Vanadium (V)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
50.9415 u電子配置
[Ar] 4s2 3d3融点
1909.85 °C沸点
3406.85 °C密度
6000 kg/m³酸化数
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.63第1イオン化エネルギー
6.746187 eV発見年
1830原子半径
135 pm詳細
Vanadium is a hard early transition metal with variable oxidation states and strong affinity for oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. It occurs mainly dispersed in minerals rather than as native metal. Its technological importance comes chiefly from alloying steel and from vanadium redox-flow batteries. Chemically it is notable for accessible +2, +3, +4, and +5 states, often producing distinctly colored ions and oxides.
Pure vanadium is a bright white metal, and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and salt water, but the metal oxidizes readily above 660°C.
The metal has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications.
The name derives from the Scandinavian goddess of love and beauty, Freyja Vanadis, because of its many beautiful multi-coloured compounds. Vanadium was discovered by the Swedish physician and chemist Nils-Gabriel Sefström in 1830.
Vanadium had originally been discovered by the Spanish mineralogist Andres Manuel del Rio y Fernandez in 1801, who named it erythronium, after the plant of that name whose flowers have many beautiful colours. Del Rio later decided that it was really chromium in his lead sample. Vanadium metal was first isolated by the English chemist Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1869.
Vanadium was discovered by Andrés Manuel del Rio, a Spanish chemist, in 1801. Rio sent samples of vanadium ore and a letter describing his methods to the Institute de France in Paris, France, for analysis and confirmation. Unfortunately for Rio, his letter was lost in a shipwreck and the Institute only received his samples, which contained a brief note describing how much this new element, which Rio had named erythronium, resembled chromium. Rio withdrew his claim when he received a letter from Paris disputing his discovery. Vanadium was rediscovered by Nils Gabriel Sefstrôm, a Swedish chemist, in 1830 while analyzing samples of iron from a mine in Sweden. Vanadium was isolated by Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, an English chemist, in 1867 by combining vanadium trichloride (VCl3) with hydrogen gas (H2). Today, vanadium is primarily obtained from the minerals vanadinite (Pb5(VO)3Cl) and carnotite (K2(UO2)2VO4·1-3H2O) by heating crushed ore in the presence of carbon and chlorine to produce vanadium trichloride. The vanadium trichloride is then heated with magnesium in an argon atmosphere.
Named after Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis. Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared that del Rio's new element was only impure chromium. Del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemists' statement.
The element was rediscovered in 1830 by Sefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis, because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated in nearly pure form by Roscoe, who in 1867 reduced the chloride with hydrogen.
Vanadium of 99.3 to 99.8% purity was not produced until 1922.
Pure vanadium is a silvery-gray, ductile metal when well refined. It forms a protective oxide film in air, but finely divided metal or hot surfaces oxidize more readily. Interstitial oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen strongly affect its hardness and brittleness.
Most vanadium is used as a steel additive, commonly through ferrovanadium, to improve strength, toughness, and wear resistance in structural steels, tool steels, and high-strength low-alloy grades. Vanadium also strengthens some titanium alloys, especially aerospace alloy families based on titanium, aluminum, and vanadium. Vanadium redox-flow batteries use dissolved vanadium ions in different oxidation states for stationary energy storage. Vanadium compounds serve as catalysts in selected oxidation reactions, notably in sulfuric acid manufacture.
Vanadium is corrosion resistant and is sometimes used to make special tubes and pipes for the chemical industry. Vanadium also does not easily absorb neutrons and has some applications in the nuclear power industry. A thin layer of vanadium is used to bond titanium to steel.
Nearly 80% of the vanadium produced is used to make ferrovanadium or as an additive to steel. Ferrovanadium is a strong, shock resistant and corrosion resistant alloy of iron containing between 1% and 6% vanadium. Ferrovanadium and vanadium-steel alloys are used to make such things as axles, crankshafts and gears for cars, parts of jet engines, springs and cutting tools.
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is perhaps vanadium's most useful compound. It is used as a mordant, a material which permanently fixes dyes to fabrics. Vanadium pentoxide is also used as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions and in the manufacture of ceramics. Vanadium pentoxide can also be mixed with gallium to form superconductive magnets.
Vanadium is used in producing rust resistant and high speed tool steels. It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels.
About 80% of the vanadium now produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Vanadium foil is used as a bonding agent in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst.
It is also used to produce a superconductive magnet with a field of 175,000 gauss.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The isotopic abundances of 50V and 51V have been used as an indicator of planetary core formation processes (Fig. IUPAC.23.1). Vanadium is greatly depleted in the Earth’s mantle compared with that in chondritic meteorites (chondrites). It is assumed that the deficit of vanadium in the Earth’s crust is accounted for by its partitioning into the core [202] S. G. Nielsen, J. Prytulak, A. N. Halliday. “Vanadium isotope ratios in meteorites: a new tool to investigate planetary and nebular processes”, in 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.. The ratios of 50V and 51V have been used as a test of the X-wind model, which accounts for a portion of the extinct radioactive nuclides present in the early Solar System by radiation from the young Sun [202] S. G. Nielsen, J. Prytulak, A. N. Halliday. “Vanadium isotope ratios in meteorites: a new tool to investigate planetary and nebular processes”, in 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.. 51V is depleted in meteorites compared to Earth [203] S. G. Nielsen, J. Prytulak, B. J. Wood, A. Halliday. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.389, 169 (2014)..
Isotopes in Industry
51V is used in solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to provide information to material scientists about surface species of vanadium oxide catalysts (substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any permanent chemical change), their interaction with the supporting material, and their reactions during catalytic processes [205] K. J. D. MacKenzie, M. E. Smith. Multinuclear Solid-State NMR of Inorganic Materials, Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford (2002)..
Vanadium chemistry is dominated by oxides, oxyanions, and coordination compounds. Vanadium(V) oxide, V₂O₅, is the most important oxide and is used as a catalyst and precursor to many vanadates. Vanadyl sulfate, VOSO₄, contains the stable oxovanadium(IV) ion and is common in solution chemistry. Sodium metavanadate, NaVO₃, and ammonium metavanadate, NH₄VO₃, are representative vanadate salts. Lower oxidation states occur in compounds such as vanadium(III) chloride, VCl₃, but are more air-sensitive.
See more information at the Vanadium compound page.
Massive vanadium metal is not highly reactive at room temperature, but dusts can present fire and inhalation hazards. Many soluble vanadium compounds are toxic by ingestion or inhalation, and vanadium pentoxide dust or fume is an important occupational concern because it irritates the respiratory tract and is classified as a suspected carcinogenic hazard in some regulatory systems. Risks vary strongly with compound solubility and oxidation state.
Vanadium and its compounds are toxic and should be handled with care. The maximum allowable concentration of V2O5 dust in air is about 0.05 (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour week).
Vanadium is a trace constituent of many rocks, soils, crude oils, coals, and marine sediments. Weathering releases vanadate species under oxidizing conditions, while reducing sediments can immobilize vanadium in less soluble forms or bind it to organic matter and sulfide phases. Combustion of heavy oils and coal can add vanadium-rich particles to air and ash. Some organisms accumulate vanadium, but its essentiality is limited and species-specific.
Vanadium is produced mainly from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite ores, from slags generated during iron and steel processing, and from residues such as spent catalysts and certain petroleum ashes. The market is closely tied to steelmaking, so demand can fluctuate with construction and infrastructure cycles. Battery use is a growing but smaller source of demand and may favor leasing or electrolyte recycling because the vanadium remains recoverable. Substitution in steels is possible in some cases with niobium, molybdenum, or other alloying strategies, but performance and cost differ.
Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite, important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found in small percentages in meteorites.
Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures.
Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybair.
Vanadium is a minor cosmic element compared with neighboring iron-group elements. It is made during stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova-related processes, but its abundance is limited by nuclear stability and production pathways. In planetary materials it occurs as a trace lithophile to moderately siderophile element and is commonly incorporated into silicates, oxides, and metal-rich phases rather than forming its own minerals.
- Vanadium was named for Vanadis, a name associated with the Norse goddess Freyja, because of its colorful compounds.
- Small vanadium additions can refine steel grain size through stable carbides and nitrides.
- A single vanadium redox-flow battery can use vanadium on both sides, reducing cross-contamination problems.
- Vanadium in crude oil can poison some refining catalysts if not removed or managed.
- High-purity vanadium is much more ductile than metal contaminated with interstitial elements.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 135 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 153 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 179 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 122 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 6000 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.00835 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 1909.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 3406.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 30.7 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.489 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 24.89 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 体心立方構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.63 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.53
- 電子親和力
- 0.525 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 6.746187 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 14.63405 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 29.311201 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 46.709161 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 65.281875 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 5 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Ar] 4s2 3d3
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.22283256 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 4.76758 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 5.329326 eV
- 原子化熱
- 5.329326 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 5.342799 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 23 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 28 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 29 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 1 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- V-51
- 発見年
- 1830
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 120 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 0.003 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 302 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 11, 2 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-62-2 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 4F3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/V
- InChI Key
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
V: 3d³ 4s²[Ar] 3d³ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d³ 4s²原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 51 安定 | 50.94395704 ± 0.00000094 | 99.7500% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（1909.85 °C）より1884.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全23件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| V I | 0 | 3985 | 1256 | 3985 |
| V II | +1 | 3568 | 1896 | 3568 |
| V III | +2 | 94 | 30 | 30 |
| V IV | +3 | 423 | 300 | 423 |
| V V | +4 | 164 | 10 | 164 |
| V VI | +5 | 175 | 4 | 175 |
| V VII | +6 | 39 | 9 | 39 |
| V VIII | +7 | 69 | 19 | 69 |
| V IX | +8 | 72 | 44 | 72 |
| V X | +9 | 69 | 45 | 69 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| V I | 0 | 550 |
| V II | +1 | 408 |
| V III | +2 | 300 |
| V IV | +3 | 100 |
| V V | +4 | 71 |
| V VI | +5 | 62 |
| V VII | +6 | 35 |
| V VIII | +7 | 52 |
| V IX | +8 | 39 |
| V X | +9 | 28 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | データなし | 79 pm |
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 64 pm |
| +4 | 5 | データなし | 53 pm |
| +4 | 6 | データなし | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +4 | 8 | データなし | 72 pm |
| +5 | 4 | データなし | 35.5 pm |
| +5 | 5 | データなし | 46 pm |
| +5 | 6 | データなし | 54 pm |
化合物
同位体 (1)
Natural vanadium is a mixture of two isotopes, 50V (0.24%) and 51V (99.76%). 50V is slightly radioactive, having a half-life of> 3.9 x 1017 years. Nine other unstable isotopes are recognized.
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 安定 | 50.94395704 ± 0.00000094 | 99.7500% ± 0.0040% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
全2461件中50件を表示しています。 初期設定では、強度の測定値があるスペクトル線のみを表示します。
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 437.92304 nm | 74000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 411.17788 nm | 53000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 438.4713 nm | 44000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 438.99793 nm | 30000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 440.85162 nm | 29000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 411.51768 nm | 25000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 439.52233 nm | 23000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 440.81958 nm | 23000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 385.58404 nm | 18000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 412.80642 nm | 18000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 413.19909 nm | 18000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 409.97833 nm | 17000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 410.5157 nm | 17000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 440.76338 nm | 17000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 384.074941 nm | 16000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 390.22531 nm | 14000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 410.97575 nm | 14000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 413.44835 nm | 14000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 440.66382 nm | 14000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 446.02914 nm | 13000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p z 6P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 412.34985 nm | 12000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 409.26831 nm | 11000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 411.64716 nm | 11000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 382.855694 nm | 10000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 387.507162 nm | 9000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 459.41158 nm | 8900000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 440.05717 nm | 8800000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 609.02084 nm | 8100000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d4.(5D).4p z 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 386.48561 nm | 7900000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 381.82414 nm | 7800000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 569.85189 nm | 7200000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 435.28654 nm | 6600000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 445.97536 nm | 6300000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p z 6P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 381.349106 nm | 6000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 458.6366 nm | 5700000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 570.3575 nm | 5600000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 624.31073 nm | 5500000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 409.0568 nm | 5300000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(1P*) w 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 488.15569 nm | 5300000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 444.168 nm | 5200000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p z 6P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 572.70445 nm | 5100000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 434.0998 nm | 5000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 458.03967 nm | 4400000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 487.54859 nm | 4400000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 409.54749 nm | 4300000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(1P*) w 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 389.01792 nm | 4200000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 2G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 390.98572 nm | 4200000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 441.64662 nm | 4000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 442.15674 nm | 4000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 443.78304 nm | 4000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p z 6P* | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 134 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 112 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 106 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 242 pm
- UFF
- 314.4 pm
- MM3
- 229 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 252 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 134 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 47
- Pettifor
- 54
- Glawe
- 54
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 87 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 10 a.u.
- C₆
- 832 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 955 Ha·Bohr6
化学親和力
- プロトン親和力
- 859.4 kJ/mol
- 気相塩基性
- 836.8 kJ/mol
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 8.36 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 4
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 34
- 相対供給リスク
- 7
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 36
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 44
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 24
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 2183.15 K |
| 沸点 | 3680.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (7)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.5744 |
| 2 | p | 3.9272 |
| 2 | s | 6.8186 |
| 3 | d | 14.0171 |
| 3 | p | 12.215 |
| 3 | s | 11.2907 |
| 4 | s | 18.0188 |
結晶半径の詳細 (8)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 93 | ||
| 3 | VI | 78 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | V | 67 | ||
| 4 | VI | 72 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VIII | 86 | estimated, | |
| 5 | IV | 49.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | V | 60 | ||
| 5 | VI | 68 |
同位体の崩壊形式 (52)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 39 | p | — |
| 40 | p | — |
| 41 | p | — |
| 42 | p | — |
| 43 | B+ | 100% |
| 43 | B+p | 2.5% |
| 44 | B+ | 100% |
| 44 | B+A | — |
| 44 | B+p | — |
| 45 | B+ | 100% |
X線散乱因子 (504)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.06459 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.11805 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.17419 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.23315 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.29507 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.3601 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.42839 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.50012 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.57258 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.6378 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.20×102 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Vanadium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele023.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.5×10-3 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Vanadium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele023.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite, important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found in small percentages in meteorites.
Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures.
Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybair.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Vanadium https://periodic.lanl.gov/23.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Vanadium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.