Oxygen (O)
nonmetalGas
मानक परमाणु भार
15.999 u [15.99903, 15.99977]इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[He] 2s2 2p4गलनांक
-218.79 °Cक्वथनांक
-182.95 °Cघनत्व
1.429 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
3.44आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
13.618055 eVखोज का वर्ष
1771परमाणु त्रिज्या
60 pmविवरण
Oxygen is a reactive nonmetal and chalcogen that occurs mainly as the diatomic gas O₂ and, less commonly, as ozone O₃. It is essential to aerobic respiration and is a major constituent of water, silicate minerals, carbonates, and many biological molecules. Its high electronegativity and ability to form strong bonds make oxidation chemistry central to combustion, corrosion, metabolism, and industrial processing.
The gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic.
The name derives from the Greek oxys for "acid" and genes for "forming" because the French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier once thought that oxygen was integral to all acids.
Oxygen was discovered independently by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771, and the English clergyman and chemist Joseph Priestley in 1774. Scheele's Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire was delayed in publication until 1777, so Priestley is credited with the discovery because he published first.
Oxygen had been produced by several chemists prior to its discovery in 1774, but they failed to recognize it as a distinct element. Joseph Priestley and Carl Wilhelm Scheele both independently discovered oxygen, but Priestly is usually given credit for the discovery. They were both able to produce oxygen by heating mercuric oxide (HgO). Priestley called the gas produced in his experiments 'dephlogisticated air' and Scheele called his 'fire air'. The name oxygen was created by Antoine Lavoisier who incorrectly believed that oxygen was necessary to form all acids. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and makes up nearly 21% of the earth's atmosphere. Oxygen accounts for nearly half of the mass of the earth's crust, two thirds of the mass of the human body and nine tenths of the mass of water. Large amounts of oxygen can be extracted from liquefied air through a process known as fractional distillation. Oxygen can also be produced through the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate (KClO3).
From the Greek word oxys, acid, and genes, forming. The behavior of oxygen and nitrogen as components of air led to the advancement of the phlogiston theory of combustion, which captured the minds of chemists for a century.
Joseph Priestley is generally credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it independently.
Its atomic weight was used as a standard of comparison for each of the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis.
At ordinary temperature and pressure, pure O₂ is a colorless, odorless gas. Liquid oxygen is pale blue and strongly paramagnetic. Solid oxygen is also blue at low temperature and has several pressure- and temperature-dependent phases.
Elemental O₂ is used in steelmaking, nonferrous metal refining, welding and cutting, chemical oxidation, wastewater treatment, pulp bleaching, and medical and emergency breathing systems. Liquid oxygen is a major oxidizer in rocketry. Enriched oxygen improves combustion efficiency in some furnaces. Ozone O₃ is used as a strong oxidant for water treatment, odor control, and selected chemical processes, but it must be generated near the point of use because it decomposes readily.
Oxygen is a highly reactive element and is capable of combining with most other elements. It is required by most living organisms and for most forms of combustion. Impurities in molten pig iron are burned away with streams of high pressure oxygen to produce steel. Oxygen can also be combined with acetylene (C2H2) to produce an extremely hot flame used for welding. Liquid oxygen, when combined with liquid hydrogen, makes an excellent rocket fuel. Ozone (O3) forms a thin, protective layer around the earth that shields the surface from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Oxygen is also a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds.
Plants and animals rely on oxygen for respiration. Hospitals frequently prescribe oxygen for patients with respiratory ailments.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of oxygen possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of oxygen in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.8.1). These variations are useful in investigating the origin of substances and studying environmental, hydrological, and geological processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)..
A primary use of stable oxygen isotopes is in isotope hydrology. Although the evolution of the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation begins with the evaporation of water from the oceans, their local and global relationship arises primarily from equilibrium isotopic fractionation of heavier (2H and 18O) and lighter isotopes (1H and 16O) of hydrogen and oxygen during condensation as a tropospheric vapor mass follows a trajectory to higher latitudes and over continents [14] W. Dansgaard. Tellus16, 436 (1964)., [15] I. D. Clark, P. Fritz. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, p. 328, Lewis Publishers, New York (1997).. As a consequence, the isotopic composition and atomic weight of oxygen in precipitation, rivers, and tap waters varies with elevation, season, and distance from the ocean-continent boundary. Figure 4.8.2 shows the variation in stable oxygen isotopic composition of water from rivers across the United States. These variations in oxygen isotopic composition of environmental water are often combined with hydrogen isotopic compositions and have been used to identify the origin of water and to investigate the interaction between groundwater and surface water (e.g. lakes, streams, and rivers) [16] C. Kendall, T. B. Coplen. Hydrol. Processes.15, 1363 (2011)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Measurements of relative 18O abundances have been used to determine the breeding grounds of many species of migrant songbirds. These species of songbirds only grow their feathers before migration, and they grow them on or close to their breeding grounds. Therefore, the isotopic composition of a bird’s feathers correlates to the isotopic signature of the growing season’s precipitation [19] K. A. Hobson. Oecologia120, 314 (1999)., [20] K. A. Hobson, L. I. Wassenaar. Oecologia.109, 142 (1996)..
Measurements of relative 18O abundances of human hair or nail samples collected at archeological sites have been used to determine the geographic region in which a subject lived based on the oxygen isotopic composition of the water they drank (Fig. IUPAC.8.3). This is possible because hair stores a daily record of oxygen isotopic composition of intake water, which correlates to local meteoric water [92] D. M. O’Brien, M. J. Woller. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.21, 2422 (2007)..
Isotopes in Medicine
16O is used to produce radioactive 13N via the 16O (p, 4He) 13N reaction for imaging in positron emission tomography (PET) and to study blood flow through the heart (myocardial perfusion) [94] International Atomic Energy Agency. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Physical Characteristics and Production Methods, Technical Reports Series No. 468. International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna (2009)., [95] M. Sajjad, R. M. Lambrecht, A. P. Wolf. Radiochim. Acta39, 165 (1986)..
17O has been used as a tracer to study cerebral oxygen utilization [96] T. Arai, S. Nakao, K. Mori, K. Ishimori, I. Morishima, T. Miyazawa, B. Fritz-Zieroth. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.169, 153 (1990).. Variations in stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes are used in energy expenditure studies in animals and humans. The subject is administered a dose of doubly labeled water (water enriched in both 2H and 18O). Measurements of the elimination rates of 2H and 18O in the subject over time through regular sampling of body water (by sampling saliva, urine, or blood) provide information on energy expenditure because the hydrogen isotopic composition of body water is affected primarily by water loss (mainly urination), but the oxygen isotopic composition is affected by both respiration and water loss [97] J. R. Speakman. Theory and Practice, Doubly Labelled Water. Springer Scientific, London (1997)..
Oxygen commonly has oxidation state −2 in oxides and silicates, −1 in peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂, and −1/2 in superoxides such as potassium superoxide KO₂. In water H₂O it forms extensive hydrogen-bonded networks. Oxygen also forms carbon dioxide CO₂, sulfur dioxide SO₂, nitrates, phosphates, carbonates, and many organic functional groups. Positive oxidation states occur only with more electronegative fluorine, as in oxygen difluoride OF₂.
Ozone (O3), a highly active compound, is formed by the action of an electrical discharge or ultraviolet light on oxygen.
Ozone's presence in the atmosphere (amounting to the equivalent of a layer 3 mm thick under ordinary pressures and temperatures) helps prevent harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth's surface. Pollutants in the atmosphere may have a detrimental effect on this ozone layer. Ozone is toxic and exposure should not exceed 0.2 mg/m# (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour work week). Undiluted ozone has a bluish color. Liquid ozone is bluish black and solid ozone is violet-black.
Oxygen, which is very reactive, is a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds and combines with most elements.
See more information at the Oxygen compound page.
O₂ is not flammable, but oxygen enrichment greatly increases the speed and severity of fires and can cause materials that normally burn slowly to ignite violently. Liquid oxygen can cause severe cold burns and can make porous materials dangerously oxygen-rich. Ozone O₃ is toxic by inhalation and irritates the respiratory tract. High partial pressures of oxygen can be harmful, especially in diving, hyperbaric, and intensive-care settings.
Oxygen cycles through photosynthesis, respiration, weathering, combustion, and exchange between the atmosphere and oceans. Most atmospheric O₂ is maintained by oxygenic photosynthesis, while much of Earth’s oxygen inventory is locked in rocks as oxides, silicates, and carbonates. Dissolved oxygen controls the habitability of waters for many organisms and is depleted by decay of organic matter and some pollution events.
Industrial oxygen is produced mainly by cryogenic fractional distillation of air where large volumes and high purity are required. Pressure-swing adsorption and membrane systems supply smaller or on-site needs at lower purities. Demand is tied to steel, chemicals, refining, healthcare, water treatment, and aerospace. Because air is the feedstock, cost is dominated by energy, plant scale, purity, transport, and storage rather than geological scarcity. Oxygen itself is not recycled as a commodity, although efficient process design reduces consumption.
Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, the process once thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the Aurora Borealis.
A gaseous element, oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth's crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen.
In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst.
Oxygen is one of the most abundant elements in the universe and is made chiefly by helium and carbon burning in massive stars, then dispersed by stellar winds and supernovae. It is common in planets, dust, ices, and rocky minerals. In the Solar System it is a major component of water ice, silicate rock, carbon dioxide ice or gas, and many metal oxides.
- Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be visibly held between magnet poles.
- Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs much biologically damaging ultraviolet radiation.
- Most oxygen atoms on Earth are in minerals, not in the atmosphere.
- The name oxygen originally reflected the mistaken idea that it was required to make all acids.
- Singlet oxygen is an electronically excited form important in photochemistry and some biological damage.
- Hemoglobin binds O₂ reversibly through iron centers rather than by oxidizing iron completely.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 60 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 66 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 152 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 1.429 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.014 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- गैस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- -218.79 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- -182.95 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 0.027 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.918 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 29.378 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 3.44 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 3.61
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 1.4611 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 13.618055 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 35.121241 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 54.935729 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 77.413766 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 113.899392 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 6 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [He] 2s2 2p4
ऊष्मागतिक
- त्रिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- -218.7916 °C
- त्रिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 146.3 Pa
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- -118.569 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 5.043e+6 Pa
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.00460175 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 0.07068456 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 2.582474 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 2.583085 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 8 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 8 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 18 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 3 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- O-16
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1771
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 4.61e+5 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 8.57 × 105 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 683 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 6 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7782-44-7 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 3P2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/O
- InChI कुंजी
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
O: 2s² 2p⁴[He] 2s² 2p⁴1s² 2s² 2p⁴परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16 स्थिर | 15.99491461957 ± 0.00000000017 | 99.7570% | स्थिर |
| 17 स्थिर | 16.9991317565 ± 0.00000000069 | 0.0380% | स्थिर |
| 18 स्थिर | 17.99915961286 ± 0.00000000076 | 0.2050% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: क्वथनांक (-182.95 °C) से 207.9 °C अधिक
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
वर्तमान T पर आदर्श गैस नियम से अनुमानित
उन्नत
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O I | 0 | 910 | 854 | 907 |
| O II | +1 | 1630 | 876 | 1630 |
| O III | +2 | 1005 | 974 | 974 |
| O IV | +3 | 1525 | 1521 | 1523 |
| O V | +4 | 391 | 385 | 385 |
| O VI | +5 | 157 | 126 | 157 |
| O VII | +6 | 189 | 188 | 189 |
| O VIII | +7 | 137 | 137 | 137 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| O I | 0 | 614 |
| O II | +1 | 287 |
| O III | +2 | 188 |
| O IV | +3 | 219 |
| O V | +4 | 172 |
| O VI | +5 | 148 |
| O VII | +6 | 149 |
| O VIII | +7 | 149 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | 2 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 135 pm |
| -2 | 3 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 136 pm |
| -2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 138 pm |
| -2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 140 pm |
| -2 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 142 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (3)
Oxygen has nine isotopes. Natural oxygen is a mixture of three isotopes.
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 स्थिर | 15.99491461957 ± 0.00000000017 | 99.7570% ± 0.0160% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 17 स्थिर | 16.9991317565 ± 0.00000000069 | 0.0380% ± 0.0010% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 18 स्थिर | 17.99915961286 ± 0.00000000076 | 0.2050% ± 0.0140% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
1013 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 615.8187 nm | 490 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 615.6778 nm | 450 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 700.223 nm | 450 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 725.4448 nm | 450 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 3S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 615.5971 nm | 400 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 645.5977 nm | 400 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 5S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 725.4154 nm | 400 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 3S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 645.4444 nm | 360 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 5S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 700.1922 nm | 360 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 645.3602 nm | 320 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 5S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 725.4531 nm | 320 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 3S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 715.6701 nm | 210 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3s 1D* → 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3p 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 396.1573 nm | 200 | O III | emission | 2s2.2p.(2P*).3p 1D → 2s2.2p.(2P*).3d 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 533.0741 nm | 190 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5d 5D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 604.6438 nm | 190 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 3S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 394.72949 nm | 185 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 5S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 5P | मापित | NIST | |
| 394.74813 nm | 160 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 5S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 5P | मापित | NIST | |
| 532.9681 nm | 160 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5d 5D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 604.6233 nm | 160 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 3S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 394.75862 nm | 140 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 5S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 5P | मापित | NIST | |
| 543.6862 nm | 135 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 5S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 559.789 nm | 130 | O V | emission | 1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.3d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 650.024 nm | 130 | O V | emission | 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3p 3D → 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3d 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 382.34136 nm | 120 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3s 3D* → 2s2.2p3.(2P*).3p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 557.7339 nm | 120 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p4 1D → 2s2.2p4 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 543.5775 nm | 110 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 5S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 559.2252 nm | 110 | O III | emission | 2s2.2p.(2P*).3s 1P* → 2s2.2p.(2P*).3p 1P | मापित | NIST | |
| 604.6495 nm | 110 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 3S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 395.46067 nm | 100 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(2P*).3s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.396 nm | 100 | O V | emission | 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3s 3P* → 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 436.8258 nm | 100 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 3S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 543.5178 nm | 90 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 5S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 423.3274 nm | 80 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(2D*<3/2>).3d 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 441.4899 nm | 27 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 672.1388 nm | 26 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 441.6975 nm | 25 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 397.3256 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 407.58617 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.91347 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 664.1031 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 407.21525 nm | 23 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F | मापित | NIST | |
| 434.9426 nm | 23 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 411.92165 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4P* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 459.0974 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(1D).3s 2D → 2s2.2p2.(1D).3p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.18103 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 689.5102 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F → 2s2.2p2.(3P).4p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 406.98819 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F | मापित | NIST | |
| 435.126 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(1D).3s 2D → 2s2.2p2.(1D).3p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 466.16324 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 470.5346 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 2F | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 63 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 57 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 53 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (ब्रैग)
- 65 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Bondi
- 152 pm
- Batsanov
- 155 pm
- Alvarez
- 150 pm
- UFF
- 350 pm
- MM3
- 182 pm
- Dreiding
- 340.46 pm
- Rowland–Taylor
- 158 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 171 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 99
- Pettifor
- 101
- Glawe
- 97
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 8
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 6
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 5.3 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.2 a.u.
- C₆
- 15.6 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 16.7 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक बंधुता
- प्रोटॉन बंधुता
- 485.2 kJ/mol
- गैसीय क्षारकता
- 459.6 kJ/mol
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 54.36 K |
| क्वथनांक | 90.19 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 154.58 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब) | 5.04 MPa |
| त्रिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 54.36 K |
| त्रिक बिंदु (दाब) | 0.15 kPa |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (3)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3421 |
| 2 | p | 3.5468 |
| 2 | s | 3.5084 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (5)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | II | 121 | ||
| -2 | III | 122 | ||
| -2 | IV | 124 | ||
| -2 | VI | 126 | ||
| -2 | VIII | 128 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (22)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | 2p | 100% |
| 12 | 2p | 100% |
| 13 | B+ | 100% |
| 13 | B+p | 10.9% |
| 14 | B+ | 100% |
| 15 | B+ | 100% |
| 19 | B- | 100% |
| 20 | B- | 100% |
| 21 | B- | 100% |
| 21 | B-n | — |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (502)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.70328 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.70723 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.70738 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.70753 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.70768 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.70783 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.70798 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.70813 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.70828 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.70843 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
4.61×105 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
8.57×105 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, the process once thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the Aurora Borealis.
A gaseous element, oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth's crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen.
In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Oxygen https://periodic.lanl.gov/8.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
Measurements of relative 18O abundances have been used to determine the breeding grounds of many species of migrant songbirds. These species of songbirds only grow their feathers before migration, and they grow them on or close to their breeding grounds. Therefore, the isotopic composition of a bird’s feathers correlates to the isotopic signature of the growing season’s precipitation [19] K. A. Hobson. Oecologia120, 314 (1999)., [20] K. A. Hobson, L. I. Wassenaar. Oecologia.109, 142 (1996)..
Measurements of relative 18O abundances of human hair or nail samples collected at archeological sites have been used to determine the geographic region in which a subject lived based on the oxygen isotopic composition of the water they drank (Fig. IUPAC.8.3). This is possible because hair stores a daily record of oxygen isotopic composition of intake water, which correlates to local meteoric water [92] D. M. O’Brien, M. J. Woller. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.21, 2422 (2007)..
संदर्भ (7)
- [14] W. Dansgaard. Tellus16, 436 (1964).
- [15] I. D. Clark, P. Fritz. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, p. 328, Lewis Publishers, New York (1997).
- [19] K. A. Hobson. Oecologia120, 314 (1999).
- [20] K. A. Hobson, L. I. Wassenaar. Oecologia.109, 142 (1996).
- [92] D. M. O’Brien, M. J. Woller. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.21, 2422 (2007).
- [93] I. Fraser, W. Meier-Augenstein, R. M. Kalin. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.20, 1109 (2006).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Oxygen.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.