Zinc (Zn)
transition-metalSolid
표준 원자량
65.38 u전자 배치
[Ar] 4s2 3d10녹는점
419.53 °C끓는점
906.85 °C밀도
7134 kg/m³산화 상태
−2, 0, +1, +2전기 음성도(Pauling)
1.65제1 이온화 에너지
9.394197 eV발견 연도
1746원자 반지름
135 pm상세 정보
Zinc is a moderately reactive, bluish-white transition metal with a filled 3d shell and chemistry dominated by the +2 oxidation state. It is an essential trace element for living organisms and an important industrial metal, especially for corrosion protection of steel. In minerals it occurs chiefly as sulfide and carbonate ores, and in technology it is valued for sacrificial galvanic behavior, alloy formation, and stable, often colorless Zn²⁺ compounds.
Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150°C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide.
It exhibits superplasticity. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 35°K. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not been fully investigated.
The name derives from the German zink of unknown origin. It was first used in prehistoric times, where its compounds were used for healing wounds and sore eyes and for making brass. Zinc was recognized as a metal as early as 1374.
Although zinc compounds have been used for at least 2,500 years in the production of brass, zinc wasn't recognized as a distinct element until much later. Metallic zinc was first produced in India sometime in the 1400s by heating the mineral calamine (ZnCO3) with wool. Zinc was rediscovered by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746 by heating calamine with charcoal. Today, most zinc is produced through the electrolysis of aqueous zinc sulfate (ZnSO4).
From the German word Zink, of obscure origin. Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. An alloy containing 87 percent zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania.
Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746. He demonstrated that zinc could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal.
Pure zinc is a lustrous bluish-white metal when freshly cut, but it dulls in air as a thin protective surface film forms. It is brittle near room temperature in coarse cast form, becomes more workable when warmed, and melts at a comparatively low temperature for a structural metal.
The largest use of zinc is galvanizing, where a zinc coating protects iron and steel by forming a barrier and by acting as a sacrificial anode. Zinc is also used in brass and other alloys, die-cast components, roofing sheet, and anodes for batteries. Zinc oxide is used in rubber, ceramics, pigments, sunscreens, and topical preparations. Zinc is essential in nutrition, but supplemental or medicinal uses depend on specific compounds and doses rather than the metal itself.
Roughly one third of all metallic zinc produced today is used in a process known as galvanization. During galvanization, an object that is subject to corrosion, such as an iron nail, is given a protective coating of zinc. The zinc can be applied to an object by dipping it in a pool of molten zinc, but it is most often applied through an electroplating process. Sacrificial zinc anodes are used in cathodic protection systems to protect exposed iron from corrosion. Metallic zinc is also used to make dry cell batteries, roof cladding and die castings.
Zinc is used to make many useful alloys. Brass, an alloy of zinc that contains between 55% and 95% copper, is probably the best known zinc alloy. Brass was first used about 2,500 years ago and was widely used by the ancient Romans, who used it to make such things as coins, kettles and decorative items. Brass is still used today, particularly in musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion. Zinc is alloyed with lead and tin to make solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Prestal®, an alloy containing 78% zinc and 22% aluminum, is a strange material that is nearly as strong as steel but is molded as easily as plastic. Nickel silver, typewriter metal, spring brass and German silver are other common zinc alloys.
Zinc oxide (ZnO), a common zinc compound, forms when metallic zinc is exposed to the air and forms a protective coating that protects the rest of the metal. Zinc oxide is used in paints, some rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics, printing inks, soap and batteries, among other things. Zinc sulfide (ZnS), another zinc compound, glows when it is exposed to ultraviolet light, X-rays or electrons and is used to make luminous watch dials, television screens and fluorescent light bulbs. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is another zinc compound that is used to protect wood from decay and insects.
The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring bronze, German silver, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys.
Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, which are used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal(R), consisting of 78 percent zinc and 22 percent aluminum, is reported to be almost as strong as steel and as easy to mold as plastic. The alloy said to be so moldable that it can be molded into form using inexpensive ceramics or cement die casts.
Zinc is also used extensively to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material for modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment.
Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights.
The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50 percent more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of zinc possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of zinc in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.30.1). Stable zinc isotopes have been used as tracers to investigate biogeochemical and chemical processes in environmental contamination sites [243] M. Bigalke, S. Weyer, J. Kobza, W. Wilcke. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta74, 6801 (2010).. The isotope-amount ratio n(66Zn)/n(64Zn) can be used as an environmental tracer for detecting the pathways of anthropogenic zinc [244] Y. Sivry, J. Riotte, J. E. Sonke, S. Audry, J. Schafer, J. Viers, G. Blanc, R. Freydier, B. Dupre. Chem. Geol.255, 295 (2008)., [245] C. Cloquet, J. Carignan, G. Libourel. Environ. Sci. Technol.40, 6594 (2006)., [246] J. Chen, J. Gaillardet, P. Louvat. Environ. Sci. Technol.42, 6494 (2008)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Oral tracers of enriched 67Zn and intravenously injected stable isotopic tracers with enriched 70Zn are used simultaneously to determine the fraction of dietary zinc absorbed in humans, maintaining the amount or concentration of a nutrient or biomolecule in organs and body fluids. For example, zinc-isotope tracers can be administered to humans to determine if zinc absorption in their bodies may be impaired by ingestion of certain foods, food components, or dietary supplements. One such study conducted with Peruvian women showed that prenatal iron supplements affected the absorption of zinc during pregnancy. Another isotope tracer study investigated zinc deficiency in children with Crohn’s disease (an inflammatory disease of the intestines, especially the colon and ileum) [249] K. O’Brien, N. Zavaleta, L. Caulfield, J. Wen, S. Abrams. J. Nutr.130, 2251 (2000)., [250] I. J. Griffin, S. C. Kim, P. D. Hicks, L. K. Liang, S. A. Abrams. Pediatr. Res.56, 235 (2004).. Zinc radioisotopes (e.g. 65Zn, with a half-life of 244 days) can also be used for determining zinc absorption in humans, but they are now used rarely because of radiation hazards [251] K. B. Payton, P. R. Flanagan, E. A. Stinson, D. P. Chodirker, M. J. Chamberlain, L. S. Valberg. Gastroenterology83, 1264 (1982)., [252] N. M. Lowe, L. R. Woodhouse, J. S. Matel, J. C. King. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.71, 523 (2000).. ZnO nanoparticles enriched with 67Zn have been used as biological/environmental nanotoxicity tracers [253] A. D. Dybowska, M. N. Croteau, S. K. Misra, D. Berhanu, S. N. Luoma, P. Christian, P. O’Brien, E. Valsami-Jones. Environ. Pollut.159, 266 (2011)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
The 68Zn (p, 2p) 67Cu (with a half-life of 62 h) reaction in which targets with zinc enriched in 68Zn are irradiated and the neutron induced reaction 67Zn (n, p) 67Cu are both processes for producing 67Cu for radiotherapy [254] T. Katabuchi, S. Watanabe, N. S. Ishioka, Y. Iida, H. Hanaoka, K. Endo, S. Matsuhashi. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.277, 467 (2008).. Irradiation of 64Zn with a deuteron (the nucleus of 2H, consisting of a proton and a neutron) in a cyclotron will produce the radioisotope 64Cu (with a half-life of 12.7 h), which can be used for therapeutic applications and diagnosis with positron emission tomography (PET) via the 64Zn (d, 2p) 64Cu reaction [255] K. Abbas, J. Kozempel, M. Bonardi, F. Groppi, A. Alfarano, U. Holzwarth, F. Simonelli, H. Hofman, W. Horstmann, E. Menapace, L. Leseticky, N. Gibson. Appl. Radiat. Isot.64, 1001 (2006)..
Zinc chemistry is mainly Zn²⁺, with little stable redox chemistry in water because the d¹⁰ ion is not easily oxidized or reduced under ordinary conditions. Important compounds include zinc oxide, ZnO, a white amphoteric oxide; zinc sulfide, ZnS, a major ore mineral and phosphor host; zinc sulfate, ZnSO₄, used in industry and agriculture; and zinc chloride, ZnCl₂, a hygroscopic Lewis-acidic salt. Zinc also forms many coordination complexes, and organozinc reagents are useful in synthetic chemistry.
See more information at the Zinc compound page.
Zinc is nutritionally essential, but excessive intake of soluble zinc salts can cause toxicity and can interfere with copper metabolism. Fumes from freshly formed zinc oxide, ZnO, produced during welding or cutting galvanized metal, can cause metal fume fever. Zinc dust is combustible under suitable conditions, and some soluble or strongly acidic zinc compounds are irritants or environmentally hazardous at elevated concentrations. The stable isotopes are not radioactive hazards.
Zinc is not considered to be toxic, but when freshly formed ZnO is inhaled a disorder known as oxide shakes or zinc chills sometimes occurs. Where zinc oxide is encountered, recommendations include providing good ventilation to avoid concentration exceeding 5 mg/m3, (time-weighted over an 8-hour exposure, 40-hour work week).
Zinc is naturally released by rock weathering, volcanic emissions, and biological cycling, and it is also mobilized by mining, smelting, tire wear, galvanized materials, and waste streams. In soils and waters it partitions among dissolved Zn²⁺, mineral surfaces, organic matter, sulfides, and carbonates, so pH and redox conditions strongly affect mobility. It is an essential micronutrient, but elevated bioavailable zinc can harm aquatic organisms and soil microbiota.
Zinc is a major base metal produced primarily from sphalerite-rich ores, commonly after concentration by flotation. Roasted concentrates are processed by electrolytic or pyrometallurgical routes, with sulfur captured largely as sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄, in modern plants. Demand is closely tied to steel galvanizing, construction, transport, die casting, brass, and batteries. Recycling is significant from brass scrap, galvanized steel dusts, and die-cast alloys, although dispersed coatings are harder to recover efficiently than bulk metal scrap.
The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). One method of zinc extraction involves roasting its ores to form the oxide and reducing the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal.
Zinc is less cosmically abundant than iron-group elements such as iron and nickel, but it is a normal constituent of the solar system and of many stellar spectra. Its stable isotopes are produced by several nucleosynthetic pathways in massive stars and supernova environments. In planetary materials zinc is moderately volatile, so its abundance can record thermal processing during planet formation and impact history.
- Zinc coatings can protect exposed scratches because zinc corrodes preferentially to iron.
- Brass, a copper-zinc alloy, was made long before zinc was isolated as a pure metal in Europe.
- Zinc oxide is white, but it turns yellow when hot and becomes white again on cooling.
- Many enzymes use Zn²⁺ as a structural or catalytic center without changing its oxidation state.
- Sphalerite, the main zinc ore, can contain economically important cadmium, indium, or germanium impurities.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 135 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 122 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 139 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 121 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 7134 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0092 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 419.53 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 906.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 116 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.388 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 25.39 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 육방 조밀 충전 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 1.65 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 1.59
- 전자 친화도
- -0.6 eV (음수 값 — 추가 전자를 결합하지 않을 것으로 예측됨)
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 9.394197 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 17.964452 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 39.723437 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 59.573205 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 82.600284 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −2, 0, +1, +2 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 12 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Ar] 4s2 3d10
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.07617764 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 1.195004 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 1.351505 eV
- 원자화열
- 1.351505 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 1.351505 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 30 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 36 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 33 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 3 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Zn-66
- 발견 연도
- 1746
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 70 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 0.005 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 266 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 2 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-66-6 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Zn
- InChI 키
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Zn: 3d¹⁰ 4s²[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s²원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 66 안정 | 65.92603381 ± 0.00000094 | 27.7300% | 안정 |
| 67 안정 | 66.92712775 ± 0.00000096 | 4.0400% | 안정 |
| 68 안정 | 67.92484455 ± 0.00000098 | 18.4500% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(419.53 °C)보다 394.5 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 30개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zn I | 0 | 570 | 16 | 564 |
| Zn II | +1 | 96 | 22 | 90 |
| Zn III | +2 | 39 | 0 | 0 |
| Zn IV | +3 | 119 | 0 | 0 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Zn I | 0 | 380 |
| Zn II | +1 | 94 |
| Zn III | +2 | 316 |
| Zn IV | +3 | 245 |
| Zn V | +4 | 158 |
| Zn VI | +5 | 193 |
| Zn VII | +6 | 134 |
| Zn VIII | +7 | 5 |
| Zn IX | +8 | 2 |
| Zn X | +9 | 2 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 60 pm |
| +2 | 5 | 해당 없음 | 68 pm |
| +2 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 74 pm |
| +2 | 8 | 해당 없음 | 90 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (3)
Naturally occurring zinc contains five stable isotopes. Sixteen other unstable isotopes are recognized.
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 66 안정 | 65.92603381 ± 0.00000094 | 27.7300% ± 0.9800% | 안정 | stable | |
| 67 안정 | 66.92712775 ± 0.00000096 | 4.0400% ± 0.1600% | 안정 | stable | |
| 68 안정 | 67.92484455 ± 0.00000098 | 18.4500% ± 0.6300% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 387.9141 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.7d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 396.543 nm | 78000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.8s 1S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 411.31114 nm | 81000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.6d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 429.2883 nm | 32000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 1S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 429.8325 nm | 49000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.7s 1S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 455.326 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.30p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 455.548 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.29p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 455.795 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.28p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 456.073 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.27p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 456.388 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.26p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 456.745 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.25p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 457.155 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.24p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 457.623 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.23p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 458.167 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.22p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 458.796 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.21p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 459.541 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.20p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 460.423 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.19p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 461.482 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.18p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 462.768 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.17p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 462.980809 nm | 390000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.5d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 464.351 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.16p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 466.559 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.15p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 468.013589 nm | 540000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 469.143 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.14p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 472.215691 nm | 1000000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 472.527 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.13p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 477.071 nm | 해당 없음 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.12p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 481.053206 nm | 1100000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 3P* → 3d10.4s.5s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 506.866 nm | 77000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.9p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 506.943 nm | 21000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.9p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 506.998 nm | 3300 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.9p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 518.19819 nm | 120000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.6s 1S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 530.866 nm | 380000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.8p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 531.017 nm | 160000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.8p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 531.101 nm | 56000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.8p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 577.205 nm | 490000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.7p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 577.5452 nm | 210000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.7p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 577.7033 nm | 85000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.7p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 623.78967 nm | 93000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.4d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 623.9169 nm | 38000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.4d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 636.23458 nm | 240000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.4p 1P* → 3d10.4s.4d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 647.9184 nm | 55000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 1S → 3d10.4s.7p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 692.8295 nm | 40000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 693.8449 nm | 20000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 694.3184 nm | 7000 | Zn I | emission | 3d10.4s.5s 3S → 3d10.4s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 118 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 120 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Bragg)
- 132 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 239 pm
- UFF
- 276.3 pm
- MM3
- 229 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 222 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 134 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 77
- Pettifor
- 76
- Glawe
- 74
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 38.67 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 0.3 a.u.
- C₆
- 284 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 276 Ha·Bohr6
화학 친화력
- 양성자 친화도
- 608.6 kJ/mol
- 기체상 염기성
- 586 kJ/mol
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 9.17 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 2
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 30
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 5
- 매장량 분포
- 22
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 24
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 75
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 692.68 K |
| 끓는점 | 1180.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (7)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.6755 |
| 2 | p | 3.902 |
| 2 | s | 8.172 |
| 3 | d | 16.1217 |
| 3 | p | 14.6307 |
| 3 | s | 13.7808 |
| 4 | s | 24.0348 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (4)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 74 | ||
| 2 | V | 82 | ||
| 2 | VI | 88 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 2 | VIII | 104 | calculated, |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (49)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 54 | 2p | 87% |
| 55 | B+ | 100% |
| 55 | B+p | 91% |
| 56 | B+ | 100% |
| 56 | B+p | 88% |
| 57 | B+ | 100% |
| 57 | B+p | 87% |
| 58 | B+ | 100% |
| 58 | B+p | 0.7% |
| 59 | B+ | 100% |
X선 산란 인자 (504)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2.21675 |
| 10.1617 | — | 2.11915 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.02585 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.93665 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.85138 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.76986 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.69194 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.63293 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.57784 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.5246 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
7.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4.9×10-3 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). One method of zinc extraction involves roasting its ores to form the oxide and reducing the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Zinc https://periodic.lanl.gov/30.shtml
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Zinc.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.