Rhenium (Re)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
186.207 u電子配置
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d5融点
3185.85 °C沸点
5595.85 °C密度
2.08e+4 kg/m³酸化数
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.9第1イオン化エネルギー
7.83352 eV発見年
1925原子半径
135 pm詳細
Rhenium is a very dense, high-melting transition metal in group 7, chemically related to manganese and technetium but far less abundant in the crust. It is notable for retaining strength at extreme temperature and for forming stable high oxidation states, especially +7. Natural rhenium occurs mainly as a trace substitute in molybdenite rather than as separate ores, making it a by-product metal of copper-molybdenum processing.
The element is silvery white with a metallic luster; its density is exceeded only by that of platinum, iridium, and osmium, and its melting point is exceeded only by that of tungsten and carbon.
The usual commercial form of the element is powder, but it can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This process produces a compact shape in excess of 90 percent of the density of the metal.
Annealed rhenium is very ductile, and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium is used as an additive to tungsten and molybdenum -based alloys to impart useful properties.
The name derives from the Latin rhenus for the Rhine river in Germany. Rhenium was discovered by x-ray spectroscopy in 1925 by German chemists Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg.
Rhenium was discovered by the German chemists Ida Tacke-Noddack, Walter Noddack and Otto Carl Berg in 1925. They detected rhenium spectroscopically in platinum ores and in the minerals columbite ((Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6), gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10) and molybdenite (MoS2). Rhenium is present in these materials only in trace amounts. In 1928, Noddack and Berg were able to extract 1 gram of rhenium from 660 kilograms of molybdenite. Today, rhenium is obtained as a byproduct of refining molybdenum and copper.
Discovery of rhenium is generally attributed to Noddack, Tacke, and Berg, who announced in 1925 they had detected the element in platinum ore and columbite. They also found the element in gadolinite and molybdenite. By working up 660 kg of molybdenite in 1928 they were able to extract 1 g of rhenium.
Pure rhenium is a silvery-white to gray metallic solid with a bright luster when freshly prepared. It is hard, dense, and refractory, with one of the highest melting points among the elements. Powdered rhenium can be darker gray because of surface condition and particle size.
The largest use of rhenium is in nickel-based superalloys for turbine blades and other hot-section components, where small additions improve high-temperature strength and creep resistance. Rhenium is also used with platinum in reforming catalysts for petroleum refining. Tungsten-rhenium and molybdenum-rhenium alloys serve in high-temperature thermocouples, filaments, electrical contacts, and specialized X-ray tube targets. Its radioisotopes ¹⁸⁶Re and ¹⁸⁸Re have been studied and used in limited nuclear-medicine applications.
Rhenium is used in flash lamps for photography and for filaments in mass spectrographs and ion gages, but is most frequently used as an alloying agent in tungsten and molybdenum and as a catalyst for performing certain reactions to a type of hydrocarbon known as an olefin.
It is widely used as filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gauges. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K.
Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material because it has good wear resistance and withstands arc corrosion. Thermocouples made of Re-W are used for measuring temperatures up to 2200C, and rhenium wire is used in photoflash lamps for photography.
Rhenium catalysts are exceptionally resistant to poisoning from nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and are used for hydrogenation of fine chemicals.
Isotopes in Geochronology
The rhenium-osmium dating method is of special interest for the dating of rhenium-bearing ores, gold deposits, copper-nickel deposits, and meteorites. This method is based on the beta-decay of 187Re (having a half-life of 41.6×109 years) to 187Os, an example of which appears in Fig. IUPAC.75.1 [515] H. M. Baioumy, L. B. Eglinton, B. Peucker-Ehrenbrink. Chem. Geol.285, 70 (2011)..
Isotopes in Medicine
186Re (with a half-life of 89 h) is a beta-emitting radioisotope that is used for cancer treatment, in particular for pain relief in bone cancer and in rheumatoid arthritis (see radiosynovectomy). It is produced from the stable isotope 185Re via the 185Re (n, γ) 186Re reaction [188] S. J. Adelstein, F. J. Manning. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, pp. 20–25, National Academy Press, Washington DC (1995).. 186Re is also used for radiolabeling of cancer therapeutic agents [188] S. J. Adelstein, F. J. Manning. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, pp. 20–25, National Academy Press, Washington DC (1995).. 188Re (with a half-life of 17 h) is used to irradiate coronary arteries with beta particles during insertion of an angioplasty balloon (a tiny balloon that is inserted into an artery and inflated to flatten plaque build-up and improve blood flow) and in palliative therapy, particularly for bone metastases. The beta irradiation can decrease scar tissue formation after the overstretching of arteries by angioplasty.
Rhenium chemistry spans oxidation states from negative values in carbonyl complexes to +7 in oxo compounds, with +4, +5, and +7 especially important. Perrhenic acid, HReO₄, and perrhenate salts containing ReO₄⁻ resemble perchlorates in charge and geometry but are less oxidizing under many conditions. Rhenium(VII) oxide, Re₂O₇, is the volatile anhydride of perrhenic acid. Rhenium disulfide, ReS₂, is a layered dichalcogenide with lower symmetry than many related sulfides. Dirhenium decacarbonyl, Re₂(CO)₁₀, is a common starting material in organorhenium chemistry.
See more information at the Rhenium compound page.
Massive rhenium metal is generally of low chemical reactivity, but dusts and fine powders present inhalation and fire-control concerns typical of refractory metals. Soluble perrhenate compounds can be absorbed and should be handled as toxicologically insufficiently characterized heavy-metal salts. Radioactive rhenium isotopes pose isotope-specific radiation hazards; their risk depends on half-life, emissions, chemical form, and administered or handled activity.
Rhenium is a trace element with no known essential biological role. In rocks it is commonly associated with sulfide minerals, especially molybdenite, and can be mobilized during weathering as the soluble perrhenate ion, ReO₄⁻. Seawater contains very low concentrations of dissolved rhenium, and marine sediments can record rhenium enrichment under reducing conditions. Industrial releases are mainly linked to mining, smelting, and catalyst handling.
Rhenium is obtained almost entirely as a by-product, principally from molybdenite concentrates generated in porphyry copper-molybdenum mining. During roasting, volatile rhenium oxides are captured from flue dusts and converted to ammonium perrhenate, NH₄ReO₄, or to metal powder. Supply is constrained because production depends on the output and processing choices of other metals rather than on primary rhenium mines. Demand is concentrated in aerospace superalloys and platinum-rhenium catalysts, so recycling from spent catalysts and high-value alloy scrap is important. Substitution is limited in some turbine applications, but alloy design can reduce rhenium content when supply or cost pressures are high.
Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in a distinct mineral species. It is, however, widely spread throughout the earth's crust to the extent of about 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium in the U.S. today is obtained from molybdenum roaster-flue dusts obtained from copper-sulfide ores mined in the vicinity of Miami, Arizona and elsewhere in Arizona and in Utah.
Some molybdenum contains from 0.002% to 0.2% rhenium. More than 150,000 troy ounces of rhenium are now being produced yearly in the United States. The total estimated Free World reserve of rhenium metal is 3500 tons. Rhenium metal is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhentate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures.
Rhenium is cosmically rare. Its stable and very long-lived isotopes are produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, followed by dispersal into interstellar material. In planetary bodies it behaves as a siderophile and chalcophile trace element, so it partitions into metal and sulfide phases rather than forming abundant silicate minerals.
- Rhenium was one of the last stable elements to be discovered.
- Natural rhenium is dominated by ¹⁸⁷Re, which is radioactive with an extremely long half-life.
- The ¹⁸⁷Re-¹⁸⁷Os decay system is used for dating some sulfide ores and meteorites.
- Rhenium has a higher boiling point than any other element under standard tabulations.
- Perrhenate, ReO₄⁻, is often used as a nonradioactive chemical analogue for pertechnetate, TcO₄⁻.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 135 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 151 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 217 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 128 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 2.08 × 104 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.00885 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 3185.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 5595.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 48 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.137 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 25.48 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 六方最密充填構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.9 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.6
- 電子親和力
- 0.15 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 7.83352 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 16.600057 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 27.000093 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 39.100135 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 51.900179 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 7 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d5
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.34927709 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 7.358657 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 8.032337 eV
- 原子化熱
- 8.032337 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 8.021972 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 75 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 110 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 41 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 1 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Re-185
- 発見年
- 1925
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 7e-4 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 4 × 10−6 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 276 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-15-5 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 6S5/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Re
- InChI Key
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Re: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 185 安定 | 184.9529545 ± 0.0000013 | 37.4000% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（3185.85 °C）より3160.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全75件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Re I | 0 | 432 | 0 | 0 |
| Re II | +1 | 56 | 0 | 0 |
| Re III | +2 | 1381 | 1381 | 1381 |
| Re IV | +3 | 982 | 982 | 982 |
| Re V | +4 | 401 | 401 | 401 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Re I | 0 | 291 |
| Re II | +1 | 140 |
| Re III | +2 | 232 |
| Re IV | +3 | 162 |
| Re V | +4 | 80 |
| Re VI | +5 | 2 |
| Re VII | +6 | 2 |
| Re VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Re IX | +8 | 2 |
| Re X | +9 | 2 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 6 | データなし | 63 pm |
| +5 | 6 | データなし | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +6 | 6 | データなし | 55.00000000000001 pm |
| +7 | 4 | データなし | 38 pm |
| +7 | 6 | データなし | 53 pm |
化合物
同位体 (1)
Natural rhenium is a mixture of two stable isotopes. Twenty six other unstable isotopes are recognized.
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 185 安定 | 184.9529545 ± 0.0000013 | 37.4000% ± 0.0200% | 安定 | stable |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 131 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 119 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 110 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 249 pm
- UFF
- 295.4 pm
- MM3
- 237 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 249 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 137 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 57
- Pettifor
- 59
- Glawe
- 58
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 62 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 3 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 663 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 8.85 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 6
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 51
- 相対供給リスク
- 6
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 52
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 68
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 68
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 3458.15 K |
| 沸点 | 5863.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (14)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4522 |
| 2 | p | 4.438 |
| 2 | s | 19.5902 |
| 3 | d | 13.5453 |
| 3 | p | 21.5655 |
| 3 | s | 22.3515 |
| 4 | d | 36.9456 |
| 4 | f | 39.0752 |
| 4 | p | 34.6268 |
| 4 | s | 33.6436 |
結晶半径の詳細 (5)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | VI | 77 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 72 | estimated, | |
| 6 | VI | 69 | estimated, | |
| 7 | IV | 52 | ||
| 7 | VI | 67 |
同位体の崩壊形式 (54)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 159 | p | — |
| 159 | A | — |
| 160 | p | 89% |
| 160 | A | 11% |
| 161 | p | 100% |
| 161 | A | — |
| 162 | A | 94% |
| 162 | B+ | — |
| 163 | B+ | — |
| 163 | A | 32% |
X線散乱因子 (516)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.8209 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.91145 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.0065 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.10629 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.21103 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.28753 |
| 11.0106 | — | 2.3602 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.43518 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.51255 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.59237 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
7×10-4 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4×10-6 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in a distinct mineral species. It is, however, widely spread throughout the earth's crust to the extent of about 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium in the U.S. today is obtained from molybdenum roaster-flue dusts obtained from copper-sulfide ores mined in the vicinity of Miami, Arizona and elsewhere in Arizona and in Utah.
Some molybdenum contains from 0.002% to 0.2% rhenium. More than 150,000 troy ounces of rhenium are now being produced yearly in the United States. The total estimated Free World reserve of rhenium metal is 3500 tons. Rhenium metal is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhentate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Rhenium https://periodic.lanl.gov/75.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Rhenium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.