Lithium (Li)
alkali-metalSolid
표준 원자량
6.94 u [6.938, 6.997]전자 배치
[He] 2s1녹는점
180.5 °C끓는점
1341.85 °C밀도
534 kg/m³산화 상태
+1전기 음성도(Pauling)
0.98제1 이온화 에너지
5.391715 eV발견 연도
1817원자 반지름
145 pm상세 정보
Lithium is the lightest metal and the first alkali metal. It forms Li⁺ very readily, yet its small ion gives lithium chemistry a distinctive hardness, strong hydration, and extensive organometallic chemistry. In nature it occurs only in compounds, mainly in brines, pegmatite minerals, and some clays. Its low atomic mass, high electrochemical potential, and ability to move reversibly through host materials make it central to rechargeable batteries.
Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
The name derives from the Latin lithos for "stone" because lithium was thought to exist only in minerals at that time. It was discovered by the Swedish mineralogist Johan August Arfwedson in 1818 in the mineral petalite LiAl(Si2O5)2. Lithium was isolated in 1855 by the German chemists Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.
Lithium was discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAl(Si2O5)2) by Johann August Arfvedson in 1817. It was first isolated by William Thomas Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy through the electrolysis of lithium oxide (Li2O). Today, larger amounts of the metal are obtained through the electrolysis of lithium chloride (LiCl). Lithium is not found free in nature and makes up only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word lithos, stone. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water.
Pure lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes quickly in air, forming dull gray surface films of oxide, nitride, hydroxide, and carbonate. It is the least dense solid element at ordinary conditions and can be cut with a knife.
Most lithium demand is tied to lithium-ion batteries, where lithium ions shuttle between intercalation or conversion materials rather than existing as metallic lithium in normal operation. Lithium metal is used in some primary batteries and specialized rechargeable cells. Lithium compounds are also used in heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lubricating greases, air-treatment chemicals, aluminum production, and pharmaceutical salts such as lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, for selected mood disorders.
Many uses have been found for lithium and its compounds. Lithium has the highest specific heat of any solid element and is used in heat transfer applications. It is used to make special glasses and ceramics, including the Mount Palomar telescope's 200 inch mirror. Lithium is the lightest known metal and can be alloyed with aluminium, copper, manganese, and cadmium to make strong, lightweight metals for aircraft. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of spacecraft. Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2) is used as a general purpose and high temperature lubricant. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is used as a drug to treat manic depression disorder.
Lithium reacts with water, but not as violently as sodium.
Since World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Lithium carbonate is used for the treatment of bipolar disease and other mental illness conditions.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of lithium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. Natural terrestrial materials show a substantial variation in lithium isotopic abundance (Fig. IUPAC.3.1), and these natural isotopic abundances have been used to determine sources of dissolved lithium and to investigate environmental processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)..
Variations in isotope-amount ratiosn(7Li)/n(6Li) can help determine the source of some water. Because the relative abundances of lithium isotopes can change during hydrothermal processes, isotopic analysis of lithium in water can help distinguish water derived from marine sedimentary rocks from water derived from hydrothermally altered igneous rocks (Fig. IUPAC.3.2) [36] T. D. Bullen, Y. K. Kharaka. “Isotopic composition of Sr, Nd, and Li in thermal waters from the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park and surrounding region”, in Water-Rock Interaction. in 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Rotterdam, Balkema Publishers (1992)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Industry
7Li, as hydroxide monohydrate (7LiOH•H2O), is used to maintain the pH level of the coolant used in pressurized water reactors in the nuclear power industry [39] International Atomic Energy Agency. Assessment and Management of Ageing of Major Nuclear Power Plant Components Important to Safety, IAEA-TECDOC-1361. 235 (2003)., [40] F. Nordmann. “Aspects on chemistry in french nuclear power plants”, in 14th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam in Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.. Lithium plays a role in the construction of a thermonuclear bomb, which differs from a fission weapon in that it uses the energy released when two light atomic nuclei (i.e. deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H)) fuse to form helium and a high energy neutronvia this DT reaction. 6Li is used, in the form of 6Li deuteride (6Li 2H), as fusion fuel capable of producing tritium when bombarded with neutrons within the weapon via the reaction 6Li (n, 3H) 4He [41] FUSION EXPO. Controlled Fusion: The Energy Option for the 21st Century, FUSION EXPO (2011), November 6; http://www.fusion-eur.org/fusion_cd/popu.htm..
Li-based laboratory reagents have found their way into surface water and can be easily identified. Although a military secret in the 1950s, it is now known that substantial amounts of 6Li (normally having an isotopic abundance of 0.076) were removed from chemical reagents to be used in nuclear weapon development. Reagents containing the remaining lithium depleted in 6Li (having an isotopic abundance as low as 0.025) were sold to both chemical manufacturers and to laboratory chemists for their use [42] N. E. Holden. Chem. Int.32(1), 12 (2010).. The distinctive isotopic signature of depleted 6Li, having a n(7Li)/n(6Li) ratio of 39, compared to a ratio of 12 in naturally occurring terrestrial materials, enables easier detection of this lithium source in polluted waterways and the environment [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
7Li is a decay product of the 10B (neutron, alpha) 7Li reaction, which has a peak value for room temperature neutrons. Brain tumor cells are typically found some 5 to 7 cm below the surface of the skull. After 10B has been introduced to or entered the tumor cells, a beam of neutrons of energy slightly above room temperature is introduced to the affected areas. The energy of these neutrons is reduced to room temperature by the time they react with the 10B, which then disintegrates into high energy charged particles (7Li and 4He), which deposit their kinetic energy in nearby (predominately cancerous) cells and destroys them. Any adjacent normal cells are unaffected [43] R. F. Barth. J. Neurooncol.62, 1 (2003)..
Lithium almost always has the +1 oxidation state in ordinary chemistry. Important compounds include lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, lithium hydroxide, LiOH, lithium chloride, LiCl, and lithium fluoride, LiF. Lithium hydride, LiH, is a reactive hydride and hydrogen source. Organolithium reagents such as butyllithium, C₄H₉Li, are strong bases and nucleophiles used in synthesis. Lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO₂, and lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO₄, are well-known battery cathode materials.
See more information at the Lithium compound page.
Lithium metal reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide, LiOH, and flammable H₂, and finely divided metal can ignite. Strongly basic lithium compounds can be corrosive, while soluble lithium salts can affect the nervous system, kidneys, and thyroid at excessive doses. Therapeutic use of lithium salts requires controlled dosing. Battery fires involve additional hazards from electrolytes, heat, and decomposition products, not only lithium itself.
Lithium is widely dispersed at low concentrations in rocks, soils, natural waters, and seawater. Weathering releases Li⁺, which can remain in solution, exchange onto clays, or concentrate in closed-basin brines through evaporation. It has no established essential biological role in humans, although trace exposure is common. Mining and brine extraction can alter water balances, salinity, dust levels, and local habitats if poorly managed.
Commercial lithium is produced mainly from hard-rock pegmatites, especially spodumene, and from continental brines concentrated by evaporation or direct extraction methods. The principal traded chemicals are lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, and lithium hydroxide, LiOH, with battery-grade purity a major value factor. Demand is strongly linked to rechargeable batteries, while ceramics, greases, and other uses form smaller markets. Recycling from batteries is growing but is constrained by collection, chemistry differences, and process economics.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
Lithium is unusually scarce in the cosmos compared with hydrogen and helium. Some ⁷Li was formed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but lithium is readily destroyed inside stars at temperatures below those needed to burn many heavier nuclei. Additional lithium is made by cosmic-ray spallation and in certain stellar events. Its abundance in old stars is important in tests of early-universe models.
- Lithium floats on many hydrocarbon oils because its density is lower than theirs.
- Natural lithium is a mixture mainly of ⁷Li with a smaller fraction of ⁶Li.
- Lithium gives a crimson color in flame tests, though sodium contamination can mask it.
- Lithium nitride, Li₃N, forms directly when lithium is exposed to nitrogen.
- The name comes from Greek lithos, reflecting its discovery in a mineral source.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 145 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 128 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 182 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 123 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 534 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0131 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 180.5 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 1341.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 84.8 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 3.582 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 24.86 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 체심 입방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 0.98 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 0.912
- 전자 친화도
- 0.61804 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 5.391715 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 75.640357 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 122.454781 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- +1 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 1 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [He] 2s1
열역학적 특성
- 임계점(온도)
- 2950 °C
- 임계점(압력)
- 6.7e+7 Pa
- 융해열
- 0.03109292 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 1.524589 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 1.65207 eV
- 원자화열
- 1.65207 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 1.651034 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 3 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 4 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 11 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 2 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Li-7
- 발견 연도
- 1817
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 20 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 0.18 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 349 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 1 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7439-93-2 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Li
- InChI 키
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Li: 2s¹[He] 2s¹1s² 2s¹원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 안정 | 6.0151228874 ± 0.0000000016 | 7.5900% | 안정 |
| 7 안정 | 7.0160034366 ± 0.0000000045 | 92.4100% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(180.5 °C)보다 155.5 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
심화
원자 스펙트럼
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li I | 0 | 344 | 257 | 328 |
| Li II | +1 | 663 | 564 | 630 |
| Li III | +2 | 144 | 144 | 144 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 59 pm |
| +1 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 76 pm |
| +1 | 8 | 해당 없음 | 92 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (2)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 안정 | 6.0151228874 ± 0.0000000016 | 7.5900% ± 0.0400% | 안정 | stable | |
| 7 안정 | 7.0160034366 ± 0.0000000045 | 92.4100% ± 0.0400% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383.559 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 383.564 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 387.8838 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 391.5292 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 391.5342 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 391.5344 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 398.5481 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 398.5535 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 413.2557 nm | 40 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 413.2613 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 413.2615 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 415.519 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 419.115 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 427.306 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 427.312 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 432.21 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 432.226 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 432.53 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 432.54 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 432.542 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 432.554 nm | 5 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 432.562 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 432.578 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.8225057 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.8277799 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.8581249 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.866202 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.8846443 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.8847466 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.897364 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.8975539 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.9032229 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.9032561 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.9095915 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.90966 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.9118883 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.9157307 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.9220996 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.9223809 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.9224003 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.933185 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.9357979 nm | 해당 없음 | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 460.282 nm | 13 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 463.61 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.14 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.153 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.188 nm | 2 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.806 nm | 3 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 474.15 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 478.836 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 479.239 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 484.278 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 484.292 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 484.294 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 484.304 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 484.321 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 484.331 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 488.12 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 488.147 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 488.169 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 491.912 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4s 1S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 497.166 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 497.174 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 503.791 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4s 1S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 510.8 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.7p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 519.919 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 519.928 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 519.937 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 519.947 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 532.949 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 532.96 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 532.98 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 539.3 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 540.153 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 540.172 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 540.175 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 540.665 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 541.091 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 541.122 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 541.236 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 541.237 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 541.256 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 546.84 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 548.346 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 548.44 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 548.509 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 552.54 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7s 1S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 565.388 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 565.409 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 565.421 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 610.353 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 610.364 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 610.366 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 611.81 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 613.864 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 625.222 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 625.235 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 625.248 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 625.263 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 653.14 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 654.566 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 655.319 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.006 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.052 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.143 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.16 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.191 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.306 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.307 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.336 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 662.07 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 664.252 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 664.269 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 664.281 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 664.48 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 664.77 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 668.73 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6s 1S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 670.776 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 670.791 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 678.09 nm | 해당 없음 | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6s 1S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | 해당 없음 | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 133 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 124 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Bragg)
- 150 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Bondi
- 181 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 212 pm
- UFF
- 245.1 pm
- MM3
- 255 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 220 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 155 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 1
- Pettifor
- 12
- Glawe
- 12
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 164.1125 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 0.0005 a.u.
- C₆
- 1392 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1410 Ha·Bohr6
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 13 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 1
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 62
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 7
- 매장량 분포
- 58
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 75
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 68
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 453.65 K |
| 끓는점 | 1615.15 K |
| 임계점(온도) | 3223.15 K |
| 임계점(압력) | 67 MPa |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (2)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3094 |
| 2 | s | 1.7208 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (3)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 73 | ||
| 1 | VI | 90 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 106 | calculated, |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (17)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | p | — |
| 4 | p | 100% |
| 5 | p | 100% |
| 8 | B- | 100% |
| 8 | B-A | 100% |
| 9 | B- | 100% |
| 9 | B-n | 50.5% |
| 10 | n | 100% |
| 11 | B- | 100% |
| 11 | B-n | 86.3% |
X선 산란 인자 (501)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.11642 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.11743 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.11844 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.11947 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.12051 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.12155 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.12261 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.12367 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.12444 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.12502 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.8×10-1 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Lithium https://periodic.lanl.gov/3.shtml
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Lithium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.