Moscovium (Mc)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
표준 원자량
[289]전자 배치
[Rn] 7s2 7p3 5f14 6d10 (예측값)녹는점
396.85 °C끓는점
1126.85 °C밀도
1.35e+4 kg/m³산화 상태
+1, +3전기 음성도(Pauling)
해당 없음제1 이온화 에너지
해당 없음발견 연도
2004원자 반지름
187 pm상세 정보
Moscovium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 15, below bismuth. It has been made only atom by atom in heavy-ion fusion experiments, and all confirmed isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived. Its chemistry has not been directly characterized in bulk; relativistic calculations predict a very heavy p-block metal with chemistry differing from lighter pnictogens, probably favoring the +1 and +3 oxidation states more than a stable +5 state.
Moscovium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. The name moscovium and the symbol Mc, are the accepted ones for element 115. The name is in recognition of the Moscow region and honors the ancient Russian land that is home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JIRN), where the discovery experiments were conducted using the Dubna gas filled recoil separator in combination with the heavy ion accelerator capabilities of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions.
48Ca and 243Am were bombarded together in a cyclotron during a series of experiments from 14 July to 10 August 2003 (Fig. IUPAC.115.1). In February 2004, the results from these experiments were released in a report that stated “ununpentium” had been synthesized. This initial name means “115” in the IUPAC systematic naming scheme, which combines Latin and Greek names to produce un-un-pentium for 115. Moscovium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
On February 2, 2004, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, announced the creation of moscovium. In experiments performed between July 14, 2003 and August 10, 2003, atoms of americium-243 were bombarded with ions of calcium-48 using a device called a cyclotron. This produced one atom of moscovium-287 and three atoms of moscovium-288. All four atoms quickly decayed into other elements. Moscovium's most stable isotope, moscovium-289, has a half-life of about 220 milliseconds. It decays into nihonium-285 through alpha decay.
On Novemer 28th, 2016, element 115 was named Moscovium with the symbol Mc. Moscovium is the Moscow region of Russia, which is home to much of Russia’s superheavy element research. Muscovium was discovered by together by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russia), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA), Vanderbilt University (USA) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (USA).
No macroscopic sample of moscovium has ever been prepared, so its appearance is unknown. Calculations usually treat it as a dense metallic solid under ordinary conditions, but color, texture, melting point, and other bulk properties remain predicted rather than observed.
Moscovium has no practical commercial, industrial, medical, or consumer use. Its only use is in nuclear research, where individual atoms and their decay chains test models of superheavy-element stability, nuclear shell effects, and alpha-decay systematics. Moscovium isotopes are also important as links in decay chains leading to other superheavy nuclides, including nihonium produced by alpha decay of moscovium.
Since only a few atoms of moscovium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No confirmed compound of moscovium has been isolated or chemically characterized. Predictions place it in the pnictogen family but with strong relativistic effects that may make its valence behavior unlike that of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. The +1 oxidation state is expected to be comparatively important, and +3 may also be accessible; +5 is predicted to be less stable. Hypothetical species such as moscovium(I) chloride, McCl, and moscovium(III) chloride, McCl₃, are discussed in theoretical chemistry only.
See more information at the Moscovium compound page.
The safety hazards of moscovium are dominated by radioactivity, not conventional chemical toxicity. Known isotopes decay mainly by alpha emission and spontaneous fission pathways within very short times, with isotope-specific half-lives. Quantities produced are far below macroscopic handling amounts, but any experiment requires heavy-element radiochemistry controls, shielding appropriate to decay products, and contamination prevention.
Moscovium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no environmental cycle. Atoms produced in laboratories decay rapidly to daughter nuclides, so persistence as moscovium in air, water, soil, or organisms is not expected. Any environmental relevance would be limited to controlled accelerator facilities and the management of radioactive targets, residues, and decay products.
Moscovium has no commodity market, no industrial supply chain, and no recoverable stock. It is produced only in specialized accelerator experiments by bombarding rare actinide targets with heavy ions, for example using americium targets and calcium beams. The limiting factors are accelerator time, target preparation, nuclear reaction cross sections, detector capability, and radiological controls, not ordinary mining, refining, demand, or substitution economics.
Made by bombarding americium-243 with calcium-48.
Moscovium is not expected to have a lasting natural cosmic abundance. Any atoms formed in energetic nucleosynthesis or high-energy particle events would decay quickly compared with astronomical timescales. It has not been identified in stars, meteorites, planets, or interstellar material; its significance is mainly as a laboratory probe of the superheavy region near predicted nuclear shell stabilization.
- The first published moscovium decay chains were produced using ²⁴³Am targets and ⁴⁸Ca projectiles.
- Its name refers to the Moscow region, recognizing the role of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna.
- Moscovium isotopes can decay to nihonium by alpha emission.
- Only a few atoms are needed to establish a decay chain, but repeated events are required for confident assignment.
- Its periodic-table position suggests group 15 chemistry, yet relativistic effects are expected to be large.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 187 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 밀도
- 1.35 × 104 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 396.85 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 1126.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전자 친화도
- 0.3 eV
- 산화 상태
- +1, +3 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 5 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Rn] 7s2 7p3 5f14 6d10 (예측값)
열역학적 특성
해당 없음
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 115 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 177 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 6 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 0 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 질량수(가장 안정한 동위원소)
- 289
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Mc-292
- 발견 연도
- 2004
존재비
해당 없음
결정 구조
해당 없음
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 14, 10, 5 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 54085-64-2 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mc
- InChI 키
- QDXZEHQJHSHEQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 예측값
——이 이온의 전자 배치 데이터가 없습니다.
원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
해당 없음
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
안정 동위원소가 없습니다.
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 290 방사성 | 290.19598 ± 0.00073 | 해당 없음 | 840 ms |
| 289 방사성 | 289.19363 ± 0.00089 | 해당 없음 | 410 ms |
| 288 방사성 | 288.19274 ± 0.00062 | 해당 없음 | 177 ms |
| 287 방사성 | 287.1907 ± 0.00052 | 해당 없음 | 60 ms |
| 292 방사성 | 292.200323 ± 0.000751 | 해당 없음 | 5 초 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(396.85 °C)보다 371.9 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
결정 구조 데이터 없음
동위원소 (5)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 290 방사성 | 290.19598 ± 0.00073 | 해당 없음 | 840 ms | α =100% | |
| 289 방사성 | 289.19363 ± 0.00089 | 해당 없음 | 410 ms | α =100% | |
| 288 방사성 | 288.19274 ± 0.00062 | 해당 없음 | 177 ms | α =100% | |
| 287 방사성 | 287.1907 ± 0.00052 | 해당 없음 | 60 ms | α =100% | |
| 292 방사성 | 292.200323 ± 0.000751 | 해당 없음 | 5 초 | α ?SF ? |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 162 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 98
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 71 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 20 a.u.
심화 참고 데이터
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (8)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 287 | A | 100% |
| 288 | A | 100% |
| 289 | A | 100% |
| 290 | A | 100% |
| 291 | A | — |
| 291 | SF | — |
| 292 | A | — |
| 292 | SF | — |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Moscovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele115.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Moscovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele115.html
참고 문헌
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Moscovium.