Tungsten (W)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
183.84 u電子配置
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4融点
3421.85 °C沸点
5554.85 °C密度
1.93e+4 kg/m³酸化数
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6電気陰性度（Pauling）
2.36第1イオン化エネルギー
7.86403 eV発見年
1781原子半径
135 pm詳細
Tungsten is a dense, refractory transition metal in group 6. It has the highest melting point of any element and retains strength at temperatures where most engineering metals soften. Chemically it is best known for stable high oxidation states, especially +6, and for forming hard carbides and complex oxoanions. Natural tungsten occurs mainly in tungstate minerals rather than as the native metal.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. The impure metal is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The thermal expansion is about the same as borosilicate glass, which makes the metal useful for glass-to-metal seals.
The name derives from the Swedish tungsten for "heavy stone". The symbol W derives from the German wolfram, which was found with tin and interfered with the smelting of tin. It was said to eat up tin like a wolf eats up sheep. The element was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1781. Tungsten metal was first isolated by the Spanish chemists Fausto Elhuyar and his brother Juan José in 1783.
Tungsten was discovered by Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar, Spanish chemists and brothers, in 1783 in samples of the mineral wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO4). Today, tungsten is primarily obtained from wolframite and scheelite (CaWO4) using the same basic method developed by José and Elhuyar. Tungsten ores are crushed, cleaned and treated with alkalis to form tungsten trioxide (WO3). Tungsten trioxide is then heated with carbon or hydrogen gas (H2), forming tungsten metal and carbon dioxide (CO2) or tungsten metal and water vapor (H2O).
From Swedish, tung sten meanig heavy stone. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now known as wolframite and concluded it must contain a new substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tungsten (a name first applied about 1758 to a mineral now known as scheelite). Scheele and Berman suggested the possibility of obtaining a new metal by reducing this acid. The de Elhuyar brothers found acid in wolframite in 1783 that was identical to the acid of tungsten (tungstic acid) of Scheele, and in that year they succeeded in obtaining the element by reduction of this acid with charcoal. Tungsten occurs in wolframite, scheelite, huebnertie, and ferberite. Important deposits of tungsten occur in California, Colorado, South Korea, Bolivia, Russia, and Portugal. China is reported to have about 75% of the world's tungsten resources. Natural tungsten contains five stable isotopes. Twenty one other unstable isotopes are recognized. The metal is obtained commercially be reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to silvery-white metal with a metallic luster. It is hard and brittle when impure or cold-worked, but sufficiently pure tungsten can be drawn into wire after suitable processing. The metal is solid under ordinary conditions and has an exceptionally high density.
Tungsten metal is used where very high temperature strength, low vapor pressure, and resistance to arc erosion are needed. Important uses include filaments and electrodes in specialized lamps and vacuum devices, contacts, heating elements, and parts for high-temperature furnaces. Tungsten carbide is central to cutting tools, mining bits, dies, and wear-resistant components. Heavy tungsten alloys are used for counterweights, radiation shielding, vibration damping, and some kinetic-energy applications.
Pure tungsten is a light gray or whitish metal that is soft enough to be cut with a hacksaw and ductile enough to be drawn into wire or extruded into various shapes. If contaminated with other materials, tungsten becomes brittle and difficult to work with. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metallic elements and is used to make filaments for incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent light bulbs and television tubes. Tungsten expands at nearly the same rate as borosilicate glass and is used to make metal to glass seals. Tungsten is also used as a target for X-ray production, as heating elements in electric furnaces and for parts of spacecraft and missiles which must withstand high temperatures.
Tungsten is alloyed with steel to form tough metals that are stable at high temperatures. Tungsten-steel alloys are used to make such things as high speed cutting tools and rocket engine nozzles.
Tungsten carbide (WC) is an extremely hard tungsten compound. It is used in the tips of drill bits, high speed cutting tools and in mining machinery. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a dry lubricant that can be used to temperatures as high as 500°C. Tungsten forms compounds with calcium and magnesium that have phosphorescent properties and are used in fluorescent light bulbs.
Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work; for electrical contact points for automobile distributors; X-ray targets; windings and heating elements for electrical furnaces; and for numerous spacecraft and high-temperature applications. High-speed tool steels, Hastelloy(R), Stellite(R), and many other alloys contain tungsten. Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries. Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting; other salts of tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten disulfide is a dry, high-temperature lubricant, stable to 500C. Tungsten bronzes and other tungsten compounds are used in paints.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
182W is the stable product of the decay of 182Hf, which has a half-life of 8.9×106 years. Although 182Hf was present at the dawn of the Solar System, this isotope has long since decayed. During the formation of the planets, including Earth, the elements hafnium and tungsten were partitioned into silicate minerals (rock forming minerals with silicon-oxygen bonds that constitute more than 90 percent of the Earth’s crust) and metal phases, respectively. The measurement of excessive amounts of 182W, arising from the decay of 182Hf that accumulated in silicate minerals, has been used to estimate the time that elapsed between the formation of the Solar System and accretion of the planets (Fig. IUPAC.74.1) [512] E. B. Norman, D. N. Schramm. Nature304, 515 (1983)., [513] C. Vockenhuber, F. Oberli, M. Bichler, I. Ahmad, G. Quitté, M. Meier, A. N. Halliday, D. C. Lee, W. Kutschera, P. Steier, R. J. Gehrke, R. G. Helmer. Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 172501-1 (2004)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
Tungsten-rhenium generators use 188W, which is produced from 186W, via the following double neutron capture reaction 186W (n, γ) 187W (n, γ) 188W.
Tungsten chemistry is dominated by oxidation states from 0 to +6, with +6 the most common in air-stable compounds. Tungsten(VI) oxide, WO₃, is an important oxide used in pigments, electrochromic devices, and as a precursor to metal powder. Tungstates contain the tungstate ion, WO₄²⁻, and include calcium tungstate, CaWO₄, and sodium tungstate, Na₂WO₄. Tungsten hexafluoride, WF₆, is a volatile +6 compound used in chemical vapor deposition. Tungsten carbide, WC, is a hard interstitial compound rather than a typical salt.
See more information at the Tungsten compound page.
Massive tungsten metal has low acute toxicity and is not easily absorbed, but fine powders can present dust, fire, or explosion hazards under some conditions. Soluble tungstate salts are more biologically available and should not be treated as harmless. Tungsten carbide tools may contain cobalt or nickel binders that add important occupational hazards. Tungsten is not radioactive as a natural element in practical terms, though artificial radioisotopes require isotope-specific controls.
Tungsten enters the environment mainly through weathering of tungstate minerals and through mining, milling, metalworking, and disposal of hard-metal products. In oxidizing waters it commonly forms tungstate species, which can be more mobile than many heavy-metal ions. Its biological role is limited but real in some microorganisms, where tungsten enzymes are known. Environmental behavior depends strongly on pH, redox conditions, and adsorption to iron or manganese oxides.
Tungsten is produced chiefly from scheelite and wolframite concentrates. Ore is converted to ammonium paratungstate and then to tungsten oxide or tungsten metal powder, with powder metallurgy used for many products because of the metal’s very high melting point. Supply is strategically important because deposits and refining capacity are geographically concentrated. Demand is led by cemented carbides, followed by alloy, mill-product, and chemical uses. Recycling of carbide scrap and heavy alloys is significant because tungsten is valuable and often recoverable from industrial products.
Occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].
Tungsten is a rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar events, rather than by ordinary stellar fusion. In planets it is lithophile under oxidizing conditions but can partition into metal under reducing conditions. Hafnium-tungsten isotope systematics are used to study early Solar System chronology and core formation.
- The symbol W comes from wolfram, a name still reflected in wolframite ores.
- Tungsten wire was crucial to long-lived incandescent lamps after ductile wire production became practical.
- Tungsten has an unusually low vapor pressure at very high temperature.
- Cemented tungsten carbide is usually a composite with a metallic binder, not pure WC alone.
- The isotope ¹⁸²W is important in hafnium-tungsten geochronology.
- Tungsten compounds can form polyoxometalates with large, cage-like anions.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 135 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 162 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 210 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 130 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 1.93 × 104 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.00953 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 3421.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 5554.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 173 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.132 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 24.27 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 体心立方構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 2.36 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.47
- 電子親和力
- 0.815 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 7.86403 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 16.370056 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 26.000089 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 38.200131 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 51.600178 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 6 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.36482355 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 8.360885 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 8.803441 eV
- 原子化熱
- 8.803441 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 8.820024 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 74 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 110 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 41 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 0 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- W-184
- 発見年
- 1781
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 1.25 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 1 × 10−4 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 316 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-33-7 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 5D0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/W
- InChI Key
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
W: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
安定同位体はありません。
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 183 放射性 | 182.95022275 ± 0.0000009 | 14.3100% | 670 Ey |
| 161 放射性 | 160.9672 ± 0.00021 | データなし | 409 ms |
| 157 放射性 | 156.97884 ± 0.00043 | データなし | 275 ms |
| 177 放射性 | 176.946643 ± 0.00003 | データなし | 132.4 分 |
| 181 放射性 | 180.9481978 ± 0.0000051 | データなし | 120.956 日 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（3421.85 °C）より3396.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全74件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 7049 | 522 | 5852 |
| W II | +1 | 2838 | 211 | 2838 |
| W III | +2 | 2644 | 37 | 2644 |
| W IV | +3 | 791 | 0 | 791 |
| W V | +4 | 193 | 0 | 193 |
| W VI | +5 | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| W VII | +6 | 397 | 0 | 397 |
| W VIII | +7 | 193 | 187 | 193 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 509 |
| W II | +1 | 264 |
| W III | +2 | 236 |
| W IV | +3 | 106 |
| W V | +4 | 60 |
| W VI | +5 | 15 |
| W VII | +6 | 113 |
| W VIII | +7 | 103 |
| W IX | +8 | 3 |
| W X | +9 | 2 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 6 | データなし | 66 pm |
| +5 | 6 | データなし | 62 pm |
| +6 | 4 | データなし | 42 pm |
| +6 | 5 | データなし | 51 pm |
| +6 | 6 | データなし | 60 pm |
化合物
同位体 (5)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 183 放射性 | 182.95022275 ± 0.0000009 | 14.3100% ± 0.0400% | 670 Ey | IS =14.31±0.4%α ? | |
| 161 放射性 | 160.9672 ± 0.00021 | データなし | 409 ms | α =73±0.3%β+ =27±0.3% | |
| 157 放射性 | 156.97884 ± 0.00043 | データなし | 275 ms | β+ =100%α =0% | |
| 177 放射性 | 176.946643 ± 0.00003 | データなし | 132.4 分 | β+ =100% | |
| 181 放射性 | 180.9481978 ± 0.0000051 | データなし | 120.956 日 | ε =100% |
スペクトル線
全2460件中50件を表示しています。 初期設定では、強度の測定値があるスペクトル線のみを表示します。
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 400.8749 nm | 1000 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 429.4605 nm | 800 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 386.7982 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 407.4357 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 381.7484 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 484.381 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 505.328 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 384.6213 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 525.9338 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 551.4684 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 383.5052 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 388.1394 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 522.4661 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 524.2973 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3G → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 424.4367 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 426.9384 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 430.2103 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 488.6902 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 498.2586 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 380.9234 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 384.749 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 505.4594 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 507.1736 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 523.352 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527.5538 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 549.2315 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 381.0796 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 506.9123 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 525.5401 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 434.811303 nm | 109 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 381.0385 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 401.5216 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 404.56 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 410.2701 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 424.1444 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 427.4553 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 525.4544 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 526.3195 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 526.9315 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 543.5042 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 395.105951 nm | 91 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D → 5d3.(4F).6s.(5F).6p 6G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 406.9948 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 413.7464 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 421.9375 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 425.9363 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 468.0513 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 498.6924 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3H → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 526.8545 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 547.7798 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 667.838 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 137 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 120 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 115 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 257 pm
- UFF
- 309.6 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 253 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 139 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 53
- Pettifor
- 56
- Glawe
- 57
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 68 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 15 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 757 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 9.55 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 6
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 84
- 相対供給リスク
- 10
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 61
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 24
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 24
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 3687.15 K |
| 沸点 | 5828.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (14)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4343 |
| 2 | p | 4.4258 |
| 2 | s | 19.3302 |
| 3 | d | 13.5476 |
| 3 | p | 21.3824 |
| 3 | s | 22.13 |
| 4 | d | 36.8268 |
| 4 | f | 39.2892 |
| 4 | p | 34.4516 |
| 4 | s | 33.4412 |
結晶半径の詳細 (5)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | VI | 80 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 76 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | IV | 56 | ||
| 6 | V | 65 | ||
| 6 | VI | 74 |
同位体の崩壊形式 (54)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 157 | B+ | 100% |
| 157 | A | 0% |
| 158 | A | 100% |
| 159 | A | 100% |
| 159 | B+ | — |
| 160 | A | 87% |
| 160 | B+ | — |
| 161 | A | 73% |
| 161 | B+ | 27% |
| 162 | B+ | — |
X線散乱因子 (541)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.92551 |
| 10.1617 | — | 2.00949 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.09714 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.18428 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.26758 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.35405 |
| 11.0105 | — | 2.44381 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.537 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.63375 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.73418 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.25 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-4 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tungsten.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.