Nickel (Ni)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
58.6934 u電子配置
[Ar] 4s2 3d8融点
1454.85 °C沸点
2912.85 °C密度
8912 kg/m³酸化数
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.91第1イオン化エネルギー
7.639878 eV発見年
1751原子半径
135 pm詳細
Nickel is a silvery transition metal of group 10, valued for corrosion resistance, strength at high temperature, and its ability to form useful alloys. It is ferromagnetic near room temperature and commonly occurs in the +2 oxidation state, although several other states are known in coordination chemistry. Natural nickel is mostly found in sulfide and laterite ores, and it is a key metal for stainless steels, superalloys, plating, catalysts, and rechargeable batteries.
Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms.
The name derives from the German Nickel for "deceptive little spirit" because miners called mineral niccolite (NiAs) by the name Kupfernickel (false copper) because it resembled copper ores in appearance, but no copper was found in the ore. It was discovered by the Swedish metallurgist Axel-Frederik Cronstedt in 1751.
Nickel was discovered by the Swedish chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in the mineral niccolite (NiAs) in 1751. Today, most nickel is obtained from the mineral pentlandite (NiS·2FeS). Most of the world's supply of nickel is mined in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada. It is believed that this large deposit of nickel ore is a result of an ancient meteor impact.
From the German word Nickel (Satan), and from kupfernickel, Old Nick's copper. Cronstedt discovered nickel in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite).
Pure nickel is a lustrous, silvery-white metal with a faint golden tinge. It is hard, ductile, and malleable, and it can take a high polish. Compact nickel resists attack by air and water under ordinary conditions because a thin protective surface film forms.
The largest use of nickel is in alloys, especially stainless steels, where it improves toughness, corrosion resistance, and formability. Nickel-base superalloys are used in turbine blades and other high-temperature parts. The metal is also used for electroplating, coinage alloys, catalysts such as Raney nickel, and electrical contacts. Nickel compounds and nickel metal are important in batteries, including nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and many lithium-ion cathode chemistries.
Nickel is a hard, corrosion resistant metal. It can be electroplated onto other metals to form a protective coating. Finely divided nickel is used as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Adding nickel to glass gives it a green color. A single kilogram of nickel can be drawn into 300 kilometers of wire. Nickel is also used to manufacture some types of coins and batteries.
Nickel is alloyed with other metals to improve their strength and resistance to corrosion. Nickel is alloyed with steel to make armor plate, vaults and machine parts. It is alloyed with copper to make pipes that are used in desalination plants. Very powerful permanent magnets, known as Alnico magnets, can be made from an alloy of aluminum, nickel, cobalt and iron.
It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Invar(R), Monel(R), Inconel(R), and the Hastelloys(R). Tubing made of copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water.
Nickel, used extensively to make coins and nickel steel for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults, and is also a component in Nichrome(R), Permalloy(R), and constantan.
Nickel gives glass a greenish color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in the Edison(R) storage battery.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of nickel possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of nickel in terrestrial silicate rocks (Fig. IUPAC.28.1) [228] B. Gueguen, O. Rouxel, E. Ponzevera, A. Bekker, Y. Fouquet. Geostand. Geoanal. Res.37, 297 (2013)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
Anomalies in 60Ni abundance caused by decay of now extinct 60Fe have been used to study the early history of our Solar System (see section 4.26.2). 59Ni is a cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 7.6×104 years. Decay of 59Ni has been used to assess the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment [230] G. F. Herzog, C. Schnabel, S. Xue, J. Masarik, R. G. Cresswell, M. L. D. Tada. Meteorit. Planet. Sci.33, A66 (1998)..
Isotopes in Industry
63Ni (with a half-life of 99 years) is produced from stable 62Ni and is a beta-emitting radionuclide that serves as an electron source together with 55Fe in electron-capture detectors. Electron-capture detectors are used as thickness gauges or as detectors for organic analytes in gas chromatography (Fig. IUPAC.28.2) [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html.. 63Ni is also used to ionize substances in ion mobility spectrometry–the basis of the instrument used in airports to screen passengers for drugs and bombs [231] J. R. Verkouteren, J. L. Staymates. Forensic Sci. Int.206, 190 (2011).. 63Ni is also used as a fluorescence-inducing source in elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and in miniaturized long-lived nuclear batteries [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html.. Until the mid-1980s, nuclear batteries were used in pacemakers, but then they were replaced by long-lasting lithium batteries [232] B. Ulmen, P. D. Desai, S. Moghaddam, G. H. Miley, R. I. Masel. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.282, 601 (2009)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
61Ni is used as a radiation target for production of the radioactive isotope 61Cu (with a half-life of 3.3 h), which emits positrons for positron emission tomography (PET) applications using the 61Ni (p, n) 61Cu reaction. 64Ni is used as a radiation target for production of 64Cu (with a half-life of 12.7 h), which is used in radioimmunotherapy by attaching it to an antibody for delivery of cytotoxic radiation (toxic to living cells) to a target cell via the 64Ni (p, n) 64Cu reaction [235] National Research Council. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, p. 38, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (1995).. 60Ni is used for the production of 57Co (with a half-life of 0.75 year), which is used as a reference source for gamma cameras that are used in nuclear medicinevia the 60Ni (p, 4He) 57Co reaction [235] National Research Council. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, p. 38, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (1995)..
Nickel chemistry is dominated by Ni²⁺, which forms many salts and coordination complexes. Nickel(II) oxide, NiO, is a green to black solid used in ceramics, catalysts, and battery materials. Nickel(II) sulfate, NiSO₄, is important in electroplating and hydrometallurgy. Nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)₄, is a volatile zerovalent compound central to the Mond refining process and notable for its high toxicity. Nickel also forms sulfides, halides, organonickel complexes, and mixed oxides used as battery cathode precursors.
See more information at the Nickel compound page.
Nickel metal is not highly toxic as a solid, but nickel dusts, fumes, and soluble nickel salts can cause allergic contact dermatitis and respiratory sensitization. Some nickel compounds are classified as carcinogenic, especially with inhalation exposure in refining or processing environments. Nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)₄, is acutely poisonous and readily absorbed by inhalation. Fine nickel powder can be a fire or explosion hazard.
Exposure to nickel metal and soluble compounds (as Ni) should not exceed 0.05 mg/cm3 (8-hour time-weighted average per 40-hour work week). Nickel sulfide fume and dust is recognized as being potentially carcinogenic.
Nickel is naturally present in rocks, soils, waters, and biological systems at low concentrations. Weathering releases Ni²⁺ and nickel-bearing particles, while industrial sources include mining, smelting, fuel combustion, waste disposal, and corrosion of alloys. Its mobility depends strongly on pH, organic matter, sulfide availability, and adsorption to iron and manganese oxides. Nickel is an essential trace nutrient for some microorganisms and plants, but elevated concentrations can be toxic.
Nickel is produced mainly from sulfide ores and lateritic ores. Sulfide concentrates are commonly smelted and refined, while laterites require energy-intensive pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical processing. Demand is strongly tied to stainless steel production and increasingly to battery materials, although cathode chemistry choices can change nickel intensity. Recycling from stainless steel scrap, superalloys, and batteries is economically important. Supply is influenced by ore type, energy cost, refining capacity, environmental controls, and the distribution of suitable deposits.
Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 percent to nearly 20 percent nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces about 30 percent of the world's supply of nickel.
Other deposits are found in New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere.
Nickel is a relatively abundant iron-peak element made in late stellar burning and supernova nucleosynthesis. Radioactive ⁵⁶Ni, produced in explosive events, decays through ⁵⁶Co to ⁵⁶Fe and helps power the light curves of many supernovae. In planets, nickel partitions strongly with iron, so much of Earth’s nickel is thought to reside in the core, while accessible crustal nickel is concentrated by magmatic and weathering processes.
- Nickel was named from a troublesome copper ore that miners associated with a mischievous spirit.
- The kilogram was once defined by an alloy containing 90 percent platinum and 10 percent nickel.
- Nickel is one of the few elements ferromagnetic at ordinary temperatures.
- Raney nickel is a porous catalyst made by leaching aluminium from a nickel-aluminium alloy.
- Many meteorites contain iron-nickel metal rather than nickel as separate mineral grains.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 135 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 124 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 163 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 115 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 8912 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0066 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 1454.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 2912.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 90.9 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.444 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 26.07 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 面心立方構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.91 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.88
- 電子親和力
- 1.156 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 7.639878 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 18.168901 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 35.187121 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 54.920189 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 76.060262 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 10 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Ar] 4s2 3d8
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.18116806 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 3.838939 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 4.457688 eV
- 原子化熱
- 4.457688 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 4.457688 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 28 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 32 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 35 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 4 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Ni-60
- 発見年
- 1751
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 84 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 5.6 × 10−4 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 352 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 16, 2 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-02-0 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 3F4
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ni
- InChI Key
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Ni: 3d⁸ 4s²[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁸ 4s²原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60 安定 | 59.93078588 ± 0.00000052 | 26.2230% | 安定 |
| 61 安定 | 60.93105557 ± 0.00000052 | 1.1399% | 安定 |
| 62 安定 | 61.92834537 ± 0.00000055 | 3.6346% | 安定 |
| 64 安定 | 63.92796682 ± 0.00000058 | 0.9255% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（1454.85 °C）より1429.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全28件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni I | 0 | 576 | 522 | 522 |
| Ni II | +1 | 249 | 208 | 208 |
| Ni III | +2 | 128 | 50 | 50 |
| Ni IV | +3 | 216 | 169 | 169 |
| Ni V | +4 | 1582 | 1566 | 1582 |
| Ni VII | +6 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Ni IX | +8 | 38 | 20 | 38 |
| Ni X | +9 | 41 | 0 | 41 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Ni I | 0 | 288 |
| Ni II | +1 | 719 |
| Ni III | +2 | 345 |
| Ni IV | +3 | 236 |
| Ni V | +4 | 324 |
| Ni VI | +5 | 273 |
| Ni VII | +6 | 45 |
| Ni VIII | +7 | 44 |
| Ni IX | +8 | 31 |
| Ni X | +9 | 34 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | データなし | 55.00000000000001 pm |
| +2 | 4 | データなし | 49 pm |
| +2 | 5 | データなし | 63 pm |
| +2 | 6 | データなし | 69 pm |
| +3 | 6 | low | 56.00000000000001 pm |
| +3 | 6 | high | 60 pm |
| +4 | 6 | low | 48 pm |
化合物
同位体 (4)
The sulfate and the oxides are important compounds. Natural nickel is a mixture of five stable isotopes; nine other unstable isotopes are known.
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 60 安定 | 59.93078588 ± 0.00000052 | 26.2230% ± 0.0150% | 安定 | stable | |
| 61 安定 | 60.93105557 ± 0.00000052 | 1.1399% ± 0.0013% | 安定 | stable | |
| 62 安定 | 61.92834537 ± 0.00000055 | 3.6346% ± 0.0040% | 安定 | stable | |
| 64 安定 | 63.92796682 ± 0.00000058 | 0.9255% ± 0.0019% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
全433件中50件を表示しています。 初期設定では、強度の測定値があるスペクトル線のみを表示します。
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 385.82968 nm | 1200 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 380.71402 nm | 700 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p * | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 547.6904 nm | 180 | Ni I | emission | 3d10 1S → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 383.16908 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 397.35547 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 440.1541 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5D* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 471.4417 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 503.5362 nm | 100 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 508.0533 nm | 100 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 464.8652 nm | 75 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 460.4987 nm | 65 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 508.111 nm | 65 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 1F* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 447.0477 nm | 55 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5D* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 501.7576 nm | 50 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 478.6535 nm | 45 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 485.5411 nm | 45 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 498.0173 nm | 45 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 490.4412 nm | 40 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 475.6515 nm | 30 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 712.2197 nm | 26 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5s 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 468.6213 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 513.7074 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 570.9545 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 742.2275 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5s 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 471.5762 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 480.6993 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p * → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 491.8364 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 676.7772 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d10 1S → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 511.5392 nm | 21 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 483.1176 nm | 19 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 446.2455 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5D* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 460.0359 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 460.6221 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 501.2443 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 493.5831 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 504.8847 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 1F* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 575.4656 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 664.363 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 739.3676 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s2 3F → 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 517.656 nm | 13 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 1D* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 559.2262 nm | 13 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 625.6355 nm | 13 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 568.2199 nm | 12 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 571.1888 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 589.2872 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 610.8116 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 617.6811 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 631.4659 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 1D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 691.4559 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 558.7858 nm | 9 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3D* | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 110 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 101 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 101 pm
- 共有結合半径（Bragg）
- 135 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 240 pm
- UFF
- 283.4 pm
- MM3
- 222 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 229 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 124 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 67
- Pettifor
- 67
- Glawe
- 69
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 49 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 3 a.u.
- C₆
- 373 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 393 Ha·Bohr6
化学親和力
- プロトン親和力
- 737 kJ/mol
- 気相塩基性
- 714.1 kJ/mol
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 6.6 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 5
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 17
- 相対供給リスク
- 6
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 36
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 18
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 75
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 1728.15 K |
| 沸点 | 3186.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (7)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.6474 |
| 2 | p | 3.9048 |
| 2 | s | 7.7874 |
| 3 | d | 15.4705 |
| 3 | p | 13.915 |
| 3 | s | 13.039 |
| 4 | s | 22.2892 |
結晶半径の詳細 (7)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 69 | ||
| 2 | IVSQ | 63 | ||
| 2 | V | 77 | estimated, | |
| 2 | VI | 83 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VI | LS | 70 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 3 | VI | HS | 74 | estimated, |
| 4 | VI | LS | 62 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
同位体の崩壊形式 (54)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 48 | 2p | 70% |
| 48 | B+ | 30% |
| 48 | B+p | — |
| 49 | B+ | 100% |
| 49 | B+p | 83.4% |
| 50 | B+ | 100% |
| 50 | B+p | 73% |
| 50 | 2p | 14% |
| 51 | B+ | 100% |
| 51 | B+p | 87.2% |
X線散乱因子 (504)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.37727 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.38064 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.38401 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.3874 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.39079 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.39419 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.39982 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.44104 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.48347 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.52716 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.4×101 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
5.6×10-4 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 percent to nearly 20 percent nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces about 30 percent of the world's supply of nickel.
Other deposits are found in New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Nickel https://periodic.lanl.gov/28.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Nickel.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.