Lithium (Li)
alkali-metalSolid
標準原子量
6.94 u [6.938, 6.997]電子配置
[He] 2s1融点
180.5 °C沸点
1341.85 °C密度
534 kg/m³酸化数
+1電気陰性度（Pauling）
0.98第1イオン化エネルギー
5.391715 eV発見年
1817原子半径
145 pm詳細
Lithium is the lightest metal and the first alkali metal. It forms Li⁺ very readily, yet its small ion gives lithium chemistry a distinctive hardness, strong hydration, and extensive organometallic chemistry. In nature it occurs only in compounds, mainly in brines, pegmatite minerals, and some clays. Its low atomic mass, high electrochemical potential, and ability to move reversibly through host materials make it central to rechargeable batteries.
Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
The name derives from the Latin lithos for "stone" because lithium was thought to exist only in minerals at that time. It was discovered by the Swedish mineralogist Johan August Arfwedson in 1818 in the mineral petalite LiAl(Si2O5)2. Lithium was isolated in 1855 by the German chemists Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.
Lithium was discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAl(Si2O5)2) by Johann August Arfvedson in 1817. It was first isolated by William Thomas Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy through the electrolysis of lithium oxide (Li2O). Today, larger amounts of the metal are obtained through the electrolysis of lithium chloride (LiCl). Lithium is not found free in nature and makes up only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word lithos, stone. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water.
Pure lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes quickly in air, forming dull gray surface films of oxide, nitride, hydroxide, and carbonate. It is the least dense solid element at ordinary conditions and can be cut with a knife.
Most lithium demand is tied to lithium-ion batteries, where lithium ions shuttle between intercalation or conversion materials rather than existing as metallic lithium in normal operation. Lithium metal is used in some primary batteries and specialized rechargeable cells. Lithium compounds are also used in heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lubricating greases, air-treatment chemicals, aluminum production, and pharmaceutical salts such as lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, for selected mood disorders.
Many uses have been found for lithium and its compounds. Lithium has the highest specific heat of any solid element and is used in heat transfer applications. It is used to make special glasses and ceramics, including the Mount Palomar telescope's 200 inch mirror. Lithium is the lightest known metal and can be alloyed with aluminium, copper, manganese, and cadmium to make strong, lightweight metals for aircraft. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of spacecraft. Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2) is used as a general purpose and high temperature lubricant. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is used as a drug to treat manic depression disorder.
Lithium reacts with water, but not as violently as sodium.
Since World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Lithium carbonate is used for the treatment of bipolar disease and other mental illness conditions.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of lithium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. Natural terrestrial materials show a substantial variation in lithium isotopic abundance (Fig. IUPAC.3.1), and these natural isotopic abundances have been used to determine sources of dissolved lithium and to investigate environmental processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)..
Variations in isotope-amount ratiosn(7Li)/n(6Li) can help determine the source of some water. Because the relative abundances of lithium isotopes can change during hydrothermal processes, isotopic analysis of lithium in water can help distinguish water derived from marine sedimentary rocks from water derived from hydrothermally altered igneous rocks (Fig. IUPAC.3.2) [36] T. D. Bullen, Y. K. Kharaka. “Isotopic composition of Sr, Nd, and Li in thermal waters from the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park and surrounding region”, in Water-Rock Interaction. in 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Rotterdam, Balkema Publishers (1992)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Industry
7Li, as hydroxide monohydrate (7LiOH•H2O), is used to maintain the pH level of the coolant used in pressurized water reactors in the nuclear power industry [39] International Atomic Energy Agency. Assessment and Management of Ageing of Major Nuclear Power Plant Components Important to Safety, IAEA-TECDOC-1361. 235 (2003)., [40] F. Nordmann. “Aspects on chemistry in french nuclear power plants”, in 14th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam in Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.. Lithium plays a role in the construction of a thermonuclear bomb, which differs from a fission weapon in that it uses the energy released when two light atomic nuclei (i.e. deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H)) fuse to form helium and a high energy neutronvia this DT reaction. 6Li is used, in the form of 6Li deuteride (6Li 2H), as fusion fuel capable of producing tritium when bombarded with neutrons within the weapon via the reaction 6Li (n, 3H) 4He [41] FUSION EXPO. Controlled Fusion: The Energy Option for the 21st Century, FUSION EXPO (2011), November 6; http://www.fusion-eur.org/fusion_cd/popu.htm..
Li-based laboratory reagents have found their way into surface water and can be easily identified. Although a military secret in the 1950s, it is now known that substantial amounts of 6Li (normally having an isotopic abundance of 0.076) were removed from chemical reagents to be used in nuclear weapon development. Reagents containing the remaining lithium depleted in 6Li (having an isotopic abundance as low as 0.025) were sold to both chemical manufacturers and to laboratory chemists for their use [42] N. E. Holden. Chem. Int.32(1), 12 (2010).. The distinctive isotopic signature of depleted 6Li, having a n(7Li)/n(6Li) ratio of 39, compared to a ratio of 12 in naturally occurring terrestrial materials, enables easier detection of this lithium source in polluted waterways and the environment [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
7Li is a decay product of the 10B (neutron, alpha) 7Li reaction, which has a peak value for room temperature neutrons. Brain tumor cells are typically found some 5 to 7 cm below the surface of the skull. After 10B has been introduced to or entered the tumor cells, a beam of neutrons of energy slightly above room temperature is introduced to the affected areas. The energy of these neutrons is reduced to room temperature by the time they react with the 10B, which then disintegrates into high energy charged particles (7Li and 4He), which deposit their kinetic energy in nearby (predominately cancerous) cells and destroys them. Any adjacent normal cells are unaffected [43] R. F. Barth. J. Neurooncol.62, 1 (2003)..
Lithium almost always has the +1 oxidation state in ordinary chemistry. Important compounds include lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, lithium hydroxide, LiOH, lithium chloride, LiCl, and lithium fluoride, LiF. Lithium hydride, LiH, is a reactive hydride and hydrogen source. Organolithium reagents such as butyllithium, C₄H₉Li, are strong bases and nucleophiles used in synthesis. Lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO₂, and lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO₄, are well-known battery cathode materials.
See more information at the Lithium compound page.
Lithium metal reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide, LiOH, and flammable H₂, and finely divided metal can ignite. Strongly basic lithium compounds can be corrosive, while soluble lithium salts can affect the nervous system, kidneys, and thyroid at excessive doses. Therapeutic use of lithium salts requires controlled dosing. Battery fires involve additional hazards from electrolytes, heat, and decomposition products, not only lithium itself.
Lithium is widely dispersed at low concentrations in rocks, soils, natural waters, and seawater. Weathering releases Li⁺, which can remain in solution, exchange onto clays, or concentrate in closed-basin brines through evaporation. It has no established essential biological role in humans, although trace exposure is common. Mining and brine extraction can alter water balances, salinity, dust levels, and local habitats if poorly managed.
Commercial lithium is produced mainly from hard-rock pegmatites, especially spodumene, and from continental brines concentrated by evaporation or direct extraction methods. The principal traded chemicals are lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, and lithium hydroxide, LiOH, with battery-grade purity a major value factor. Demand is strongly linked to rechargeable batteries, while ceramics, greases, and other uses form smaller markets. Recycling from batteries is growing but is constrained by collection, chemistry differences, and process economics.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
Lithium is unusually scarce in the cosmos compared with hydrogen and helium. Some ⁷Li was formed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but lithium is readily destroyed inside stars at temperatures below those needed to burn many heavier nuclei. Additional lithium is made by cosmic-ray spallation and in certain stellar events. Its abundance in old stars is important in tests of early-universe models.
- Lithium floats on many hydrocarbon oils because its density is lower than theirs.
- Natural lithium is a mixture mainly of ⁷Li with a smaller fraction of ⁶Li.
- Lithium gives a crimson color in flame tests, though sodium contamination can mask it.
- Lithium nitride, Li₃N, forms directly when lithium is exposed to nitrogen.
- The name comes from Greek lithos, reflecting its discovery in a mineral source.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 145 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 128 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 182 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 123 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 534 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0131 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 180.5 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 1341.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 84.8 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 3.582 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 24.86 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 体心立方構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 0.98 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 0.912
- 電子親和力
- 0.61804 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 5.391715 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 75.640357 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 122.454781 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- +1 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 1 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [He] 2s1
熱力学的性質
- 臨界点（温度）
- 2950 °C
- 臨界点（圧力）
- 6.7e+7 Pa
- 融解熱
- 0.03109292 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 1.524589 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 1.65207 eV
- 原子化熱
- 1.65207 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 1.651034 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 3 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 4 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 11 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 2 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Li-7
- 発見年
- 1817
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 20 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 0.18 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 349 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 1 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7439-93-2 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Li
- InChI Key
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Li: 2s¹[He] 2s¹1s² 2s¹原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 安定 | 6.0151228874 ± 0.0000000016 | 7.5900% | 安定 |
| 7 安定 | 7.0160034366 ± 0.0000000045 | 92.4100% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（180.5 °C）より155.5 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
詳細
原子スペクトル
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li I | 0 | 344 | 257 | 328 |
| Li II | +1 | 663 | 564 | 630 |
| Li III | +2 | 144 | 144 | 144 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | データなし | 59 pm |
| +1 | 6 | データなし | 76 pm |
| +1 | 8 | データなし | 92 pm |
化合物
同位体 (2)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 安定 | 6.0151228874 ± 0.0000000016 | 7.5900% ± 0.0400% | 安定 | stable | |
| 7 安定 | 7.0160034366 ± 0.0000000045 | 92.4100% ± 0.0400% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383.559 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 383.564 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 387.8838 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 391.5292 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 391.5342 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 391.5344 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 398.5481 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 398.5535 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 413.2557 nm | 40 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 413.2613 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 413.2615 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 415.519 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 419.115 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 427.306 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 427.312 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 432.21 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 432.226 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 432.53 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 432.54 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 432.542 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 432.554 nm | 5 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 432.562 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 432.578 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.8225057 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.8277799 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.8581249 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.866202 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.8846443 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.8847466 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.897364 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.8975539 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.9032229 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.9032561 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.9095915 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.90966 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.9118883 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.9157307 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.9220996 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.9223809 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.9224003 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.933185 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.9357979 nm | データなし | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 460.282 nm | 13 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 463.61 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.14 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.153 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.188 nm | 2 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.806 nm | 3 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 474.15 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 478.836 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 479.239 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 484.278 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 484.292 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 484.294 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 484.304 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 484.321 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 484.331 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 488.12 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 488.147 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 488.169 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 491.912 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4s 1S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 497.166 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 497.174 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 503.791 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4s 1S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 510.8 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.7p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 519.919 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 519.928 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 519.937 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 519.947 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 532.949 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 532.96 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 532.98 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 539.3 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 540.153 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 540.172 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 540.175 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 540.665 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 541.091 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 541.122 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 541.236 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 541.237 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 541.256 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 546.84 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 548.346 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 548.44 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 548.509 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 552.54 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7s 1S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 565.388 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 565.409 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 565.421 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 610.353 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 610.364 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 610.366 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 611.81 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 613.864 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 625.222 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 625.235 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 625.248 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 625.263 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 653.14 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 654.566 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 655.319 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.006 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.052 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.143 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.16 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.191 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.306 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.307 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.336 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 662.07 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 664.252 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 664.269 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 664.281 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 664.48 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 664.77 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 668.73 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6s 1S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 670.776 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 670.791 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 678.09 nm | データなし | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6s 1S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | データなし | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 133 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 124 pm
- 共有結合半径（Bragg）
- 150 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Bondi
- 181 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 212 pm
- UFF
- 245.1 pm
- MM3
- 255 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 220 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 155 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 1
- Pettifor
- 12
- Glawe
- 12
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 164.1125 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 0.0005 a.u.
- C₆
- 1392 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1410 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 13 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 1
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 62
- 相対供給リスク
- 7
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 58
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 75
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 68
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 453.65 K |
| 沸点 | 1615.15 K |
| 臨界点（温度） | 3223.15 K |
| 臨界点（圧力） | 67 MPa |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (2)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3094 |
| 2 | s | 1.7208 |
結晶半径の詳細 (3)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 73 | ||
| 1 | VI | 90 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 106 | calculated, |
同位体の崩壊形式 (17)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | p | — |
| 4 | p | 100% |
| 5 | p | 100% |
| 8 | B- | 100% |
| 8 | B-A | 100% |
| 9 | B- | 100% |
| 9 | B-n | 50.5% |
| 10 | n | 100% |
| 11 | B- | 100% |
| 11 | B-n | 86.3% |
X線散乱因子 (501)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.11642 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.11743 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.11844 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.11947 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.12051 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.12155 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.12261 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.12367 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.12444 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.12502 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.8×10-1 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Lithium https://periodic.lanl.gov/3.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Lithium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.