Indium (In)
post-transition-metalSolid
Bobot Atom Standar
114,818 uKonfigurasi elektron
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p1Titik lebur
156,6 °CTitik didih
2071,85 °CMassa jenis
7310 kg/m³Bilangan oksidasi
−5, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3Keelektronegatifan (Pauling)
1,78Energi ionisasi (ke-1)
5,786356 eVTahun penemuan
1863Jari-jari atom
155 pmDetail
Indium is a soft, silvery post-transition metal in group 13. It is chemically related to gallium and thallium, but its stable chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, with +1 compounds also known. The element is rare in Earth's crust and is obtained chiefly as a by-product of zinc refining. Its technological importance is disproportionate to its abundance, especially because transparent conducting indium tin oxide is central to flat-panel displays, touch screens, and other optoelectronic devices.
Indium is available in ultra pure form. Indium is a very soft, silvery-white metal with a brilliant luster. The pure metal gives a high-pitched "cry" when bent. It wets glass, as does gallium.
The name derives from the term "indigo" for the indigo-blue line in the element's spark spectrum. It was discovered in 1863 by the German physicist Ferdinand Reich and the German metallurgist Hieronymus Theodor Richter, while examining zinc blende. They isolated indium in 1867.
Indium was discovered by the German chemists Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter in 1863. Reich and Richter had been looking for traces of the element thallium in samples of zinc ores. A brilliant indigo line in the sample's spectrum revealed the existence of indium. Indium is about as abundant as silver but is much easier to recover since it typically occurs along with zinc, iron, lead and copper ores.
From the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum. Discovered by Reich and Richter, who later isolated the metal. Until 1924, a gram or so constituted the world's supply of this element in isolated form. It is probably about as abundant as silver. About 4 million troy ounces of indium are now produced annually in the Free World. Canada is presently producing more than 1,000,000 troy ounces annually.
Pure indium is a very soft, lustrous, silvery-white metal at ordinary conditions. It can be cut with a knife, leaves a mark on paper, and emits a characteristic high-pitched “cry” when bent as its crystals deform. It melts at a relatively low temperature for a metal, about 157 °C.
The largest use of indium is in indium tin oxide, a transparent and electrically conducting oxide coating used on displays, touch panels, solar cells, and low-emissivity glass. Indium metal and indium-rich alloys are used in low-melting solders, fusible alloys, thermal interface materials, and seals that wet glass or ceramics. Indium is also used in compound semiconductors such as indium phosphide and indium gallium arsenide for high-speed electronics, lasers, photodetectors, and some photovoltaic cells.
Indium is used to coat the bearings of high speed motors since it allows for the even distribution of lubricating oil. Indium is used to dope germanium to make transistors. It is also used to make other electrical components such as rectifiers, thermistors and photoconductors. Indium can be used to make mirrors that are as reflective as silver mirrors but do not tarnish as quickly. Indium is also used to make low melting alloys. An alloy of 24% indium and 76% gallium is a liquid at room temperature.
It has found application in making low-melting allows; an allow of 24% indium - 76% gallium is liquid at room temperature. It is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, thermistors, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
Isotopes in Medicine
111In (with a half-life of 2.8 days) is used in indium leukocyte imaging (Fig. IUPAC.49.1), in which white blood cells that are abundant at sites of infection are labeled with 111In to help locate the source of the infection [361] M. T. Syrjälä, V. Valtonen, K. Liewendahl, G. Myllylä. J. Nucl. Med.28, 155 (1987)., [362] M. D. Cerqueira, A. F. Jacobson. J. Nucl. Med.30, 703 (1989)., [363] C. Love, C. J. Palestro. J. Nucl. Med.Technol.32, 47 (2004)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
113In is used to produce 113Sn (with a half-life of 115 days) via the reaction 113In (p, n) 113Sn, and 113In is used to produce the radioisotope 110In (with a half-life of 1.15 h) [364] F. E. Fakhari. Separation and Purification of 111In from Irradiated Cadmium Targets by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Method for Medical Applications, Deutsche National Bibliothek (2014), Feb. 26; http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2006/0132/view.html., [365] M. Mostafa, A. A. El Sadek, H. El Said, M. A. El Amir. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci.10, 1 (2009)..
Indium most often forms In³⁺ compounds, although In⁺ chemistry is significant and can be stabilized in some solids and salts. Indium(III) oxide, In₂O₃, is a wide-band-gap oxide and the main component of indium tin oxide. Indium(III) chloride, InCl₃, is a common Lewis-acidic reagent and precursor. Indium phosphide, InP, and indium arsenide, InAs, are important III-V semiconductors. Indium forms many alloys and intermetallic compounds, and its organometallic chemistry includes precursors used in vapor deposition.
See more information at the Indium compound page.
Bulk indium metal has low acute toxicity, but fine dusts, fumes, and soluble indium compounds require control in industrial settings. Inhalation exposure to indium tin oxide and some indium compounds has been associated with serious lung disease in workers. Many semiconductor compounds containing indium also contain toxic partners such as arsenic or phosphide-forming materials, so hazards are not due to indium alone. Natural indium has no significant radiological hazard.
There is evidence that indium has a low order of toxicity; however, care should be taken until further information is available.
Indium occurs mainly as a trace constituent in sulfide ores, especially zinc ores such as sphalerite, rather than as abundant indium minerals. During weathering and processing it tends to follow chalcophile pathways and can be retained in sulfide-rich residues or industrial wastes. Environmental concentrations are usually very low, and indium has no known biological role. Releases are most relevant near mining, smelting, refining, and electronic-material manufacturing sites.
Indium is not mined as a primary metal in most operations. It is recovered chiefly from residues and intermediate streams produced during zinc smelting and refining, with smaller contributions from other base-metal processing. Supply therefore depends strongly on ore composition, recovery technology, and the economics of host metals. Demand is led by transparent conducting oxides and specialized semiconductors, while solders and alloys account for smaller but useful markets. Recycling occurs from manufacturing scrap and some end-of-life products, but dispersed thin-film uses make complete recovery difficult. Substitution is possible in some applications, yet often involves trade-offs in conductivity, transparency, processing, or reliability.
Indium is most frequently associated with zinc materials, and it is from these that most commercial indium is now obtained; however, it is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores.
Indium is a relatively scarce element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from both slow and rapid neutron-capture nucleosynthesis. In planetary materials it is strongly chalcophile and is concentrated more readily in sulfide phases than in silicates, helping explain its association with zinc, lead, and tin ores on Earth.
- Natural indium is dominated by ¹¹⁵In, which is very weakly radioactive but has an extremely long half-life.
- Indium metal can form cold-welded seals because it remains soft and malleable at low temperatures.
- The element was named from the indigo-blue spectral line used in its discovery.
- Indium tin oxide is useful because it combines optical transparency with electrical conductivity.
- Indium wets glass better than many common metals, making it useful in special seals.
Gambar
Sifat
Fisika
- Jari-jari atom (empiris)
- 155 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari atom (empiris) semua unsur →
- Jari-jari kovalen
- 142 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari kovalen semua unsur →
- Jari-jari van der Waals
- 193 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari van der Waals semua unsur →
- Jari-jari logam
- 142 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari logam semua unsur →
- Massa jenis
- 7310 kg/m³ Bandingkan Massa jenis semua unsur →
- Volume molar
- 0,0157 L/mol
- Fase pada STP
- Padat Bandingkan Fase pada STP semua unsur →
- Titik lebur
- 156,6 °C Bandingkan Titik lebur semua unsur →
- Titik didih
- 2071,85 °C Bandingkan Titik didih semua unsur →
- Konduktivitas termal
- 81,8 W/(m·K) Bandingkan Konduktivitas termal semua unsur →
- Kapasitas kalor spesifik
- 0,233 J/(g·K) Bandingkan Kapasitas kalor spesifik semua unsur →
- Kapasitas kalor molar
- 26,74 J/(mol·K) Bandingkan Kapasitas kalor molar semua unsur →
- Struktur kristal
- Tetragonal Bandingkan Struktur kristal semua unsur →
Kimia
- Keelektronegatifan (Pauling)
- 1,78 Bandingkan Keelektronegatifan (Pauling) semua unsur →
- Keelektronegatifan (Allen)
- 1,656
- Afinitas elektron
- 0,3 eV
- Energi ionisasi (ke-1)
- 5,786356 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-1) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-2)
- 18,870475 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-2) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-3)
- 28,044247 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-3) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-4)
- 55,450191 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-4) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-5)
- 69,300239 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-5) semua unsur →
- Bilangan oksidasi
- −5, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 Bandingkan Bilangan oksidasi semua unsur →
- Elektron valensi
- 3 Bandingkan Elektron valensi semua unsur →
- Konfigurasi elektron
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p1
Termodinamika
- Titik tripel (suhu)
- 156,5936 °C
- Kalor peleburan
- 0,03378764 eV Bandingkan Kalor peleburan semua unsur →
- Kalor penguapan
- 2,402446 eV Bandingkan Kalor penguapan semua unsur →
- Kalor sublimasi
- 2,518526 eV
- Kalor atomisasi
- 2,518526 eV
- Entalpi atomisasi
- 2,518526 eV
Nuklir
- Proton
- 49 Bandingkan Proton semua unsur →
- Neutron
- 64 Bandingkan Neutron semua unsur →
- Isotop yang diketahui
- 42 Bandingkan Isotop yang diketahui semua unsur →
- Isotop stabil
- 1 Bandingkan Isotop stabil semua unsur →
- Isotop paling stabil
- In-113
- Tahun penemuan
- 1863
Kelimpahan
- Kelimpahan (kerak Bumi)
- 0,25 mg/kg Bandingkan Kelimpahan (kerak Bumi) semua unsur →
- Kelimpahan (samudra)
- 0,02 mg/L Bandingkan Kelimpahan (samudra) semua unsur →
Struktur Kristal
- Konstanta kisi a
- 459 pm
Struktur Elektronik
- Elektron per kulit
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 Bandingkan Elektron per kulit semua unsur →
Pengenal
- Nomor CAS
- 7440-74-6 Bandingkan Nomor CAS semua unsur →
- Simbol term
- 2P°1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/In
- Kunci InChI
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Konfigurasi Elektron Diukur
In: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p¹[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p¹Model atom
Isotop mengubah jumlah neutron, massa, dan kestabilan — bukan konfigurasi elektron atom netral.
Model atom skematis, tidak sesuai skala.
Sidik Jari Atom
Spektrum Emisi / Absorpsi
Distribusi Isotop
| Nomor massa | Massa atom (u) | Kelimpahan alami | Waktu paruh |
|---|---|---|---|
| 113 Stabil | 112,90406184 ± 0,00000091 | 4,2900% | Stabil |
Fase / Wujud
Alasan: 131,6 °C di bawah titik lebur (156,6 °C)
Skematis, tidak sesuai skala
Titik transisi fase
Energi transisi
Energi yang diperlukan untuk meleburkan 1 mol pada titik lebur
Energi yang diperlukan untuk menguapkan 1 mol pada titik didih
Energi yang diperlukan untuk menyublimkan 1 mol pada titik sublimasi
Massa jenis
Pada kondisi standar
Pada kondisi standar
Lanjutan
Spektrum Atom
Menampilkan 10 dari 49. Diurutkan berdasarkan muatan ion (menaik).
Data Garis Spektrum ?
| Ion | Muatan | Total garis | Probabilitas transisi | Penamaan tingkat energi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In I | 0 | 92 | 27 | 91 |
| In II | +1 | 899 | 528 | 899 |
| In III | +2 | 55 | 0 | 0 |
| In IV | +3 | 42 | 0 | 0 |
| In V | +4 | 38 | 0 | 0 |
Data Tingkat Energi ?
| Ion | Muatan | Tingkat energi |
|---|---|---|
| In I | 0 | 114 |
| In II | +1 | 195 |
| In III | +2 | 28 |
| In IV | +3 | 18 |
| In V | +4 | 42 |
| In VI | +5 | 2 |
| In VII | +6 | 2 |
| In VIII | +7 | 2 |
| In IX | +8 | 2 |
| In X | +9 | 2 |
Data struktur kristal tidak tersedia
Struktur kristal: tetragonal
Jari-jari Ion
| Muatan | Koordinasi | Spin | Jari-jari |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 4 | Tidak tersedia | 62 pm |
| +3 | 6 | Tidak tersedia | 80 pm |
| +3 | 8 | Tidak tersedia | 92 pm |
Senyawa
Isotop (1)
| Nomor massa | Massa atom (u) | Kelimpahan alami | Waktu paruh | Mode peluruhan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 113 Stabil | 112,90406184 ± 0,00000091 | 4,2900% ± 0,0500% | Stabil | stable |
Garis Spektrum
Menampilkan 50 dari 277. Secara bawaan, hanya garis spektrum dengan intensitas terukur yang ditampilkan.
| Panjang gelombang (nm) | Intensitas | Tahap ionisasi | Jenis | Transisi | Akurasi | Sumber | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383.46308 nm | 32000 | In II | emission | 5s.5d 1D → 5s.4f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 451.12972 nm | 18000 | In I | emission | 5s2.5p 2P* → 5s2.6s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 410.17504 nm | 17000 | In I | emission | 5s2.5p 2P* → 5s2.6s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 468.1115 nm | 16000 | In II | emission | 5s.5d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 590.33916 nm | 9000 | In II | emission | 5s.6p 3P* → 5s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 463.8162 nm | 8800 | In II | emission | 5s.5d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 465.562 nm | 7800 | In II | emission | 5s.5d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 464.4572 nm | 5900 | In II | emission | 5s.5d 3D → 5s.4f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 718.29048 nm | 5800 | In II | emission | 5s.6s 3S → 5s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 384.2918 nm | 5600 | In II | emission | 5s.5d 1D → 5s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 591.87693 nm | 5100 | In II | emission | 5s.6p 1P* → 5s.6d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 616.254 nm | 4100 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 1F* → 5s<1/2,F=4>.6g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 689.15826 nm | 3900 | In II | emission | 5s.6s 3S → 5s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 585.31709 nm | 3400 | In II | emission | 5s.6p 3P* → 5s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 609.59333 nm | 3300 | In II | emission | 5s.6p 3P* → 5s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 468.4791 nm | 2500 | In II | emission | 5s.5d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 727.66388 nm | 2400 | In II | emission | 5s.6s 3S → 5s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 614.953 nm | 2200 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 3F* → 5s<1/2,F=4>.6g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 613.986 nm | 2100 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 3F* → 5s<1/2,F=5>.6g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 614.32 nm | 2100 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 3F* → 5s<1/2,F=4>.6g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 614.813 nm | 2100 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 3F* → 5s<1/2,F=5>.6g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 616.113 nm | 2000 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 1F* → 5s<1/2,F=5>.6g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 465.6736 nm | 1700 | In II | emission | 5s.5d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 551.3006 nm | 1500 | In II | emission | 5p2 3P → 5s.4f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 614.126 nm | 1500 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 3F* → 5s<1/2,F=4>.6g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 405.69377 nm | 1300 | In II | emission | 5s.6p 3P* → 5s.8s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 591.52626 nm | 1300 | In II | emission | 5s.6p 3P* → 5s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 557.6866 nm | 1200 | In II | emission | 5s.7p 1P* → 5s.10d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 551.935 nm | 1100 | In II | emission | 5s.6d 3D → 5s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 549.7486 nm | 1000 | In II | emission | 5s.6d 3D → 5s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 550.7048 nm | 1000 | In II | emission | 5s.6d 3D → 5s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 551.0883 nm | 1000 | In II | emission | 5s.7p 3P* → 5s.10d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 512.0847 nm | 960 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 3F* → 5s<1/2,F=5>.7g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 390.20794 nm | 910 | In II | emission | 5s.6p 1P* → 5s.7d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 384.2158 nm | 900 | In II | emission | 5s.5d 1D → 5s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 512.1781 nm | 880 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 3F* → 5s<1/2,F=4>.7g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 611.58707 nm | 830 | In II | emission | 5s.6p 3P* → 5s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 511.7388 nm | 810 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 3F* → 5s<1/2,F=4>.7g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 511.5109 nm | 800 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 3F* → 5s<1/2,F=5>.7g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 512.9865 nm | 710 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 1F* → 5s<1/2,F=5>.7g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 463.7055 nm | 610 | In II | emission | 5s.5d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 511.6041 nm | 590 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 3F* → 5s<1/2,F=4>.7g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 550.7779 nm | 570 | In II | emission | 5s.6d 3D → 5s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 414.9635 nm | 550 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 1F* → 5s<1/2,F=5>.10g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 530.94926 nm | 550 | In II | emission | 5s.6p 3P* → 5s.6d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 454.8998 nm | 540 | In II | emission | 5p2 1D → 5s.8p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 461.6069 nm | 540 | In II | emission | 5s.4f 3F* → 5s<1/2,F=4>.8g | Diukur | NIST | |
| 457.0881 nm | 520 | In II | emission | 5s.6d 3D → 5s.9f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 458.701 nm | 520 | In II | emission | 5s.6d 3D → 5s.9f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 457.1286 nm | 510 | In II | emission | 5s.6d 3D → 5s.9f 3F* | Diukur | NIST |
Sifat Lanjutan
Jari-jari Kovalen (Lanjutan)
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö)
- 142 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö, ikatan rangkap dua)
- 136 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö, ikatan rangkap tiga)
- 146 pm
Jari-jari van der Waals
- Bondi
- 193 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 243 pm
- UFF
- 446,3 pm
- MM3
- 264 pm
- Dreiding
- 459 pm
Jari-jari Atom & Logam
- Jari-jari atom (Rahm)
- 246 pm
- Jari-jari logam (C12)
- 158 pm
Skala Penomoran
- Mendeleev
- 84
- Pettifor
- 79
- Glawe
- 80
Skala Keelektronegatifan
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
Polarizabilitas & Dispersi
- Polarizabilitas dipol
- 65 a.u.
- Polarizabilitas dipol (ketidakpastian)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆
- 779 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 643 Ha·Bohr6
Parameter Miedema
- Volume molar Miedema
- 15,75 cm3/mol
- Kerapatan elektron Miedema
- 2
Risiko Pasokan & Ekonomi
- Konsentrasi produksi
- 53
- Risiko pasokan relatif
- 8
- Stabilitas politik (produsen terbesar)
- 24
Transisi Fase & Alotrop
| Titik lebur | 429,75 K |
| Titik didih | 2300,15 K |
| Titik tripel (suhu) | 429,74 K |
Kategori Bilangan Oksidasi
Data Referensi Lanjutan
Konstanta Pemerisaian (11)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,9903 |
| 2 | p | 4,102 |
| 2 | s | 12,8764 |
| 3 | d | 14,3218 |
| 3 | p | 17,4793 |
| 3 | s | 17,3692 |
| 4 | d | 32,0584 |
| 4 | p | 28,6312 |
| 4 | s | 27,2388 |
| 5 | p | 40,53 |
Detail Jari-jari Kristal (3)
| Muatan | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Asal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | IV | 76 | ||
| 3 | VI | 94 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VIII | 106 | from r^3 vs V plots, calculated, |
Mode Peluruhan Isotop (69)
| Isotop | Mode | Intensitas |
|---|---|---|
| 96 | B+ | — |
| 96 | p | — |
| 97 | B+ | 100% |
| 97 | B+p | 2,3% |
| 97 | p | — |
| 98 | B+ | 100% |
| 98 | B+p | 0,1% |
| 99 | B+ | 100% |
| 99 | B+p | 0,3% |
| 100 | B+ | 100% |
Faktor Hamburan Sinar-X (510)
| Energi (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2,16244 |
| 10,1617 | — | 2,07002 |
| 10,3261 | — | 1,98155 |
| 10,4931 | — | 1,89686 |
| 10,6628 | — | 1,81579 |
| 10,8353 | — | 1,72844 |
| 11,0106 | — | 1,54985 |
| 11,1886 | — | 1,35731 |
| 11,3696 | — | 0,99325 |
| 11,5535 | — | 0,74202 |
Data Tambahan
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.5×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
Referensi (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-2 milligrams per liter
Referensi (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Indium is most frequently associated with zinc materials, and it is from these that most commercial indium is now obtained; however, it is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores.
Referensi (1)
- [6] Indium https://periodic.lanl.gov/49.shtml
Referensi
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Indium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.