Livermorium (Lv)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
표준 원자량
[293]전자 배치
[Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (예측값)녹는점
506.85 °C끓는점
861.85 °C밀도
1.29e+4 kg/m³산화 상태
−2, +2, +4전기 음성도(Pauling)
해당 없음제1 이온화 에너지
해당 없음발견 연도
2000원자 반지름
183 pm상세 정보
Livermorium is a synthetic superheavy element in group 16, below polonium. It has only been made atom by atom in nuclear reactions, and all confirmed isotopes are extremely short-lived. Its placement suggests a heavy chalcogen, but relativistic effects are expected to alter its chemistry. No macroscopic sample has existed, so most chemical and physical properties remain predicted rather than measured.
Livermorium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. In 2000, scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia (Fig. IUPAC.116.1) worked with scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the University of California and other collaborators to synthesize element 116. This element was first given the placeholder name ununhexium; in May of 2012 it was granted the name livermorium, with the symbol Lv. Researchers first studied livermorium as a decay product of oganesson and then synthesized livermorium by bombarding atoms of 248Cm with ions of 48Ca. The initial reaction of 248Cm with 48Ca produced the isotope 292Lv. Researchers were also able to produce livermorium by bombarding 245Cm with 48Ca. There are four known isotopes of livermorium [669], [674]. Livermorium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
On December 6, 2000, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, announced the creation of livermorium. They produced livermorium by bombarding atoms of curium-248 with ions of calcium-48. This produced livermorium-292, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.6 milliseconds (0.0006 seconds), and four free neutrons. Livermorium's most stable isotope, livermorium-293, has a half-life of about 53 milliseconds. It decays into flerovium-289 through alpha decay.
Livermorium is a synthetic element with the symbol Lv and an atomic number of 116.
It was first reported by Russian scientists from Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) in 2000. Its former name was ununhexium and the name Livermorium name was adopted by IUPAC on May 31, 2012.
The appearance of livermorium is unknown because no visible or weighable sample has been produced. Predictions generally treat it as a very heavy metallic solid under ordinary conditions, but this has not been experimentally observed.
Livermorium has no practical use outside nuclear and chemical research. Its atoms are produced to study superheavy nuclei, decay chains, nuclear shell effects, and the limits of the periodic table. Any chemical experiments would necessarily be atom-at-a-time studies with rapidly decaying isotopes, not applications using a stored material.
Since only a few atoms of livermorium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No bulk livermorium compounds are known. As a group 16 element, it is expected to show chemistry related to tellurium and polonium, with oxidation states such as +2 and possibly +4 considered plausible. The +6 state, common for lighter chalcogens in compounds such as sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), is predicted to be less stable for livermorium because of strong relativistic effects. Specific compounds such as livermorium dioxide (LvO₂) or livermorium hydride (LvH₂) remain theoretical.
See more information at the Livermorium compound page.
Livermorium presents a radiological hazard in principle, but only minute numbers of atoms have been made. Its known isotopes decay rapidly by alpha emission and spontaneous fission pathways within decay chains. Laboratory risk is governed mainly by accelerator targets, intense beams, recoil separators, and the radioactive daughter products, rather than by chemical exposure to livermorium itself.
Livermorium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms made in laboratories decay too quickly and in too small a number to produce measurable environmental concentrations. Any release would be negligible in chemical terms, with radiological relevance limited to the immediate experimental context and its decay products.
Livermorium has no commodity market, commercial supply, or industrial demand. Production requires heavy-ion accelerators, rare target materials, and specialized detection systems capable of identifying single atoms through their decay chains. The cost is therefore embedded in large-scale nuclear research rather than in the price of a material. There is no recycling or stockpiling of livermorium, because produced atoms decay before any macroscopic inventory could exist.
Made by bombardng curium-248 with calcium-48.
Livermorium is not expected to occur in ordinary cosmic or planetary matter. If formed in extreme nucleosynthetic events, its known isotopes would decay far too quickly to survive to the present. Searches for long-lived superheavy nuclei concern possible islands of stability, but no naturally occurring livermorium isotope has been confirmed.
- Livermorium was named for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
- Confirmed livermorium atoms have been identified through decay chains, not by weighing a sample.
- Its chemistry is expected to be strongly affected by relativistic electron behavior.
- The element lies below polonium but is not simply a heavier ordinary chalcogen.
- Even the longest-lived known livermorium isotopes have half-lives measured on very short experimental timescales.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 183 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 밀도
- 1.29 × 104 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 506.85 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 861.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전자 친화도
- 0.7 eV
- 산화 상태
- −2, +2, +4 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 6 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (예측값)
열역학적 특성
해당 없음
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 116 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 177 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 5 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 0 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 질량수(가장 안정한 동위원소)
- 293
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Lv-293
- 발견 연도
- 2000
존재비
해당 없음
결정 구조
해당 없음
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 14, 10, 6 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 54100-71-9 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Lv
- InChI 키
- ONFASNXETZOODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 예측값
——이 이온의 전자 배치 데이터가 없습니다.
원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
해당 없음
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
안정 동위원소가 없습니다.
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 289 방사성 | 289.19816 ± 0.00057 | 해당 없음 | 16 ms |
| 290 방사성 | 290.19864 ± 0.00071 | 해당 없음 | 9 ms |
| 291 방사성 | 291.20108 ± 0.00066 | 해당 없음 | 26 ms |
| 292 방사성 | 292.20174 ± 0.00091 | 해당 없음 | 16 ms |
| 293 방사성 | 293.20449 ± 0.0006 | 해당 없음 | 70 ms |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(506.85 °C)보다 481.9 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
결정 구조 데이터 없음
동위원소 (5)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 289 방사성 | 289.19816 ± 0.00057 | 해당 없음 | 16 ms | α ? | |
| 290 방사성 | 290.19864 ± 0.00071 | 해당 없음 | 9 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 291 방사성 | 291.20108 ± 0.00066 | 해당 없음 | 26 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 292 방사성 | 292.20174 ± 0.00091 | 해당 없음 | 16 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 293 방사성 | 293.20449 ± 0.0006 | 해당 없음 | 70 ms | α ≈100%SF ? |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 175 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 104
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (9)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 289 | A | — |
| 290 | A | 100% |
| 290 | SF | — |
| 291 | A | 100% |
| 291 | SF | — |
| 292 | A | 100% |
| 292 | SF | — |
| 293 | A | 100% |
| 293 | SF | — |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
참고 문헌
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Livermorium.