Tungsten (W)
transition-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
183.84 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4गलनांक
3421.85 °Cक्वथनांक
5554.85 °Cघनत्व
1.93e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
2.36आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
7.86403 eVखोज का वर्ष
1781परमाणु त्रिज्या
135 pmविवरण
Tungsten is a dense, refractory transition metal in group 6. It has the highest melting point of any element and retains strength at temperatures where most engineering metals soften. Chemically it is best known for stable high oxidation states, especially +6, and for forming hard carbides and complex oxoanions. Natural tungsten occurs mainly in tungstate minerals rather than as the native metal.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. The impure metal is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The thermal expansion is about the same as borosilicate glass, which makes the metal useful for glass-to-metal seals.
The name derives from the Swedish tungsten for "heavy stone". The symbol W derives from the German wolfram, which was found with tin and interfered with the smelting of tin. It was said to eat up tin like a wolf eats up sheep. The element was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1781. Tungsten metal was first isolated by the Spanish chemists Fausto Elhuyar and his brother Juan José in 1783.
Tungsten was discovered by Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar, Spanish chemists and brothers, in 1783 in samples of the mineral wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO4). Today, tungsten is primarily obtained from wolframite and scheelite (CaWO4) using the same basic method developed by José and Elhuyar. Tungsten ores are crushed, cleaned and treated with alkalis to form tungsten trioxide (WO3). Tungsten trioxide is then heated with carbon or hydrogen gas (H2), forming tungsten metal and carbon dioxide (CO2) or tungsten metal and water vapor (H2O).
From Swedish, tung sten meanig heavy stone. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now known as wolframite and concluded it must contain a new substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tungsten (a name first applied about 1758 to a mineral now known as scheelite). Scheele and Berman suggested the possibility of obtaining a new metal by reducing this acid. The de Elhuyar brothers found acid in wolframite in 1783 that was identical to the acid of tungsten (tungstic acid) of Scheele, and in that year they succeeded in obtaining the element by reduction of this acid with charcoal. Tungsten occurs in wolframite, scheelite, huebnertie, and ferberite. Important deposits of tungsten occur in California, Colorado, South Korea, Bolivia, Russia, and Portugal. China is reported to have about 75% of the world's tungsten resources. Natural tungsten contains five stable isotopes. Twenty one other unstable isotopes are recognized. The metal is obtained commercially be reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to silvery-white metal with a metallic luster. It is hard and brittle when impure or cold-worked, but sufficiently pure tungsten can be drawn into wire after suitable processing. The metal is solid under ordinary conditions and has an exceptionally high density.
Tungsten metal is used where very high temperature strength, low vapor pressure, and resistance to arc erosion are needed. Important uses include filaments and electrodes in specialized lamps and vacuum devices, contacts, heating elements, and parts for high-temperature furnaces. Tungsten carbide is central to cutting tools, mining bits, dies, and wear-resistant components. Heavy tungsten alloys are used for counterweights, radiation shielding, vibration damping, and some kinetic-energy applications.
Pure tungsten is a light gray or whitish metal that is soft enough to be cut with a hacksaw and ductile enough to be drawn into wire or extruded into various shapes. If contaminated with other materials, tungsten becomes brittle and difficult to work with. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metallic elements and is used to make filaments for incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent light bulbs and television tubes. Tungsten expands at nearly the same rate as borosilicate glass and is used to make metal to glass seals. Tungsten is also used as a target for X-ray production, as heating elements in electric furnaces and for parts of spacecraft and missiles which must withstand high temperatures.
Tungsten is alloyed with steel to form tough metals that are stable at high temperatures. Tungsten-steel alloys are used to make such things as high speed cutting tools and rocket engine nozzles.
Tungsten carbide (WC) is an extremely hard tungsten compound. It is used in the tips of drill bits, high speed cutting tools and in mining machinery. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a dry lubricant that can be used to temperatures as high as 500°C. Tungsten forms compounds with calcium and magnesium that have phosphorescent properties and are used in fluorescent light bulbs.
Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work; for electrical contact points for automobile distributors; X-ray targets; windings and heating elements for electrical furnaces; and for numerous spacecraft and high-temperature applications. High-speed tool steels, Hastelloy(R), Stellite(R), and many other alloys contain tungsten. Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries. Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting; other salts of tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten disulfide is a dry, high-temperature lubricant, stable to 500C. Tungsten bronzes and other tungsten compounds are used in paints.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
182W is the stable product of the decay of 182Hf, which has a half-life of 8.9×106 years. Although 182Hf was present at the dawn of the Solar System, this isotope has long since decayed. During the formation of the planets, including Earth, the elements hafnium and tungsten were partitioned into silicate minerals (rock forming minerals with silicon-oxygen bonds that constitute more than 90 percent of the Earth’s crust) and metal phases, respectively. The measurement of excessive amounts of 182W, arising from the decay of 182Hf that accumulated in silicate minerals, has been used to estimate the time that elapsed between the formation of the Solar System and accretion of the planets (Fig. IUPAC.74.1) [512] E. B. Norman, D. N. Schramm. Nature304, 515 (1983)., [513] C. Vockenhuber, F. Oberli, M. Bichler, I. Ahmad, G. Quitté, M. Meier, A. N. Halliday, D. C. Lee, W. Kutschera, P. Steier, R. J. Gehrke, R. G. Helmer. Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 172501-1 (2004)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
Tungsten-rhenium generators use 188W, which is produced from 186W, via the following double neutron capture reaction 186W (n, γ) 187W (n, γ) 188W.
Tungsten chemistry is dominated by oxidation states from 0 to +6, with +6 the most common in air-stable compounds. Tungsten(VI) oxide, WO₃, is an important oxide used in pigments, electrochromic devices, and as a precursor to metal powder. Tungstates contain the tungstate ion, WO₄²⁻, and include calcium tungstate, CaWO₄, and sodium tungstate, Na₂WO₄. Tungsten hexafluoride, WF₆, is a volatile +6 compound used in chemical vapor deposition. Tungsten carbide, WC, is a hard interstitial compound rather than a typical salt.
See more information at the Tungsten compound page.
Massive tungsten metal has low acute toxicity and is not easily absorbed, but fine powders can present dust, fire, or explosion hazards under some conditions. Soluble tungstate salts are more biologically available and should not be treated as harmless. Tungsten carbide tools may contain cobalt or nickel binders that add important occupational hazards. Tungsten is not radioactive as a natural element in practical terms, though artificial radioisotopes require isotope-specific controls.
Tungsten enters the environment mainly through weathering of tungstate minerals and through mining, milling, metalworking, and disposal of hard-metal products. In oxidizing waters it commonly forms tungstate species, which can be more mobile than many heavy-metal ions. Its biological role is limited but real in some microorganisms, where tungsten enzymes are known. Environmental behavior depends strongly on pH, redox conditions, and adsorption to iron or manganese oxides.
Tungsten is produced chiefly from scheelite and wolframite concentrates. Ore is converted to ammonium paratungstate and then to tungsten oxide or tungsten metal powder, with powder metallurgy used for many products because of the metal’s very high melting point. Supply is strategically important because deposits and refining capacity are geographically concentrated. Demand is led by cemented carbides, followed by alloy, mill-product, and chemical uses. Recycling of carbide scrap and heavy alloys is significant because tungsten is valuable and often recoverable from industrial products.
Occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].
Tungsten is a rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar events, rather than by ordinary stellar fusion. In planets it is lithophile under oxidizing conditions but can partition into metal under reducing conditions. Hafnium-tungsten isotope systematics are used to study early Solar System chronology and core formation.
- The symbol W comes from wolfram, a name still reflected in wolframite ores.
- Tungsten wire was crucial to long-lived incandescent lamps after ductile wire production became practical.
- Tungsten has an unusually low vapor pressure at very high temperature.
- Cemented tungsten carbide is usually a composite with a metallic binder, not pure WC alone.
- The isotope ¹⁸²W is important in hafnium-tungsten geochronology.
- Tungsten compounds can form polyoxometalates with large, cage-like anions.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 135 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 162 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 210 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 130 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 1.93 × 104 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.00953 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 3421.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 5554.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 173 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.132 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 24.27 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- अंतःकेंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.36 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 1.47
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.815 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 7.86403 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 16.370056 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 26.000089 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 38.200131 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 51.600178 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 6 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.36482355 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 8.360885 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 8.803441 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 8.803441 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 8.820024 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 74 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 110 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 41 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 0 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- W-184
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1781
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 1.25 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 1 × 10−4 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 316 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-33-7 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 5D0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/W
- InChI कुंजी
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
W: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
कोई स्थिर समस्थानिक नहीं है।
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 183 रेडियोधर्मी | 182.95022275 ± 0.0000009 | 14.3100% | 670 Ey |
| 161 रेडियोधर्मी | 160.9672 ± 0.00021 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 409 ms |
| 157 रेडियोधर्मी | 156.97884 ± 0.00043 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 275 ms |
| 177 रेडियोधर्मी | 176.946643 ± 0.00003 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 132.4 मिनट |
| 181 रेडियोधर्मी | 180.9481978 ± 0.0000051 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 120.956 दिन |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (3421.85 °C) से 3396.8 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
74 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 7049 | 522 | 5852 |
| W II | +1 | 2838 | 211 | 2838 |
| W III | +2 | 2644 | 37 | 2644 |
| W IV | +3 | 791 | 0 | 791 |
| W V | +4 | 193 | 0 | 193 |
| W VI | +5 | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| W VII | +6 | 397 | 0 | 397 |
| W VIII | +7 | 193 | 187 | 193 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 509 |
| W II | +1 | 264 |
| W III | +2 | 236 |
| W IV | +3 | 106 |
| W V | +4 | 60 |
| W VI | +5 | 15 |
| W VII | +6 | 113 |
| W VIII | +7 | 103 |
| W IX | +8 | 3 |
| W X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 66 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 62 pm |
| +6 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 42 pm |
| +6 | 5 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 51 pm |
| +6 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 60 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (5)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 183 रेडियोधर्मी | 182.95022275 ± 0.0000009 | 14.3100% ± 0.0400% | 670 Ey | IS =14.31±0.4%α ? | |
| 161 रेडियोधर्मी | 160.9672 ± 0.00021 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 409 ms | α =73±0.3%β+ =27±0.3% | |
| 157 रेडियोधर्मी | 156.97884 ± 0.00043 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 275 ms | β+ =100%α =0% | |
| 177 रेडियोधर्मी | 176.946643 ± 0.00003 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 132.4 मिनट | β+ =100% | |
| 181 रेडियोधर्मी | 180.9481978 ± 0.0000051 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 120.956 दिन | ε =100% |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
2460 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 400.8749 nm | 1000 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 429.4605 nm | 800 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 386.7982 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 407.4357 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 381.7484 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 484.381 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 505.328 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 384.6213 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 525.9338 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | मापित | NIST | |
| 551.4684 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 383.5052 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 388.1394 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 522.4661 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 524.2973 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3G → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 424.4367 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 426.9384 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 430.2103 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 488.6902 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 498.2586 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 380.9234 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 384.749 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 505.4594 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 507.1736 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | मापित | NIST | |
| 523.352 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 527.5538 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 549.2315 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | मापित | NIST | |
| 381.0796 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 506.9123 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 525.5401 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 434.811303 nm | 109 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 381.0385 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 401.5216 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.56 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 410.2701 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 424.1444 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 427.4553 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | मापित | NIST | |
| 525.4544 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 526.3195 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 526.9315 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 543.5042 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 395.105951 nm | 91 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D → 5d3.(4F).6s.(5F).6p 6G* | मापित | NIST | |
| 406.9948 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 413.7464 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 421.9375 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 425.9363 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | मापित | NIST | |
| 468.0513 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 498.6924 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3H → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 526.8545 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | मापित | NIST | |
| 547.7798 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 667.838 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 137 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 120 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 115 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 257 pm
- UFF
- 309.6 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 253 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 139 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 53
- Pettifor
- 56
- Glawe
- 57
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 68 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 15 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 757 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 9.55 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 6
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 84
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 10
- भंडार वितरण
- 61
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 24
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 3687.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 5828.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (14)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4343 |
| 2 | p | 4.4258 |
| 2 | s | 19.3302 |
| 3 | d | 13.5476 |
| 3 | p | 21.3824 |
| 3 | s | 22.13 |
| 4 | d | 36.8268 |
| 4 | f | 39.2892 |
| 4 | p | 34.4516 |
| 4 | s | 33.4412 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (5)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | VI | 80 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 76 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | IV | 56 | ||
| 6 | V | 65 | ||
| 6 | VI | 74 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (54)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 157 | B+ | 100% |
| 157 | A | 0% |
| 158 | A | 100% |
| 159 | A | 100% |
| 159 | B+ | — |
| 160 | A | 87% |
| 160 | B+ | — |
| 161 | A | 73% |
| 161 | B+ | 27% |
| 162 | B+ | — |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (541)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.92551 |
| 10.1617 | — | 2.00949 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.09714 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.18428 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.26758 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.35405 |
| 11.0105 | — | 2.44381 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.537 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.63375 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.73418 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.25 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-4 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tungsten.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.