |
| 279 | A | 100% |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Roentgenium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele111.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Roentgenium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele111.html
संदर्भ
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Roentgenium.