Livermorium (Lv)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
Peso atomico standard
[293]Configurazione elettronica
[Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (Previsto)Punto di fusione
506,85 °CPunto di ebollizione
861,85 °CDensità
1,29e+4 kg/m³Stati di ossidazione
−2, +2, +4Elettronegatività (Pauling)
N/DEnergia di ionizzazione (1ª)
N/DAnno della scoperta
2000Raggio atomico
183 pmDettagli
Livermorium is a synthetic superheavy element in group 16, below polonium. It has only been made atom by atom in nuclear reactions, and all confirmed isotopes are extremely short-lived. Its placement suggests a heavy chalcogen, but relativistic effects are expected to alter its chemistry. No macroscopic sample has existed, so most chemical and physical properties remain predicted rather than measured.
Livermorium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. In 2000, scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia (Fig. IUPAC.116.1) worked with scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the University of California and other collaborators to synthesize element 116. This element was first given the placeholder name ununhexium; in May of 2012 it was granted the name livermorium, with the symbol Lv. Researchers first studied livermorium as a decay product of oganesson and then synthesized livermorium by bombarding atoms of 248Cm with ions of 48Ca. The initial reaction of 248Cm with 48Ca produced the isotope 292Lv. Researchers were also able to produce livermorium by bombarding 245Cm with 48Ca. There are four known isotopes of livermorium [669], [674]. Livermorium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
On December 6, 2000, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, announced the creation of livermorium. They produced livermorium by bombarding atoms of curium-248 with ions of calcium-48. This produced livermorium-292, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.6 milliseconds (0.0006 seconds), and four free neutrons. Livermorium's most stable isotope, livermorium-293, has a half-life of about 53 milliseconds. It decays into flerovium-289 through alpha decay.
Livermorium is a synthetic element with the symbol Lv and an atomic number of 116.
It was first reported by Russian scientists from Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) in 2000. Its former name was ununhexium and the name Livermorium name was adopted by IUPAC on May 31, 2012.
The appearance of livermorium is unknown because no visible or weighable sample has been produced. Predictions generally treat it as a very heavy metallic solid under ordinary conditions, but this has not been experimentally observed.
Livermorium has no practical use outside nuclear and chemical research. Its atoms are produced to study superheavy nuclei, decay chains, nuclear shell effects, and the limits of the periodic table. Any chemical experiments would necessarily be atom-at-a-time studies with rapidly decaying isotopes, not applications using a stored material.
Since only a few atoms of livermorium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No bulk livermorium compounds are known. As a group 16 element, it is expected to show chemistry related to tellurium and polonium, with oxidation states such as +2 and possibly +4 considered plausible. The +6 state, common for lighter chalcogens in compounds such as sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), is predicted to be less stable for livermorium because of strong relativistic effects. Specific compounds such as livermorium dioxide (LvO₂) or livermorium hydride (LvH₂) remain theoretical.
See more information at the Livermorium compound page.
Livermorium presents a radiological hazard in principle, but only minute numbers of atoms have been made. Its known isotopes decay rapidly by alpha emission and spontaneous fission pathways within decay chains. Laboratory risk is governed mainly by accelerator targets, intense beams, recoil separators, and the radioactive daughter products, rather than by chemical exposure to livermorium itself.
Livermorium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms made in laboratories decay too quickly and in too small a number to produce measurable environmental concentrations. Any release would be negligible in chemical terms, with radiological relevance limited to the immediate experimental context and its decay products.
Livermorium has no commodity market, commercial supply, or industrial demand. Production requires heavy-ion accelerators, rare target materials, and specialized detection systems capable of identifying single atoms through their decay chains. The cost is therefore embedded in large-scale nuclear research rather than in the price of a material. There is no recycling or stockpiling of livermorium, because produced atoms decay before any macroscopic inventory could exist.
Made by bombardng curium-248 with calcium-48.
Livermorium is not expected to occur in ordinary cosmic or planetary matter. If formed in extreme nucleosynthetic events, its known isotopes would decay far too quickly to survive to the present. Searches for long-lived superheavy nuclei concern possible islands of stability, but no naturally occurring livermorium isotope has been confirmed.
- Livermorium was named for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
- Confirmed livermorium atoms have been identified through decay chains, not by weighing a sample.
- Its chemistry is expected to be strongly affected by relativistic electron behavior.
- The element lies below polonium but is not simply a heavier ordinary chalcogen.
- Even the longest-lived known livermorium isotopes have half-lives measured on very short experimental timescales.
Immagini
Proprietà
Fisiche
- Raggio atomico (empirico)
- 183 pm Confronta Raggio atomico (empirico) di tutti gli elementi →
- Densità
- 1,29 × 104 kg/m³ Confronta Densità di tutti gli elementi →
- Fase in condizioni STP
- Solido Confronta Fase in condizioni STP di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di fusione
- 506,85 °C Confronta Punto di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di ebollizione
- 861,85 °C Confronta Punto di ebollizione di tutti gli elementi →
Chimiche
- Affinità elettronica
- 0,7 eV
- Stati di ossidazione
- −2, +2, +4 Confronta Stati di ossidazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettroni di valenza
- 6 Confronta Elettroni di valenza di tutti gli elementi →
- Configurazione elettronica
- [Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (Previsto)
Termodinamiche
N/D
Nucleari
- Protoni
- 116 Confronta Protoni di tutti gli elementi →
- Neutroni
- 177 Confronta Neutroni di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi noti
- 5 Confronta Isotopi noti di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi stabili
- 0 Confronta Isotopi stabili di tutti gli elementi →
- Numero di massa (isotopo più stabile)
- 293
- Isotopo più stabile
- Lv-293
- Anno della scoperta
- 2000
Abbondanza
N/D
Struttura cristallina
N/D
Struttura elettronica
- Elettroni per guscio
- 14, 10, 6 Confronta Elettroni per guscio di tutti gli elementi →
Identificativi
- Numero CAS
- 54100-71-9 Confronta Numero CAS di tutti gli elementi →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Lv
- Chiave InChI
- ONFASNXETZOODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configurazione elettronica Previsto
——Dati sulla configurazione elettronica non disponibili per questo ione.
Modello atomico
Gli isotopi modificano il numero di neutroni, la massa e la stabilità — non la configurazione elettronica di un atomo neutro.
N/D
Modello atomico schematico, non in scala.
Impronta atomica
Spettro di emissione / assorbimento
Distribuzione isotopica
Nessun isotopo stabile.
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita |
|---|---|---|---|
| 289 Radioattivo | 289,19816 ± 0,00057 | N/D | 16 ms |
| 290 Radioattivo | 290,19864 ± 0,00071 | N/D | 9 ms |
| 291 Radioattivo | 291,20108 ± 0,00066 | N/D | 26 ms |
| 292 Radioattivo | 292,20174 ± 0,00091 | N/D | 16 ms |
| 293 Radioattivo | 293,20449 ± 0,0006 | N/D | 70 ms |
Fase / Stato
Motivo: 481,9 °C sotto il punto di fusione (506,85 °C)
Schema non in scala
Punti di transizione di fase
Densità
In condizioni standard
In condizioni standard
Dati sulla struttura cristallina non disponibili
Isotopi (5)
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita | Modalità di decadimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 289 Radioattivo | 289,19816 ± 0,00057 | N/D | 16 ms | α ? | |
| 290 Radioattivo | 290,19864 ± 0,00071 | N/D | 9 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 291 Radioattivo | 291,20108 ± 0,00066 | N/D | 26 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 292 Radioattivo | 292,20174 ± 0,00091 | N/D | 16 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 293 Radioattivo | 293,20449 ± 0,0006 | N/D | 70 ms | α ≈100%SF ? |
Proprietà estese
Raggi covalenti (dati estesi)
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 175 pm
Scale di numerazione
- Mendeleev
- 104
Categorie degli stati di ossidazione
Dati di riferimento avanzati
Modalità di decadimento degli isotopi (9)
| Isotopo | Modalità | Intensità |
|---|---|---|
| 289 | A | — |
| 290 | A | 100% |
| 290 | SF | — |
| 291 | A | 100% |
| 291 | SF | — |
| 292 | A | 100% |
| 292 | SF | — |
| 293 | A | 100% |
| 293 | SF | — |
Dati aggiuntivi
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
Riferimenti (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Riferimenti (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
Riferimenti
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Livermorium.