Titanium (Ti)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
47.867 u電子配置
[Ar] 4s2 3d2融点
1667.85 °C沸点
3286.85 °C密度
4500 kg/m³酸化数
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.54第1イオン化エネルギー
6.82812 eV発見年
1791原子半径
140 pm詳細
Titanium is a light, strong transition metal with a high melting point and exceptional resistance to corrosion in many natural and industrial environments. Its chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state, although +3 and lower states occur in specialized compounds. The metal is abundant in Earth’s crust but is rarely found in concentrated metallic form because it bonds strongly to oxygen and nitrogen. Its combination of low density, strength, and passivation makes it important in aerospace, chemical equipment, pigments, and medical materials.
Titanium, when pure, is a lustrous, white metal. It has a low density, good strength, is easily fabricated, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is ductile only when it is free of oxygen. The metal, which burns in air, is the only element that burns in nitrogen.
Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, most organic acids, most chlorine gas, and chloride solutions.
Natural titanium is reported to become very radioactive after bombardment with deuterons. The emitted radiations are mostly positrons and hard gamma rays. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal alpha form changes to the cubic beta form very slowly at about 880°C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550°C.
Titanium metal is considered to be physiologically inert. When pure, titanium dioxide is relatively clear and has an extremely high index of refraction with an optical dispersion higher than diamond.
The name derives from the Latin titans, who were the mythological "first sons of the earth". It was originally discovered by the English clergyman William Gregor in the mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3) in 1791. He called this mineral menachanite and the element menachin, for the Menachan parish where it was found. It was rediscovered in 1795 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who called it titanium because it had no characteristic properties to use as a name. Titanium metal was first isolated by the Swedish chemists Sven Otto Pettersson and Lars Fredrik Nilson.
Titanium was discovered in 1791 by the Reverend William Gregor, an English pastor. Pure titanium was first produced by Matthew A. Hunter, an American metallurgist, in 1910. Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust and is primarily found in the minerals rutile (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) and sphene (CaTiSiO5). Titanium makes up about 0.57% of the earth's crust.
From the Latin titans, the first sons of the Earth, Greek mythology.
Discovered by Gregor in 1791; named by Klaproth in 1795. Impure titanium was prepared by Nilson and Pettersson in 1887; however, the pure metal (99.9%) was not made until 1910 when Hunter heated TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb.
Pure titanium is a silvery gray metal. It is ductile when sufficiently pure, but interstitial oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, or hydrogen can harden and embrittle it. At ordinary temperatures it is protected by a thin, adherent oxide film that reforms rapidly after scratching in air or water.
Most titanium mined is not converted to metal but to titanium dioxide, TiO₂, a white pigment used in paints, plastics, paper, inks, ceramics, and sunscreens. Metallic titanium and its alloys are used where high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance justify the cost, including aircraft structures, jet-engine parts, marine hardware, heat exchangers, and chemical-process equipment. Biocompatible titanium alloys are used for dental and orthopedic implants. Titanium is also used in some sporting goods, architecture, and as a getter or alloying addition in metallurgy.
Titanium is a strong, light metal. It is as strong as steel and twice as strong as aluminum, but is 45% lighter than steel and only 60% heavier than aluminum. Titanium is not easily corroded by sea water and is used in propeller shafts, rigging and other parts of boats that are exposed to sea water. Titanium and titanium alloys are used in airplanes, missiles and rockets where strength, low weight and resistance to high temperatures are important. Since titanium does not react within the human body, it is used to create artificial hips, pins for setting bones and for other biological implants. Unfortunately, the high cost of titanium has limited its widespread use.
Titanium oxide (TiO2) is used as a pigment to create white paint and accounts for the largest use of the element. Pure titanium oxide is relatively clear and is used to create titania, an artificial gemstone. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), another titanium compound, has been used to make smoke screens.
A final bit of titanium trivia titanium is one of the few elements that will burn in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen.
Titanium is important as an alloying agent with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Alloys of titanium are principally used for aircraft and missiles where lightweight strength and ability to withstand extremes of temperature are important.
Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter. It is 60% heavier than aluminum, but twice as strong.
Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has excellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with platinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water.
It is produced artificially for use as a gemstone, but it is relatively soft. Star sapphires and rubies exhibit their asterism as a result of the presence of TiO2.
Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and artist's paint, because it is permanent and has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and is extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor viewing conditions.
Titanium tetrachloride is used to iridize glass. This compound fumes strongly in air and has been used to produce smoke screens.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The isotope-amount ratio n(50Ti)/n(46Ti) is used to study the early history of the Solar System. The value of the ratio can help determine whether the Solar System was created from a well-homogenized source [197] I. Leya, M. Schönbächler, U. Krähenbühl, A. N. Halliday. Astrophys. J.702, 1118 (2009)., [198] R. Courtland. Titanium Reveals Explosive Origins of the Solar System, New Scientist (2014), Feb. 25; http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16969-titanium-reveals-explosive-origins-of-the-solar-system.html.. For example, variations in titanium isotopic compositions of various groups of meteorites can be observed (Fig. IUPAC.22.1) [199] J. Zhang, N. Dauphas, A. M. Davis, A. Pourmand. J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26, 2197 (2011)..
Isotopes in Industry
The isotope-amount ratio n(48Ti)/n(49Ti) has been used in Isotope Ratio Method (IRM) analysis (initial titanium ratio/final titanium ratio) to estimate the energy production of nuclear reactors. This ratio can also be used to confirm that a reactor is being used for non-proliferation purposes (purposes other than to assist in the formation of nuclear weapon grade materials) [201] D. C. Gerlach, C. J. Gesh, D. E. Hurley, M. R. Mitchell, G. H. Meriwether, B. D. Reid. Final Report on Isotope Ratio Techniques for Light Water Reactors, PNNL-18573. U.S. Department of Energy (2009)..
Titanium forms stable oxides, halides, nitrides, carbides, and organometallic compounds. Titanium dioxide, TiO₂, occurs mainly as rutile, anatase, and brookite and is chemically durable and optically important. Titanium tetrachloride, TiCl₄, is a volatile liquid used in metal production and pigment processing; it fumes in moist air by hydrolysis. Titanium nitride, TiN, is a hard, gold-colored ceramic coating. Titanium carbide, TiC, is a very hard refractory material. In aqueous chemistry, Ti⁴⁺ hydrolyzes strongly, while Ti³⁺ compounds are reducing and less stable in air.
See more information at the Titanium compound page.
Massive titanium metal is generally of low toxicity and is widely used in implants, but fine powder, turnings, and dust can burn vigorously and may pose explosion hazards when dispersed. Hot titanium reacts readily with oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Titanium tetrachloride, TiCl₄, is highly corrosive and releases hydrogen chloride, HCl, on contact with moisture. Titanium dioxide, TiO₂, is chemically inert in many uses, but inhalation of respirable dust is controlled in occupational settings.
Titanium is a common lithophile element in rocks and soils, mostly locked in resistant oxide and silicate minerals. It has low biological availability because Ti⁴⁺ is strongly hydrolyzed and insoluble under many environmental conditions. Weathering can concentrate titanium minerals such as rutile and ilmenite in heavy-mineral sands. Titanium dioxide particles are persistent, and their environmental behavior depends on particle size, surface coating, and light exposure rather than simple dissolution.
Titanium supply is tied mainly to mineral feedstocks used for pigment production, especially ilmenite and rutile, rather than to metallic titanium demand. Metal production is energy- and process-intensive because titanium cannot be reduced easily from its oxide; the Kroll process converts titanium tetrachloride, TiCl₄, with magnesium to produce sponge metal. Alloy fabrication and machining are costly compared with steel or aluminum. Recycling of clean titanium scrap is important in aerospace and medical supply chains, while contaminated scrap is harder to reuse in high-grade alloys.
Titanium is present in meteorites and the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2; rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages.
Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them.
It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in ash of coal, in plants, and in human body.
The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is still largely used for producing the metal. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide.
Titanium is produced in massive stars and supernova environments by nuclear burning and related explosive nucleosynthesis. It is a minor but widely detected element in the Sun, meteorites, and many stellar spectra. In rocky planets it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and is incorporated into oxide and silicate minerals rather than metallic cores. Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in meteorites can contain titanium-bearing refractory phases.
- Titanium was named after the Titans of Greek mythology, not after the element’s strength.
- The metal’s useful corrosion resistance comes from a nanometer-scale TiO₂ film.
- Titanium can burn in nitrogen at high temperature, forming titanium nitride.
- Commercially pure titanium grades differ largely by controlled oxygen content.
- Titanium tetrachloride produces dense white fumes in humid air.
- Rutile TiO₂ has one of the highest refractive indices of common colorless solids.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 140 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 160 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 187 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 132 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 4500 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0106 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 1667.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 3286.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 21.9 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.523 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 25.06 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 六方最密充填構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.54 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.38
- 電子親和力
- 0.0755 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 6.82812 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 13.575547 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 27.491805 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 43.267319 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 99.299342 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 4 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Ar] 4s2 3d2
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.14665492 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 4.40483 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 4.851531 eV
- 原子化熱
- 4.851531 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 4.902316 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 22 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 26 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 29 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 5 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Ti-48
- 発見年
- 1791
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 5650 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 0.001 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 295 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 10, 2 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-32-6 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 3F2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ti
- InChI Key
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Ti: 3d² 4s²[Ar] 3d² 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d² 4s²原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 46 安定 | 45.95262772 ± 0.00000035 | 8.2500% | 安定 |
| 47 安定 | 46.95175879 ± 0.00000038 | 7.4400% | 安定 |
| 48 安定 | 47.94794198 ± 0.00000038 | 73.7200% | 安定 |
| 49 安定 | 48.94786568 ± 0.00000039 | 5.4100% | 安定 |
| 50 安定 | 49.94478689 ± 0.00000039 | 5.1800% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（1667.85 °C）より1642.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全22件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti I | 0 | 4029 | 496 | 4029 |
| Ti II | +1 | 1872 | 470 | 1872 |
| Ti III | +2 | 819 | 297 | 819 |
| Ti IV | +3 | 86 | 39 | 86 |
| Ti V | +4 | 252 | 4 | 252 |
| Ti VI | +5 | 71 | 14 | 71 |
| Ti VII | +6 | 92 | 13 | 92 |
| Ti VIII | +7 | 85 | 37 | 85 |
| Ti IX | +8 | 85 | 50 | 85 |
| Ti X | +9 | 162 | 78 | 162 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Ti I | 0 | 559 |
| Ti II | +1 | 253 |
| Ti III | +2 | 200 |
| Ti IV | +3 | 40 |
| Ti V | +4 | 66 |
| Ti VI | +5 | 59 |
| Ti VII | +6 | 62 |
| Ti VIII | +7 | 44 |
| Ti IX | +8 | 32 |
| Ti X | +9 | 83 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | データなし | 86 pm |
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 67 pm |
| +4 | 4 | データなし | 42 pm |
| +4 | 5 | データなし | 51 pm |
| +4 | 6 | データなし | 60.5 pm |
| +4 | 8 | データなし | 74 pm |
化合物
同位体 (5)
Natural titanium consists of five isotopes with atomic masses from 46 to 50. All are stable. Eight other unstable isotopes are known.
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46 安定 | 45.95262772 ± 0.00000035 | 8.2500% ± 0.0300% | 安定 | stable | |
| 47 安定 | 46.95175879 ± 0.00000038 | 7.4400% ± 0.0200% | 安定 | stable | |
| 48 安定 | 47.94794198 ± 0.00000038 | 73.7200% ± 0.0300% | 安定 | stable | |
| 49 安定 | 48.94786568 ± 0.00000039 | 5.4100% ± 0.0200% | 安定 | stable | |
| 50 安定 | 49.94478689 ± 0.00000039 | 5.1800% ± 0.0200% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
全1717件中50件を表示しています。 初期設定では、強度の測定値があるスペクトル線のみを表示します。
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 521.03843 nm | 21000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 506.46526 nm | 17000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 519.29686 nm | 17000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 517.37431 nm | 15000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 498.17305 nm | 14000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 503.99574 nm | 14000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 468.19089 nm | 13000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 499.1066 nm | 13000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 499.9503 nm | 12000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 501.41861 nm | 11000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 399.86363 nm | 10000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 466.75845 nm | 10000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 500.72093 nm | 10000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 453.32394 nm | 9200 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 398.17616 nm | 8800 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 398.97582 nm | 8800 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 501.42762 nm | 8700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 395.82055 nm | 8600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 465.64693 nm | 8400 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 395.63338 nm | 8000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 453.47761 nm | 7900 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 394.86705 nm | 7000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 484.08737 nm | 6600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 1D → 3d2.(1D).4s.4p.(1P*) y 1D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 430.59074 nm | 6400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 453.55686 nm | 6100 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 394.77683 nm | 5700 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(1D).4s.4p.(3P*) 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 502.00263 nm | 5100 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 430.10787 nm | 4900 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 503.5903 nm | 4900 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s b 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p w 3G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 502.28679 nm | 4800 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 453.59176 nm | 4700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 430.05538 nm | 4400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 453.60403 nm | 4000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 503.64639 nm | 4000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s b 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p w 3G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 501.61609 nm | 3800 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 451.8022 nm | 3700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 488.50794 nm | 3700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(2G).4s a 3G → 3d3.(2G).4p y 3H* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 392.45264 nm | 3600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 402.45711 nm | 3600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 390.47826 nm | 3500 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 1D → 3d2.(1D).4s.4p.(1P*) y 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 452.2797 nm | 3500 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 502.48444 nm | 3500 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 398.24811 nm | 3400 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3P).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5S* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 454.87635 nm | 3400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 455.24533 nm | 3400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 400.89274 nm | 3300 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 503.83979 nm | 3300 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s b 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p w 3G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 392.98737 nm | 3200 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 429.86657 nm | 3200 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 489.99088 nm | 3200 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(2G).4s a 3G → 3d3.(2G).4p y 3H* | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 136 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 117 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 108 pm
- 共有結合半径（Bragg）
- 140 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 215 pm
- Alvarez
- 246 pm
- UFF
- 317.5 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 257 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 147 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 43
- Pettifor
- 51
- Glawe
- 51
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 100 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 10 a.u.
- C₆
- 1044 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1200 Ha·Bohr6
化学親和力
- プロトン親和力
- 876 kJ/mol
- 気相塩基性
- 853.7 kJ/mol
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 10.58 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 4
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 21
- 相対供給リスク
- 5
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 29
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 81
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 24
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 1943.15 K |
| 沸点 | 3560.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (7)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.5591 |
| 2 | p | 3.9352 |
| 2 | s | 6.6234 |
| 3 | d | 13.8586 |
| 3 | p | 11.8963 |
| 3 | s | 10.9669 |
| 4 | s | 17.1832 |
結晶半径の詳細 (6)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 100 | estimated, | |
| 3 | VI | 81 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | IV | 56 | calculated, | |
| 4 | V | 65 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 74.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VIII | 88 | calculated, |
同位体の崩壊形式 (47)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 37 | p | — |
| 38 | 2p | — |
| 39 | B+ | 100% |
| 39 | B+p | 93.7% |
| 39 | 2p | — |
| 40 | B+ | 100% |
| 40 | B+p | 95.8% |
| 41 | B+ | 100% |
| 41 | B+p | 91.1% |
| 42 | B+ | 100% |
X線散乱因子 (530)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.51668 |
| 10.1428 | — | 1.54246 |
| 10.3068 | — | 1.57217 |
| 10.4735 | — | 1.60245 |
| 10.6429 | — | 1.63331 |
| 10.8151 | — | 1.66477 |
| 10.99 | — | 1.70636 |
| 11.1677 | — | 1.75257 |
| 11.3484 | — | 1.80003 |
| 11.5319 | — | 1.84878 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
5.65×103 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Titanium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele022.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-3 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Titanium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele022.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Titanium is present in meteorites and the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2; rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages.
Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them.
It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in ash of coal, in plants, and in human body.
The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is still largely used for producing the metal. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Titanium https://periodic.lanl.gov/22.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Titanium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.