Cadmium (Cd)
transition-metalSolid
Bobot Atom Standar
112,414 uKonfigurasi elektron
[Kr] 5s2 4d10Titik lebur
321,07 °CTitik didih
766,85 °CMassa jenis
8690 kg/m³Bilangan oksidasi
−2, +1, +2Keelektronegatifan (Pauling)
1,69Energi ionisasi (ke-1)
8,99382 eVTahun penemuan
1817Jari-jari atom
155 pmDetail
Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white post-transition metal in group 12. It occurs mainly as a minor constituent of zinc ores and is usually recovered as a by-product of zinc refining. Chemically it is dominated by the +2 oxidation state and forms many salts with ionic character. Its technological importance has declined in some applications because cadmium and many cadmium compounds are highly toxic, but it remains useful where particular electrochemical, pigment, or semiconductor properties are required.
Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.
The name derives from Greek kadmeia for "calamine" (zinc carbonate), with which it was found as an impurity in nature. It may have been found in furnace flue dust in Thebes, a city in the Boeottia region of central Greece. The mythological king of Phoenicia, Cadmus, founded Thebes and would be a source for the name of the ore. The element was discovered and first isolated by German physician Friedrich Stromeyer in 1817.
Cadmium was discovered by Friedrich Strohmeyer, a German chemist, in 1817 while studying samples of calamine (ZnCO3). When heated, Strohmeyer noticed that some samples of calamine glowed with a yellow color while other samples did not. After further examination, he determined that the calamine that changed color when heated contained trace amounts of a new element. There is only one mineral that contains significant amounts of cadmium, greenockite (CdS), but it is not common enough to mine profitably. Fortunately, small amounts of cadmium are found in zinc ores and most of the cadmium produced today is obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining zinc.
From the Latin word cadmia, Greek kadmeia - the ancient name for calamine, zinc carbonate. Discovered by Stromeyer in 1817 from an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium most often occurs in small quantities associated with zinc ores, such as sphalerite (ZnS). Greenockite (CdS) is the only mineral of any consequence bearing cadmium. Almost all cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatment of zinc, copper, and lead ores. It is a soft, bluish-white metal which is easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc. In 1927 the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of the wavelength of the red cadmium spectral line (i.e. 1m = 1.553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has been changed (see Krypton).
Pure cadmium is a silvery to bluish-white metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly cut. It is soft, malleable, and relatively low-melting for a structural metal. On exposure to air it slowly develops a dull surface film rather than remaining mirror-bright.
Cadmium metal has been used for corrosion-resistant electroplating on steel, especially where coatings must remain reliable in marine or aerospace service. Nickel-cadmium batteries use cadmium as the negative-electrode active material and remain important in some industrial and emergency applications, although many consumer uses have been replaced. Cadmium compounds are used in selected red, orange, and yellow pigments, in some plastics stabilizers of historical importance, and in cadmium telluride photovoltaic cells. Cadmium is also an efficient neutron absorber in control rods and shielding components.
Cadmium is a poisonous metal and its use is somewhat limited for this reason. Like zinc, cadmium can be electroplated to other materials to protect them from corrosion. Cadmium easily absorbs neutrons and is used to make control rods for nuclear reactors. Cadmium is also used in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries.
Cadmium is alloyed with silver to form solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Cadmium based solders must be handled with care to prevent cadmium poisoning. Cadmium alloys are also used to make low friction bearings that are highly resistant to fatigue.
Hydrated cadmium sulfate (3CdSO4·5H2O), one of cadmium's compounds, is used in a device called a Weston cell, a type of battery that produces a precise voltage used to calibrate medical and laboratory equipment. Cadmium sulfide (CdS), another cadmium compound, is a yellow powder that is used as a pigment. Other cadmium compounds are used in the phosphors of black and white television sets and in the blue and green phosphors in color television sets.
Cadmium is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue; it is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F. cells, for Ni-Cd batteries, and as a barrier to control nuclear fission. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes. It forms a number of salts, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium and solutions of its compounds are toxic.
Isotopes in Biology
Metal accumulation is a threat to our world’s water systems and wildlife. As a way to measure the influence of heavy metals on wildlife utilizing mass spectrometric techniques, some researchers use animal food enriched in specific cadmium isotopes. These experiments work by exposing the animals to a diet enriched in 106Cd and/or other stable isotopes of metals (for example, 65Cu and/or 62Ni) for a period of time. Depending on the purpose of the experiment, the residence time of the food in the gut is determined and isotopic compositions of the gut and/or feces are measured viainductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This information is used to measure bio-uptake (absorption and incorporation of a substance by living tissue) and accumulation rates of metals in an exposed animal [355] M. N. Croteau, S. N. Luoma, B. Pellet. Aquat. Toxicol.83, 116 (2007)., [356] M. N. Croteau, S. N. Luoma. Environ. Sci. Technol.43, 4915 (2009)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of cadmium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are small but measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of dissolved cadmium in ocean water, which are a consequence of isotopic fractionation associated with biological uptake (Fig. IUPAC.48.1) [357] F. Lacan, R. Francois, Y. Ji, R. M. Sherrell. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta70, 5104 (2006)., [358] W. Abouchami, S. J. G. Galer, H. J. W. d. Baar, A. C. Alderkamp, R. Middag, P. Laan, H. Feldmann, M. O. Andreae. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett.305, 83 (2011)., [359] Z. Xue, M. Rehkämper, T. J. Horner, W. Abouchami, R. Middag, T. v. d. Flierd, H. J. W. d. Baar. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett.382, 161 (2013)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
112Cd is used to produce the diagnostic radioisotope 111In (with a half-life of 2.8 days) via the reaction 112Cd (p, 2n) 111In [94] International Atomic Energy Agency. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Physical Characteristics and Production Methods, Technical Reports Series No. 468. International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna (2009)..
Cadmium chemistry is centered on Cd²⁺; the +1 state is uncommon and usually involves metal-metal bonded species rather than simple stable salts. Cadmium sulfide, CdS, is a yellow semiconductor and pigment, while cadmium selenide, CdSe, and cadmium telluride, CdTe, are important semiconducting materials. Cadmium oxide, CdO, is a brown to black oxide used in some electronic and plating-related applications. Soluble salts such as cadmium chloride, CdCl₂, and cadmium nitrate, Cd(NO₃)₂, are important laboratory or industrial intermediates but are especially hazardous because they make Cd²⁺ readily bioavailable.
See more information at the Cadmium compound page.
Cadmium metal dust, fumes, and soluble cadmium salts are highly toxic. Inhalation of cadmium oxide, CdO, fumes from heating or welding cadmium-containing materials can cause severe acute lung injury. Chronic exposure can damage kidneys and bones, and cadmium compounds are recognized human carcinogens in occupational settings. Cadmium has no known essential biological role, and exposure control is central to its handling.
Failure to appreciate the toxic properties of cadmium may cause workers to be unwittingly exposed to dangerous fumes. Silver solder, for example, which contains cadmium, should be handled with care. Serious toxicity problems have been found from long-term exposure and work with cadmium plating baths. Exposure to cadmium dust should not exceed 0.01 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average, 40-hour week). The ceiling concentration (maximum), for a period of 15 min, should not exceed 0.14 mg/m3. Cadmium oxide fume exposure (8-hour, 40-hour week) should not exceed 0.05 mg/m3, and the maximum concentration should not exceed 0.05 mg/m3. These values are presently being restudied and recommendations have been made to reduce the exposure.
Cadmium is a naturally occurring trace element released by weathering, volcanism, and the processing or combustion of mineral materials. It is relatively mobile under acidic conditions and can accumulate in soils and sediments. Plants can take up Cd²⁺ from contaminated soil, allowing entry into food chains, especially near smelters, phosphate fertilizers, or waste sites. In aquatic systems, sulfide-rich sediments can immobilize cadmium as poorly soluble sulfides.
Cadmium supply is tied closely to zinc production because most recoverable cadmium is obtained from flue dusts, residues, and electrolytic refining streams during zinc processing. Demand has contracted in many regions as restrictions and substitution reduced uses in pigments, stabilizers, and consumer batteries. Remaining demand is concentrated in industrial nickel-cadmium batteries, specialized coatings, semiconductors, and control materials. Recycling is important for batteries and some industrial scrap, both to recover material and to keep cadmium out of general waste streams. There is no large independent cadmium mining industry comparable to major base metals.
Obtained as a by product of zinc refining.
Cadmium is a relatively rare element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, followed by dispersal into interstellar material. In planets it behaves as a chalcophile and moderately volatile element, so it tends to associate with sulfide phases and can be depleted from high-temperature condensed materials.
- Cadmium was identified in the early 19th century as an impurity in zinc compounds.
- Cadmium plating offers good sacrificial protection but is now tightly restricted in many applications.
- Cadmium yellow pigment is based largely on cadmium sulfide, CdS.
- Natural cadmium consists of several stable isotopes and a few very long-lived radioisotopes.
- Cadmium can form low-melting alloys used in some fusible safety devices.
- Rice and leafy vegetables can be significant dietary cadmium sources in contaminated areas.
Gambar
Sifat
Fisika
- Jari-jari atom (empiris)
- 155 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari atom (empiris) semua unsur →
- Jari-jari kovalen
- 144 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari kovalen semua unsur →
- Jari-jari van der Waals
- 158 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari van der Waals semua unsur →
- Jari-jari logam
- 138 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari logam semua unsur →
- Massa jenis
- 8690 kg/m³ Bandingkan Massa jenis semua unsur →
- Volume molar
- 0,0131 L/mol
- Fase pada STP
- Padat Bandingkan Fase pada STP semua unsur →
- Titik lebur
- 321,07 °C Bandingkan Titik lebur semua unsur →
- Titik didih
- 766,85 °C Bandingkan Titik didih semua unsur →
- Konduktivitas termal
- 96,9 W/(m·K) Bandingkan Konduktivitas termal semua unsur →
- Kapasitas kalor spesifik
- 0,232 J/(g·K) Bandingkan Kapasitas kalor spesifik semua unsur →
- Kapasitas kalor molar
- 26,02 J/(mol·K) Bandingkan Kapasitas kalor molar semua unsur →
- Struktur kristal
- Heksagonal susunan rapat Bandingkan Struktur kristal semua unsur →
Kimia
- Keelektronegatifan (Pauling)
- 1,69 Bandingkan Keelektronegatifan (Pauling) semua unsur →
- Keelektronegatifan (Allen)
- 1,52
- Afinitas elektron
- -0,7 eV (nilai negatif — atom tidak diprediksi mengikat elektron tambahan)
- Energi ionisasi (ke-1)
- 8,99382 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-1) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-2)
- 16,908371 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-2) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-3)
- 37,468129 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-3) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-4)
- 51,000176 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-4) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-5)
- 67,900234 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-5) semua unsur →
- Bilangan oksidasi
- −2, +1, +2 Bandingkan Bilangan oksidasi semua unsur →
- Elektron valensi
- 12 Bandingkan Elektron valensi semua unsur →
- Konfigurasi elektron
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10
Termodinamika
- Kalor peleburan
- 0,06436234 eV Bandingkan Kalor peleburan semua unsur →
- Kalor penguapan
- 1,036431 eV Bandingkan Kalor penguapan semua unsur →
- Kalor sublimasi
- 1,160802 eV
- Kalor atomisasi
- 1,160802 eV
- Entalpi atomisasi
- 1,158729 eV
Nuklir
- Proton
- 48 Bandingkan Proton semua unsur →
- Neutron
- 64 Bandingkan Neutron semua unsur →
- Isotop yang diketahui
- 42 Bandingkan Isotop yang diketahui semua unsur →
- Isotop stabil
- 3 Bandingkan Isotop stabil semua unsur →
- Isotop paling stabil
- Cd-112
- Tahun penemuan
- 1817
Kelimpahan
- Kelimpahan (kerak Bumi)
- 0,15 mg/kg Bandingkan Kelimpahan (kerak Bumi) semua unsur →
- Kelimpahan (samudra)
- 1,1 × 10−4 mg/L Bandingkan Kelimpahan (samudra) semua unsur →
Struktur Kristal
- Konstanta kisi a
- 298 pm
Struktur Elektronik
- Elektron per kulit
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 Bandingkan Elektron per kulit semua unsur →
Pengenal
- Nomor CAS
- 7440-43-9 Bandingkan Nomor CAS semua unsur →
- Simbol term
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cd
- Kunci InChI
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Konfigurasi Elektron Diukur
Cd: 4d¹⁰ 5s²[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s²Model atom
Isotop mengubah jumlah neutron, massa, dan kestabilan — bukan konfigurasi elektron atom netral.
Model atom skematis, tidak sesuai skala.
Sidik Jari Atom
Spektrum Emisi / Absorpsi
Distribusi Isotop
| Nomor massa | Massa atom (u) | Kelimpahan alami | Waktu paruh |
|---|---|---|---|
| 110 Stabil | 109,90300661 ± 0,00000061 | 12,4900% | Stabil |
| 111 Stabil | 110,90418287 ± 0,00000061 | 12,8000% | Stabil |
| 112 Stabil | 111,90276287 ± 0,0000006 | 24,1300% | Stabil |
Fase / Wujud
Alasan: 296,1 °C di bawah titik lebur (321,07 °C)
Skematis, tidak sesuai skala
Titik transisi fase
Energi transisi
Energi yang diperlukan untuk meleburkan 1 mol pada titik lebur
Energi yang diperlukan untuk menguapkan 1 mol pada titik didih
Energi yang diperlukan untuk menyublimkan 1 mol pada titik sublimasi
Massa jenis
Pada kondisi standar
Pada kondisi standar
Spektrum Atom
Menampilkan 10 dari 48. Diurutkan berdasarkan muatan ion (menaik).
Data Garis Spektrum ?
| Ion | Muatan | Total garis | Probabilitas transisi | Penamaan tingkat energi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cd I | 0 | 69 | 18 | 69 |
| Cd II | +1 | 173 | 87 | 173 |
| Cd III | +2 | 95 | 0 | 0 |
| Cd IV | +3 | 102 | 0 | 0 |
Data Tingkat Energi ?
| Ion | Muatan | Tingkat energi |
|---|---|---|
| Cd I | 0 | 128 |
| Cd II | +1 | 101 |
| Cd III | +2 | 48 |
| Cd IV | +3 | 52 |
| Cd V | +4 | 2 |
| Cd VI | +5 | 2 |
| Cd VII | +6 | 2 |
| Cd VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Cd IX | +8 | 2 |
| Cd X | +9 | 2 |
Jari-jari Ion
| Muatan | Koordinasi | Spin | Jari-jari |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | Tidak tersedia | 78 pm |
| +2 | 5 | Tidak tersedia | 87 pm |
| +2 | 6 | Tidak tersedia | 95 pm |
| +2 | 7 | Tidak tersedia | 103 pm |
| +2 | 8 | Tidak tersedia | 110.00000000000001 pm |
| +2 | 12 | Tidak tersedia | 131 pm |
Senyawa
Isotop (3)
| Nomor massa | Massa atom (u) | Kelimpahan alami | Waktu paruh | Mode peluruhan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 110 Stabil | 109,90300661 ± 0,00000061 | 12,4900% ± 0,1800% | Stabil | stable | |
| 111 Stabil | 110,90418287 ± 0,00000061 | 12,8000% ± 0,1200% | Stabil | stable | |
| 112 Stabil | 111,90276287 ± 0,0000006 | 24,1300% ± 0,2100% | Stabil | stable |
Garis Spektrum
| Panjang gelombang (nm) | Intensitas | Tahap ionisasi | Jenis | Transisi | Akurasi | Sumber | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 398.19257 nm | 10 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.9s 1S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 414.03021 nm | Tidak tersedia | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.7d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 430.66718 nm | 8 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.8s 1S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 441.29894 nm | 3 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 3P* → 4d10.5s.6s 1S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 466.2352 nm | 8 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.6d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.815 nm | 200 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 3P* → 4d10.5s.6s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 479.99121 nm | 300 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 3P* → 4d10.5s.6s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 508.58214 nm | Tidak tersedia | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 3P* → 4d10.5s.6s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 515.46618 nm | 6 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.7s 1S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 609.9142 nm | 300 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.8p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 611.1495 nm | 100 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.8p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 632.51689 nm | 100 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.5d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 633.00149 nm | 30 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.5d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 643.84695 nm | 2000 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.5d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 677.8116 nm | 30 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.8p 1P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 734.5665 nm | 1000 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.7p 3P* | Diukur | NIST |
Sifat Lanjutan
Jari-jari Kovalen (Lanjutan)
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö)
- 136 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö, ikatan rangkap dua)
- 144 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Bragg)
- 160 pm
Jari-jari van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 249 pm
- UFF
- 284,8 pm
- MM3
- 250 pm
Jari-jari Atom & Logam
- Jari-jari atom (Rahm)
- 238 pm
- Jari-jari logam (C12)
- 151 pm
Skala Penomoran
- Mendeleev
- 78
- Pettifor
- 75
- Glawe
- 75
Skala Keelektronegatifan
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Polarizabilitas & Dispersi
- Polarizabilitas dipol
- 46 a.u.
- Polarizabilitas dipol (ketidakpastian)
- 2 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 405 Ha·Bohr6
Parameter Miedema
- Volume molar Miedema
- 13 cm3/mol
- Kerapatan elektron Miedema
- 2
Risiko Pasokan & Ekonomi
- Konsentrasi produksi
- 32
- Risiko pasokan relatif
- 7
- Distribusi cadangan
- 20
- Stabilitas politik (produsen terbesar)
- 24
- Stabilitas politik (pemilik cadangan terbesar)
- 11
Transisi Fase & Alotrop
| Titik lebur | 594,22 K |
| Titik didih | 1040,15 K |
Kategori Bilangan Oksidasi
Data Referensi Lanjutan
Konstanta Pemerisaian (10)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,9744 |
| 2 | p | 4,091 |
| 2 | s | 12,6142 |
| 3 | d | 14,3931 |
| 3 | p | 17,3085 |
| 3 | s | 17,1588 |
| 4 | d | 32,1232 |
| 4 | p | 28,5888 |
| 4 | s | 27,1308 |
| 5 | s | 39,808 |
Detail Jari-jari Kristal (6)
| Muatan | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Asal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 92 | ||
| 2 | V | 101 | ||
| 2 | VI | 109 | ||
| 2 | VII | 117 | calculated, | |
| 2 | VIII | 124 | calculated, | |
| 2 | XII | 145 |
Mode Peluruhan Isotop (59)
| Isotop | Mode | Intensitas |
|---|---|---|
| 94 | B+ | — |
| 94 | B+p | — |
| 95 | B+ | 100% |
| 95 | B+p | 4,6% |
| 96 | B+ | 100% |
| 96 | B+p | 1,6% |
| 97 | B+ | 100% |
| 97 | B+p | 7,4% |
| 98 | B+ | 100% |
| 98 | B+p | 0% |
Faktor Hamburan Sinar-X (510)
| Energi (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0,40004 |
| 10,1617 | — | 0,41842 |
| 10,3261 | — | 0,43764 |
| 10,4931 | — | 0,45775 |
| 10,6628 | — | 0,49362 |
| 10,8353 | — | 0,53685 |
| 11,0106 | — | 0,59258 |
| 11,1886 | — | 0,66328 |
| 11,3696 | — | 0,74242 |
| 11,5535 | — | 0,86125 |
Data Tambahan
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.5×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
Referensi (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.1×10-4 milligrams per liter
Referensi (1)
Referensi
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Cadmium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.