Tantalum (Ta)
transition-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
180.94788 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d3गलनांक
3016.85 °Cक्वथनांक
5457.85 °Cघनत्व
1.64e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
1.5आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
7.549571 eVखोज का वर्ष
1802परमाणु त्रिज्या
145 pmविवरण
Tantalum is a dense, refractory transition metal in group 5, closely associated geologically and chemically with niobium. It is noted for exceptional resistance to corrosion, a very high melting point, and the stable, high-permittivity oxide film that forms on its surface. Most natural tantalum is ¹⁸¹Ta, with a small contribution from the long-lived nuclear isomer ¹⁸⁰ᵐTa. Its chemistry is dominated by the +5 oxidation state.
Tantalum is a gray, heavy, and very hard metal. When pure, it is ductile and can be drawn into fine wire, which is used as a filament for evaporating metals such as aluminum. Tantalum is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C, and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing the fluoride ion, and free sulfur trioxide. Alkalis attack it only slowly. At high temperatures, tantalum becomes much more reactive. The element has a melting point exceeded only by tungsten and rhenium. Tantalum is used to make a variety of alloys with desirable properties such as high melting point, high strength, good ductility, etc. Tantalum has a good "gettering" ability at high temperatures, and tantalum oxide films are stable and have good rectifying and dielectric properties.
The name derives from the Greek mythological character Tantalus who was banished to Hades, the region of lost souls where he was placed up to his chin in water, which receded whenever he tried to drink it, and under branches of fruit, which drew back whenever he tried to pick their fruit. This name was selected because of the insolubility of tantalum in acids; thus, when placed in the midst of acids, it is incapable of taking any of them up. Tantalum was discovered by the Swedish chemist and mineralogist Anders- Gustav Ekeberg in 1802.
Tantalum was discovered by Anders Gustaf Ekenberg, a Swedish chemist, in 1802 in minerals obtained from Ytterby, Sweden. Many scientists believed that he had only discovered an allotrope of niobium, an element that is chemically similar to tantalum. The issue was finally settled in 1866 when, Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, a Swiss chemist, proved that tantalum and niobium were two distinct elements. The first relatively pure samples of tantalum were first produced in 1907. Today, tantalum is primarily obtained from the minerals columbite ((Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6), tantalite ((Fe, Mn)(Ta, Nb)2O6) and euxenite ((Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6).
Named after Tantalos, a Greek a mythological character, father of Niobe. Discovered in 1802 by Ekeberg, but many chemists thought niobium and tantalum were identical elements until Rowe in 1844, and Marignac, in 1866, showed that niobic and tantalic acids were two different acids. The early investigators only isolated the impure metal. The first relatively pure ductile tantalum was produced by von Bolton in 1903. Tantalum occurs principally in the mineral columbite-tantalite.
Pure tantalum is a hard, heavy, lustrous metal with a gray to blue-gray metallic surface. It is ductile when sufficiently pure but becomes less workable when contaminated by oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, or carbon. A thin oxide film passivates the surface in air.
Tantalum is widely used in solid electrolytic capacitors, where a porous metal anode and a thin tantalum pentoxide dielectric provide high capacitance per volume. It is also used in corrosion-resistant chemical equipment, heat exchangers, surgical implants, and high-temperature furnace parts. Tantalum carbide is important in hard materials, and tantalum additions improve some nickel- and cobalt-base superalloys. Because it absorbs little from body fluids and is corrosion resistant, the metal has had longstanding biomedical applications.
Tantalum is a strong, ductile metal that is nearly immune to chemical attack at room temperatures. It can be drawn into a fine wire that is used to evaporate metals, such as aluminum. It has a high melting point and is frequently used as a substitute for platinum, which is more expensive. Tantalum is used to make components for chemical plants, nuclear power plants, airplanes and missiles. Tantalum does not react with bodily fluids and is used to make surgical equipment. Tantalum also does not irritate the body and is used to make surgical sutures as well as implants, such as artificial joints and cranial plates. Tantalum is alloyed with steel to increase steel's ductility, strength and melting point.
Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), one of tantalum's compounds, is a dielectric material and is used to make capacitors. It is also used to make a glass with a high index of refraction that is used in camera lenses. A composite consisting of tantalum carbide (TaC) and graphite is one of the hardest materials known and is used on the cutting edges of high-speed machine tools.
Scientists at Los Alamos have produced a tantalum carbide graphite composite material, which is said to be one of the hardest materials ever made. The compound has a melting point of 3738°C. Tantalum is used to make electrolytic capacitors and vacuum furnace parts, which account for about 60% of its use. The metal is also widely used to fabricate chemical process equipment, nuclear reactors, aircraft, and missile parts. Tantalum is completely immune to body liquids and is a nonirritating material. It has, therefore, found wide use in making surgical appliances. Tantalum oxide is used to make special glass with high index of refraction for camera lenses. The metal has many other uses.
Isotopes in Medicine
178 Ta (with a half-life of 9.3 min) is used in medical studies, such as first-pass radionuclide angiography of mice, to better understand cardiovascular disease. Radionuclide angiography uses a pinhole lens fitted to a high-speed multiwire proportional camera and a n(178W)/n(178Ta) amount-ratio generator for minimally invasive quantification of murine ventricular (heart) functions (Fig. IUPAC.73.1) [506] J. Lacy, T. Nanavaty, D. Dai, N. Nayak, N. Haynes, C. Martin. J. Nucl. Cardiol.8, 171 (2001)., [507] C. J. Hartley, G. E. Taffet, A. K. Reddy, M. L. Entman, L. H. Michael. ILAR J.43, 147 (2002).. The multiwire gamma camera has a 178Ta generator incorporated in its housing, and it provides portable and laboratory ventricular function assessments for cardiovascular patients [507] C. J. Hartley, G. E. Taffet, A. K. Reddy, M. L. Entman, L. H. Michael. ILAR J.43, 147 (2002)., [508] J. L. Lacy, A. D. LeBlanc, J. W. Babich, M. W. Bungo, L. A. Latson, R. M. Lewis, L. R. Poliner, R. H. Jones, P. C. Johnson. J. Nucl. Med.25, 1003 (1984).. Intravenous injections of 178Ta are used in gated equilibrium blood pool imaging [509] R. A. Wilson, S. Y. Kopiwoda, R. J. Callahan, R. H. Moore, C. A. Boucher, H. Manspeaker, F. P. Castronovo, H. W. Strauss. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging13, 82 (1987).. 183Ta (with a half-life of 5.1 days) has potential for use in radionuclide pharmaceuticals and as a tracer for toxicity studies of ecosystems [510] N. Shigeta, R. M. Lambrecht, H. Matsuoka, A. Osa, M. Koizumi, K. Kobayashi, M. Izumo, K. Hashimoto, T. Sekine. Appl. Radiat. Isot.47, 171 (1996)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
181Ta is used to produce 178W, which decays to 178Ta via the reaction 181Ta (p, 4 n) 178W, which is followed by a subsequent electron capture decay reaction of 178W to finally yield 178Ta. 178Ta is important for medical studies as noted in Section 4.73.1.
Tantalum forms strongly oxophilic compounds and is most stable in the +5 oxidation state. Tantalum pentoxide, Ta₂O₅, is the most important oxide and forms the dielectric film used in capacitors. Tantalum pentachloride, TaCl₅, is a volatile chloride used in synthesis and deposition chemistry. Tantalates contain TaO₆ octahedra in many minerals and ceramic materials. Lower oxidation states exist in halides and cluster compounds, but they are less common in ordinary aqueous chemistry. Tantalum carbide, TaC, is an extremely hard refractory ceramic.
See more information at the Tantalum compound page.
Massive tantalum metal is generally of low chemical toxicity and is valued for biocompatibility, but fine powder can burn and should be treated as a combustible metal dust. Soluble tantalum compounds are uncommon but should not be assumed harmless. Processing hazards often come from associated acids, fluorides, chlorides, and fine particulates rather than from the bulk metal itself. Natural tantalum is only very weakly radioactive because of trace ¹⁸⁰ᵐTa.
Tantalum occurs in resistant oxide minerals and is not abundant in surface waters. Weathering can move small amounts in heavy-mineral sediments, while much remains in insoluble phases. It has no known essential biological role. Environmental concerns are usually linked to mining, mineral concentration, tailings, and the handling of associated elements rather than to high mobility of tantalum ions in natural waters.
Tantalum is produced mainly from tantalite- and columbite-bearing ores, from complex lithium-cesium-tantalum pegmatites, and as a by-product of tin or lithium mineral processing. Separation from niobium is a central refining step because the two elements have similar chemistry. Demand is strongly influenced by electronics, especially capacitors, but superalloys, carbides, and corrosion-resistant equipment also matter. Supply can be constrained by ore concentration, co-production relationships, conflict-mineral controls, and the need for specialized refining. Recycling from capacitor scrap and superalloy residues contributes but does not fully replace mined supply.
Tantalum ores are found in Australia, Brazil, Mozambique, Thailand, Portugal, Nigeria, Zaire, and Canada.
Tantalum is a rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable and long-lived isotopes are made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from slow and rapid capture pathways. In planetary materials it is lithophile and refractory, so it concentrates in silicate reservoirs and resists volatilization during high-temperature condensation.
- Tantalum and niobium are so similar chemically that their separation shaped much of their early metallurgy.
- ¹⁸⁰ᵐTa is the rarest naturally occurring long-lived nuclear isomer known.
- The dielectric layer in tantalum capacitors is grown directly from the metal surface.
- Tantalum resists many acids but is attacked by hydrofluoric acid and fluoride-containing mixtures.
- Its name refers to Tantalus, reflecting the early difficulty of dissolving its oxide.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 145 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 170 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 217 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 134 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 1.64 × 104 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0109 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 3016.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 5457.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 57.5 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.14 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 25.36 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- अंतःकेंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.5 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 1.34
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.322 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 7.549571 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 16.200056 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 23.10008 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 35.00012 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 48.272166 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 5 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d3
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.37902265 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 7.804322 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 8.104887 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 8.104887 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 8.104887 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 73 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 108 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 40 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 1 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Ta-181
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1802
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 2 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 2 × 10−6 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 331 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-25-7 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 4F3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ta
- InChI कुंजी
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Ta: 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 181 स्थिर | 180.9479958 ± 0.000002 | 99.9880% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (3016.85 °C) से 2991.8 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
73 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ta I | 0 | 526 | 200 | 510 |
| Ta II | +1 | 141 | 0 | 13 |
| Ta IV | +3 | 83 | 0 | 0 |
| Ta V | +4 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Ta I | 0 | 301 |
| Ta II | +1 | 134 |
| Ta III | +2 | 2 |
| Ta IV | +3 | 2 |
| Ta V | +4 | 2 |
| Ta VI | +5 | 2 |
| Ta VII | +6 | 2 |
| Ta VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Ta IX | +8 | 2 |
| Ta X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 72 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 68 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 64 pm |
| +5 | 7 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 69 pm |
| +5 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 74 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (1)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 181 स्थिर | 180.9479958 ± 0.000002 | 99.9880% ± 0.0003% | स्थिर | stable |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 146 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 126 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 119 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 253 pm
- UFF
- 317 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 258 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 146 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 49
- Pettifor
- 53
- Glawe
- 52
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 74 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 20 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 887 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 10.81 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 4
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 25
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 7
- भंडार वितरण
- 54
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 48
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 48
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 3290.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 5728.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (14)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4163 |
| 2 | p | 4.4136 |
| 2 | s | 19.0702 |
| 3 | d | 13.5589 |
| 3 | p | 21.1996 |
| 3 | s | 21.9085 |
| 4 | d | 36.676 |
| 4 | f | 39.5296 |
| 4 | p | 34.2652 |
| 4 | s | 33.2412 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (5)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 86 | estimated, | |
| 4 | VI | 82 | estimated, | |
| 5 | VI | 78 | ||
| 5 | VII | 83 | ||
| 5 | VIII | 88 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (52)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 155 | p | 100% |
| 156 | p | 71% |
| 156 | B+ | 29% |
| 157 | A | 96.6% |
| 157 | p | 3.4% |
| 157 | B+ | — |
| 158 | A | 100% |
| 158 | B+ | — |
| 159 | B+ | 66% |
| 159 | A | 34% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (716)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 3.16064 |
| 10.1152 | — | 3.23709 |
| 10.2317 | — | 3.31539 |
| 10.3496 | — | 3.39558 |
| 10.4688 | — | 3.47772 |
| 10.5894 | — | 3.56683 |
| 10.7114 | — | 3.65875 |
| 10.8348 | — | 3.75304 |
| 10.9596 | — | 3.84976 |
| 11.0859 | — | 3.94897 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Tantalum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele073.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-6 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Tantalum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele073.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Tantalum ores are found in Australia, Brazil, Mozambique, Thailand, Portugal, Nigeria, Zaire, and Canada.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Tantalum https://periodic.lanl.gov/73.shtml
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
Separation of tantalum from niobium requires several complicated steps. Several methods are used to commercially produce the element, including electrolysis of molten potassium fluorotantalate, reduction of potassium fluorotantalate with sodium, or reacting tantalum carbide with tantalum oxide. Twenty five isotopes of tantalum are known to exist. Natural tantalum contains two isotopes.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Tantalum https://periodic.lanl.gov/73.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tantalum.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.