Lithium (Li)
alkali-metalSolid
Bobot Atom Standar
6,94 u [6,938, 6,997]Konfigurasi elektron
[He] 2s1Titik lebur
180,5 °CTitik didih
1341,85 °CMassa jenis
534 kg/m³Bilangan oksidasi
+1Keelektronegatifan (Pauling)
0,98Energi ionisasi (ke-1)
5,391715 eVTahun penemuan
1817Jari-jari atom
145 pmDetail
Lithium is the lightest metal and the first alkali metal. It forms Li⁺ very readily, yet its small ion gives lithium chemistry a distinctive hardness, strong hydration, and extensive organometallic chemistry. In nature it occurs only in compounds, mainly in brines, pegmatite minerals, and some clays. Its low atomic mass, high electrochemical potential, and ability to move reversibly through host materials make it central to rechargeable batteries.
Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
The name derives from the Latin lithos for "stone" because lithium was thought to exist only in minerals at that time. It was discovered by the Swedish mineralogist Johan August Arfwedson in 1818 in the mineral petalite LiAl(Si2O5)2. Lithium was isolated in 1855 by the German chemists Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.
Lithium was discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAl(Si2O5)2) by Johann August Arfvedson in 1817. It was first isolated by William Thomas Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy through the electrolysis of lithium oxide (Li2O). Today, larger amounts of the metal are obtained through the electrolysis of lithium chloride (LiCl). Lithium is not found free in nature and makes up only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word lithos, stone. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water.
Pure lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes quickly in air, forming dull gray surface films of oxide, nitride, hydroxide, and carbonate. It is the least dense solid element at ordinary conditions and can be cut with a knife.
Most lithium demand is tied to lithium-ion batteries, where lithium ions shuttle between intercalation or conversion materials rather than existing as metallic lithium in normal operation. Lithium metal is used in some primary batteries and specialized rechargeable cells. Lithium compounds are also used in heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lubricating greases, air-treatment chemicals, aluminum production, and pharmaceutical salts such as lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, for selected mood disorders.
Many uses have been found for lithium and its compounds. Lithium has the highest specific heat of any solid element and is used in heat transfer applications. It is used to make special glasses and ceramics, including the Mount Palomar telescope's 200 inch mirror. Lithium is the lightest known metal and can be alloyed with aluminium, copper, manganese, and cadmium to make strong, lightweight metals for aircraft. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of spacecraft. Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2) is used as a general purpose and high temperature lubricant. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is used as a drug to treat manic depression disorder.
Lithium reacts with water, but not as violently as sodium.
Since World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Lithium carbonate is used for the treatment of bipolar disease and other mental illness conditions.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of lithium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. Natural terrestrial materials show a substantial variation in lithium isotopic abundance (Fig. IUPAC.3.1), and these natural isotopic abundances have been used to determine sources of dissolved lithium and to investigate environmental processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)..
Variations in isotope-amount ratiosn(7Li)/n(6Li) can help determine the source of some water. Because the relative abundances of lithium isotopes can change during hydrothermal processes, isotopic analysis of lithium in water can help distinguish water derived from marine sedimentary rocks from water derived from hydrothermally altered igneous rocks (Fig. IUPAC.3.2) [36] T. D. Bullen, Y. K. Kharaka. “Isotopic composition of Sr, Nd, and Li in thermal waters from the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park and surrounding region”, in Water-Rock Interaction. in 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Rotterdam, Balkema Publishers (1992)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Industry
7Li, as hydroxide monohydrate (7LiOH•H2O), is used to maintain the pH level of the coolant used in pressurized water reactors in the nuclear power industry [39] International Atomic Energy Agency. Assessment and Management of Ageing of Major Nuclear Power Plant Components Important to Safety, IAEA-TECDOC-1361. 235 (2003)., [40] F. Nordmann. “Aspects on chemistry in french nuclear power plants”, in 14th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam in Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.. Lithium plays a role in the construction of a thermonuclear bomb, which differs from a fission weapon in that it uses the energy released when two light atomic nuclei (i.e. deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H)) fuse to form helium and a high energy neutronvia this DT reaction. 6Li is used, in the form of 6Li deuteride (6Li 2H), as fusion fuel capable of producing tritium when bombarded with neutrons within the weapon via the reaction 6Li (n, 3H) 4He [41] FUSION EXPO. Controlled Fusion: The Energy Option for the 21st Century, FUSION EXPO (2011), November 6; http://www.fusion-eur.org/fusion_cd/popu.htm..
Li-based laboratory reagents have found their way into surface water and can be easily identified. Although a military secret in the 1950s, it is now known that substantial amounts of 6Li (normally having an isotopic abundance of 0.076) were removed from chemical reagents to be used in nuclear weapon development. Reagents containing the remaining lithium depleted in 6Li (having an isotopic abundance as low as 0.025) were sold to both chemical manufacturers and to laboratory chemists for their use [42] N. E. Holden. Chem. Int.32(1), 12 (2010).. The distinctive isotopic signature of depleted 6Li, having a n(7Li)/n(6Li) ratio of 39, compared to a ratio of 12 in naturally occurring terrestrial materials, enables easier detection of this lithium source in polluted waterways and the environment [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
7Li is a decay product of the 10B (neutron, alpha) 7Li reaction, which has a peak value for room temperature neutrons. Brain tumor cells are typically found some 5 to 7 cm below the surface of the skull. After 10B has been introduced to or entered the tumor cells, a beam of neutrons of energy slightly above room temperature is introduced to the affected areas. The energy of these neutrons is reduced to room temperature by the time they react with the 10B, which then disintegrates into high energy charged particles (7Li and 4He), which deposit their kinetic energy in nearby (predominately cancerous) cells and destroys them. Any adjacent normal cells are unaffected [43] R. F. Barth. J. Neurooncol.62, 1 (2003)..
Lithium almost always has the +1 oxidation state in ordinary chemistry. Important compounds include lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, lithium hydroxide, LiOH, lithium chloride, LiCl, and lithium fluoride, LiF. Lithium hydride, LiH, is a reactive hydride and hydrogen source. Organolithium reagents such as butyllithium, C₄H₉Li, are strong bases and nucleophiles used in synthesis. Lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO₂, and lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO₄, are well-known battery cathode materials.
See more information at the Lithium compound page.
Lithium metal reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide, LiOH, and flammable H₂, and finely divided metal can ignite. Strongly basic lithium compounds can be corrosive, while soluble lithium salts can affect the nervous system, kidneys, and thyroid at excessive doses. Therapeutic use of lithium salts requires controlled dosing. Battery fires involve additional hazards from electrolytes, heat, and decomposition products, not only lithium itself.
Lithium is widely dispersed at low concentrations in rocks, soils, natural waters, and seawater. Weathering releases Li⁺, which can remain in solution, exchange onto clays, or concentrate in closed-basin brines through evaporation. It has no established essential biological role in humans, although trace exposure is common. Mining and brine extraction can alter water balances, salinity, dust levels, and local habitats if poorly managed.
Commercial lithium is produced mainly from hard-rock pegmatites, especially spodumene, and from continental brines concentrated by evaporation or direct extraction methods. The principal traded chemicals are lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, and lithium hydroxide, LiOH, with battery-grade purity a major value factor. Demand is strongly linked to rechargeable batteries, while ceramics, greases, and other uses form smaller markets. Recycling from batteries is growing but is constrained by collection, chemistry differences, and process economics.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
Lithium is unusually scarce in the cosmos compared with hydrogen and helium. Some ⁷Li was formed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but lithium is readily destroyed inside stars at temperatures below those needed to burn many heavier nuclei. Additional lithium is made by cosmic-ray spallation and in certain stellar events. Its abundance in old stars is important in tests of early-universe models.
- Lithium floats on many hydrocarbon oils because its density is lower than theirs.
- Natural lithium is a mixture mainly of ⁷Li with a smaller fraction of ⁶Li.
- Lithium gives a crimson color in flame tests, though sodium contamination can mask it.
- Lithium nitride, Li₃N, forms directly when lithium is exposed to nitrogen.
- The name comes from Greek lithos, reflecting its discovery in a mineral source.
Gambar
Sifat
Fisika
- Jari-jari atom (empiris)
- 145 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari atom (empiris) semua unsur →
- Jari-jari kovalen
- 128 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari kovalen semua unsur →
- Jari-jari van der Waals
- 182 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari van der Waals semua unsur →
- Jari-jari logam
- 123 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari logam semua unsur →
- Massa jenis
- 534 kg/m³ Bandingkan Massa jenis semua unsur →
- Volume molar
- 0,0131 L/mol
- Fase pada STP
- Padat Bandingkan Fase pada STP semua unsur →
- Titik lebur
- 180,5 °C Bandingkan Titik lebur semua unsur →
- Titik didih
- 1341,85 °C Bandingkan Titik didih semua unsur →
- Konduktivitas termal
- 84,8 W/(m·K) Bandingkan Konduktivitas termal semua unsur →
- Kapasitas kalor spesifik
- 3,582 J/(g·K) Bandingkan Kapasitas kalor spesifik semua unsur →
- Kapasitas kalor molar
- 24,86 J/(mol·K) Bandingkan Kapasitas kalor molar semua unsur →
- Struktur kristal
- Kubik berpusat badan Bandingkan Struktur kristal semua unsur →
Kimia
- Keelektronegatifan (Pauling)
- 0,98 Bandingkan Keelektronegatifan (Pauling) semua unsur →
- Keelektronegatifan (Allen)
- 0,912
- Afinitas elektron
- 0,61804 eV
- Energi ionisasi (ke-1)
- 5,391715 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-1) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-2)
- 75,640357 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-2) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-3)
- 122,454781 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-3) semua unsur →
- Bilangan oksidasi
- +1 Bandingkan Bilangan oksidasi semua unsur →
- Elektron valensi
- 1 Bandingkan Elektron valensi semua unsur →
- Konfigurasi elektron
- [He] 2s1
Termodinamika
- Titik kritis (suhu)
- 2950 °C
- Titik kritis (tekanan)
- 6,7e+7 Pa
- Kalor peleburan
- 0,03109292 eV Bandingkan Kalor peleburan semua unsur →
- Kalor penguapan
- 1,524589 eV Bandingkan Kalor penguapan semua unsur →
- Kalor sublimasi
- 1,65207 eV
- Kalor atomisasi
- 1,65207 eV
- Entalpi atomisasi
- 1,651034 eV
Nuklir
- Proton
- 3 Bandingkan Proton semua unsur →
- Neutron
- 4 Bandingkan Neutron semua unsur →
- Isotop yang diketahui
- 11 Bandingkan Isotop yang diketahui semua unsur →
- Isotop stabil
- 2 Bandingkan Isotop stabil semua unsur →
- Isotop paling stabil
- Li-7
- Tahun penemuan
- 1817
Kelimpahan
- Kelimpahan (kerak Bumi)
- 20 mg/kg Bandingkan Kelimpahan (kerak Bumi) semua unsur →
- Kelimpahan (samudra)
- 0,18 mg/L Bandingkan Kelimpahan (samudra) semua unsur →
Struktur Kristal
- Konstanta kisi a
- 349 pm
Struktur Elektronik
- Elektron per kulit
- 2, 1 Bandingkan Elektron per kulit semua unsur →
Pengenal
- Nomor CAS
- 7439-93-2 Bandingkan Nomor CAS semua unsur →
- Simbol term
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Li
- Kunci InChI
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Konfigurasi Elektron Diukur
Li: 2s¹[He] 2s¹1s² 2s¹Model atom
Isotop mengubah jumlah neutron, massa, dan kestabilan — bukan konfigurasi elektron atom netral.
Model atom skematis, tidak sesuai skala.
Sidik Jari Atom
Spektrum Emisi / Absorpsi
Distribusi Isotop
| Nomor massa | Massa atom (u) | Kelimpahan alami | Waktu paruh |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Stabil | 6,0151228874 ± 0,0000000016 | 7,5900% | Stabil |
| 7 Stabil | 7,0160034366 ± 0,0000000045 | 92,4100% | Stabil |
Fase / Wujud
Alasan: 155,5 °C di bawah titik lebur (180,5 °C)
Skematis, tidak sesuai skala
Titik transisi fase
Energi transisi
Energi yang diperlukan untuk meleburkan 1 mol pada titik lebur
Energi yang diperlukan untuk menguapkan 1 mol pada titik didih
Energi yang diperlukan untuk menyublimkan 1 mol pada titik sublimasi
Massa jenis
Pada kondisi standar
Pada kondisi standar
Lanjutan
Spektrum Atom
Data Garis Spektrum ?
| Ion | Muatan | Total garis | Probabilitas transisi | Penamaan tingkat energi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li I | 0 | 344 | 257 | 328 |
| Li II | +1 | 663 | 564 | 630 |
| Li III | +2 | 144 | 144 | 144 |
Data Tingkat Energi ?
| Ion | Muatan | Tingkat energi |
|---|---|---|
| Li I | 0 | 182 |
| Li II | +1 | 179 |
| Li III | +2 | 149 |
Jari-jari Ion
| Muatan | Koordinasi | Spin | Jari-jari |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | Tidak tersedia | 59 pm |
| +1 | 6 | Tidak tersedia | 76 pm |
| +1 | 8 | Tidak tersedia | 92 pm |
Senyawa
Isotop (2)
| Nomor massa | Massa atom (u) | Kelimpahan alami | Waktu paruh | Mode peluruhan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Stabil | 6,0151228874 ± 0,0000000016 | 7,5900% ± 0,0400% | Stabil | stable | |
| 7 Stabil | 7,0160034366 ± 0,0000000045 | 92,4100% ± 0,0400% | Stabil | stable |
Garis Spektrum
| Panjang gelombang (nm) | Intensitas | Tahap ionisasi | Jenis | Transisi | Akurasi | Sumber | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383.559 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 383.564 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 387.8838 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 1P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 391.5292 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 391.5342 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 391.5344 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 398.5481 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 398.5535 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 413.2557 nm | 40 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 413.2613 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 413.2615 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 415.519 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4p 1P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 419.115 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 427.306 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 427.312 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 432.21 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 432.226 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 432.53 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 432.54 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 432.542 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 432.554 nm | 5 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 432.562 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 432.578 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.8225057 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.8277799 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.8581249 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.866202 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.8846443 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.8847466 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.897364 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.8975539 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.9032229 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.9032561 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.9095915 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.90966 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.9118883 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.9157307 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.9220996 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.9223809 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.9224003 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.933185 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.9357979 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 460.282 nm | 13 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 463.61 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4p 1P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.14 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.153 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.188 nm | 2 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.806 nm | 3 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 474.15 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4p 1P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 478.836 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 479.239 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 484.278 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 484.292 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 484.294 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 484.304 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 484.321 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 484.331 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 488.12 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 488.147 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 488.169 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 491.912 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4s 1S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 497.166 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 497.174 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 503.791 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4s 1S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 510.8 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.7p 1P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 519.919 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 519.928 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 519.937 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 519.947 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 527 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 527 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 527 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 527 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 527 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 527 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 527 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 527 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 527 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 527 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 532.949 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 532.96 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 532.98 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 539.3 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7p 1P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 540.153 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 540.172 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 540.175 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 540.665 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 541.091 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 541.122 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 541.236 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 541.237 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 541.256 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 546.84 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 548.346 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 548.44 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 548.509 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 552.54 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7s 1S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 565.388 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 565.409 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 565.421 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 610.353 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 610.364 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 610.366 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 611.81 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6p 1P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 613.864 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 625.222 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 625.235 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 625.248 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 625.263 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 653.14 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6p 1P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 654.566 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 655.319 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 1F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.006 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.052 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.143 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.16 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.191 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.306 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.307 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 656.336 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 662.07 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6p 1P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 664.252 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 664.269 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 664.281 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 664.48 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 1D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 664.77 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 3D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 668.73 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6s 1S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 670.776 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 670.791 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 678.09 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6s 1S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | Tidak tersedia | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | Diukur | NIST |
Sifat Lanjutan
Jari-jari Kovalen (Lanjutan)
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö)
- 133 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö, ikatan rangkap dua)
- 124 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Bragg)
- 150 pm
Jari-jari van der Waals
- Bondi
- 181 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 212 pm
- UFF
- 245,1 pm
- MM3
- 255 pm
Jari-jari Atom & Logam
- Jari-jari atom (Rahm)
- 220 pm
- Jari-jari logam (C12)
- 155 pm
Skala Penomoran
- Mendeleev
- 1
- Pettifor
- 12
- Glawe
- 12
Skala Keelektronegatifan
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
Polarizabilitas & Dispersi
- Polarizabilitas dipol
- 164,1125 a.u.
- Polarizabilitas dipol (ketidakpastian)
- 0,0005 a.u.
- C₆
- 1392 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1410 Ha·Bohr6
Parameter Miedema
- Volume molar Miedema
- 13 cm3/mol
- Kerapatan elektron Miedema
- 1
Risiko Pasokan & Ekonomi
- Konsentrasi produksi
- 62
- Risiko pasokan relatif
- 7
- Distribusi cadangan
- 58
- Stabilitas politik (produsen terbesar)
- 75
- Stabilitas politik (pemilik cadangan terbesar)
- 68
Transisi Fase & Alotrop
| Titik lebur | 453,65 K |
| Titik didih | 1615,15 K |
| Titik kritis (suhu) | 3223,15 K |
| Titik kritis (tekanan) | 67 MPa |
Kategori Bilangan Oksidasi
Data Referensi Lanjutan
Konstanta Pemerisaian (2)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,3094 |
| 2 | s | 1,7208 |
Detail Jari-jari Kristal (3)
| Muatan | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Asal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 73 | ||
| 1 | VI | 90 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 106 | calculated, |
Mode Peluruhan Isotop (17)
| Isotop | Mode | Intensitas |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | p | — |
| 4 | p | 100% |
| 5 | p | 100% |
| 8 | B- | 100% |
| 8 | B-A | 100% |
| 9 | B- | 100% |
| 9 | B-n | 50,5% |
| 10 | n | 100% |
| 11 | B- | 100% |
| 11 | B-n | 86,3% |
Faktor Hamburan Sinar-X (501)
| Energi (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0,11642 |
| 10,1617 | — | 0,11743 |
| 10,3261 | — | 0,11844 |
| 10,4931 | — | 0,11947 |
| 10,6628 | — | 0,12051 |
| 10,8353 | — | 0,12155 |
| 11,0106 | — | 0,12261 |
| 11,1886 | — | 0,12367 |
| 11,3696 | — | 0,12444 |
| 11,5535 | — | 0,12502 |
Data Tambahan
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
Referensi (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.8×10-1 milligrams per liter
Referensi (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
Referensi (1)
- [6] Lithium https://periodic.lanl.gov/3.shtml
Referensi
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Lithium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.