Tellurium (Te)
metalloidSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
127.6 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4गलनांक
449.51 °Cक्वथनांक
987.85 °Cघनत्व
6232 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
2.1आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
9.009808 eVखोज का वर्ष
1782परमाणु त्रिज्या
140 pmविवरण
Tellurium is a brittle metalloid in group 16, below selenium and above polonium. It is chemically related to sulfur and selenium but is more metallic, less abundant, and more easily reduced. In nature it occurs mainly as telluride minerals and as a minor constituent of copper ores. Its technological importance comes from semiconducting and thermoelectric compounds, cadmium telluride photovoltaics, and small alloying additions that modify machinability and corrosion behavior.
Crystalline tellurium has a silvery-white appearance, and when pure it exhibits a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. Amorphous tellurium is found by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid. Whether this form is truly amorphous, or made of minute crystals, is open to question. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms.
Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flames, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel.
The name derives from the Latin Tellus, who was the Roman goddess of the Earth. Tellurium was discovered by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein in 1782 and overlooked for 15 years until it was isolated by the German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in 1798. The Hungarian chemist Paul Kitaibel independently discovered tellurium in 1789, prior to Klaproth's work but after von Reichenstein.
Tellurium was discovered by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, a Romanian mining official, in 1782. Reichenstein was the chief inspector of all mines, smelters and saltworks in Transylvania. He also had an interest in chemistry and extracted a new metal from an ore of gold, known as aurum album, which he believed was antimony. He shortly realized that the metal he had produced wasn't antimony at all, but a previously unknown element. Reichenstein's work was forgotten until 1798 when Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, mentioned the substance in a paper. Klaproth named the new element tellurium but gave full credit for its discovery to Reichenstein. Tellurium is found free in nature, but is most often found in the ores sylvanite (AgAuTe4), calaverite (AuTe2) and krennerite (AuTe2). Today, most tellurium is obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining copper.
From the Latin word tellus, earth. Discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth, who isolated it in 1798.
Pure tellurium is a silvery-white to gray, lustrous, crystalline solid at ordinary conditions. It is brittle and can be powdered, but it is not malleable. The common trigonal form has helical chains of atoms, giving the element anisotropic electrical and thermal properties.
The largest modern use of tellurium is in cadmium telluride, CdTe, thin-film solar cells. Tellurium is also used in bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, and related thermoelectric materials for cooling and power generation from temperature differences. Small additions to copper, steel, and lead improve machinability or modify mechanical properties. Tellurium compounds are used in some infrared optical materials, phase-change chalcogenide systems, and specialized vulcanization and glass applications, but these uses are smaller and material-specific.
Tellurium is a semiconductor and is frequently doped with copper, tin, gold or silver. Tellurium is also used to color glass and ceramics and is one of the primary ingredients in blasting caps.
Tellurium is primarily used as an alloying agent. Small amounts of tellurium are added to copper and stainless steel to make them easier to machine and mill. Tellurium is also added to lead to increase its strength and resistance to sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Tellurium forms many compounds, but none that are commercially important. They include: tellourous acid (H2TeO2), tellurium tetrachloride (TeCl4), tellurium dichloride (TeCl2), tellurium trioxide (TeO3), tellurium monoxide (TeO) and sodium telluride (Na2Te).
Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Tellurium isotopes are a mixture of r-process, s-process, and p-process nucleosynthesis products, making them useful for studying the contribution of stellar products to the molecular cloud from which the Sun and planets were formed (Fig. IUPAC.52.1) [378] M. Fehr. Tellurium Isotopes and their Applications in Cosmo- and Geochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (2014), Feb. 26; http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:27380/eth-27380-01.pdf., [379] M. A. Fehr, M. Rehkämper, D. Porcelli, A. N. Halliday. Homogeneity of Tellurium Isotopes in Chondrites, Leachates of Allende and Canyon Diablo, Lunar and Planetary Science (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2003/pdf/1655.pdf., [380] M. A. Fehr, M. Rehkämper, A. N. Halliday, U. Wiechert, B. Hattendorf, D. Günther, S. Ono, J. L. Eigenbrode, I. D. Rumble. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta69, 5099 (2005)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The double beta decay of 130Te (with a half-life of 7×1020 years) has been used for the determination of gas-retention ages of tellurium minerals [382] A. P. Meshik, C. M. Hohenberg, O. V. Pravdivtseva, T. J. Bernatowicz, Y. S. Kapustab. Nucl. Phys. A809, 275 (2008)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
120Te is used for the production of 120gI, where “g” indicates ground state, via the 120Te (p, n) 120gI reaction, which is used as a positron emission tomography (PET) and beta-emitting isotope [383] A. Hohn, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1493 (1998)., [384] H. Herzog, S. M. Qaim, L. Tellmann, S. Spellerberg, D. Kruecker, H. H. Coenen. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging33, 1249 (2006).. 120gI has a half-life of 1.36 h. 122Te is used in the production of the radioisotope 122I (with a half-life of 3.6 min) via the reaction 122Te (p, n) 122I, which is used in gamma imaging [385] A. Hohn, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim, Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 93 (1998).. 123Te is used for the production of radioactive 123I (with a half-life of 13.2 h) via the 123Te (p, n) 123I reaction, which is used in thyroid imaging [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008). and for in vivo medical studies using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008).. 124Te is used for the production of both 123I and the PET isotope 124I via the 124Te (p, 2n) 123I and 124Te (p, n) 124I reactions, respectively [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008)., [387] M. L. Firouzbakht, D. J. Schlyer, R. D. Finn, G. Laguzzi, A. P. Wolf. Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B79, 909 (1993)., [388] H. Herzog, L. Tellman, S. M. Qaim, S. Spellerberg, A. Schmid, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.56, 673 (2002)., [389] F. T. Lee, C. Hall, A. Rigopoulos, J. Zweit, K. Pathmaraj, G. J. O’Keefe, F. E. Smyth, S. Welt, L. J. Old, A. M. Scott. J. Nucl. Med.42, 764 (2001).. The half-life of 124I is 100 h.
Tellurium commonly shows oxidation states −2, +4, and +6, with +4 especially important in oxides and oxoanion chemistry. Hydrogen telluride, H₂Te, is an unstable and highly toxic hydride. Tellurium dioxide, TeO₂, is an amphoteric oxide used in tellurite glasses and as a chemical intermediate. Telluric acid, H₆TeO₆, contains tellurium in the +6 state. Metal tellurides include cadmium telluride, CdTe, and bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, whose bonding and band structures are central to their electronic uses.
See more information at the Tellurium compound page.
Elemental tellurium has moderate acute toxicity, but dusts and fumes should be controlled because inhalation and ingestion can be harmful. Exposure to tellurium or some tellurium compounds can produce a persistent garlic-like odor in breath and sweat from volatile metabolites. Hydrogen telluride, H₂Te, is particularly hazardous. Cadmium telluride, CdTe, also requires controls because cadmium compounds are toxic, especially if dust is generated during manufacture or disposal.
Tellurium and its compounds are probably toxic and should be handled with care. Workmen exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/m3 of air, or less, develop "tellurium breath," which has a garlic-like odor.
Tellurium is a rare trace element in the crust and is strongly chalcophile, concentrating with sulfide and telluride mineral assemblages rather than forming abundant independent deposits. Weathering can release tellurium into soils and waters, where its speciation depends on redox conditions and pH. Tellurite and tellurate species can be mobile under some conditions, while reduction and adsorption tend to immobilize it. It has no known essential biological role for humans.
Tellurium is not usually mined as a primary product. Most commercial supply is recovered as a by-product from copper refining, especially from anode slimes produced during electrolytic purification. This dependence makes supply sensitive to copper ore composition, refinery practice, and the economics of by-product recovery rather than to tellurium demand alone. Demand is led by cadmium telluride photovoltaics and thermoelectric materials, with smaller metallurgical and chemical uses. Recycling is technically possible from manufacturing scrap and some end-of-life devices, but collection and separation can limit recovery.
Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element.
Tellurium is far less abundant in the universe than lighter chalcogens such as sulfur and selenium. Its stable isotopes are produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, including slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile element and is associated with sulfide-rich phases rather than silicate minerals.
- Tellurium was named from tellus, the Latin word for Earth.
- It is one of the few elements whose name refers to Earth rather than a celestial object or place of discovery.
- Natural tellurium contains several stable isotopes and very long-lived radioactive isotopes.
- The element can impart a garlic-like odor to breath at exposures far below severe poisoning levels.
- Tellurium improves the machinability of copper without requiring large alloy additions.
- Many useful tellurium materials are semiconductors rather than metallic conductors.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 140 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 138 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 206 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 137 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 6232 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0205 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 449.51 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 987.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 14.3 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.202 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 25.73 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- षट्कोणीय सघन संकुलित सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.1 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 2.158
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 1.9708 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 9.009808 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 18.600064 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 27.840096 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 37.415629 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 59.300204 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 6 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4
ऊष्मागतिक
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- 2056 °C
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.1812717 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 0.54412603 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 2.041768 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 2.041768 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 2.037622 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 52 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 74 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 42 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 4 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Te-126
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1782
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 0.001 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 445 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 13494-80-9 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 3P2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Te
- InChI कुंजी
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Te: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 122 स्थिर | 121.9030435 ± 0.0000016 | 2.5500% | स्थिर |
| 124 स्थिर | 123.9028171 ± 0.0000016 | 4.7400% | स्थिर |
| 125 स्थिर | 124.9044299 ± 0.0000016 | 7.0700% | स्थिर |
| 126 स्थिर | 125.9033109 ± 0.0000016 | 18.8400% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (449.51 °C) से 424.5 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
उन्नत
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
52 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Te I | 0 | 133 | 6 | 112 |
| Te II | +1 | 345 | 0 | 310 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Te I | 0 | 120 |
| Te II | +1 | 129 |
| Te III | +2 | 55 |
| Te IV | +3 | 16 |
| Te V | +4 | 45 |
| Te VI | +5 | 9 |
| Te VII | +6 | 60 |
| Te VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Te IX | +8 | 2 |
| Te X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 221 pm |
| +4 | 3 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 52 pm |
| +4 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 66 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 97 pm |
| +6 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 43 pm |
| +6 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 56.00000000000001 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (4)
Thirty isotopes of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 108 to 137. Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes.
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 122 स्थिर | 121.9030435 ± 0.0000016 | 2.5500% ± 0.1200% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 124 स्थिर | 123.9028171 ± 0.0000016 | 4.7400% ± 0.1400% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 125 स्थिर | 124.9044299 ± 0.0000016 | 7.0700% ± 0.1500% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 126 स्थिर | 125.9033109 ± 0.0000016 | 18.8400% ± 0.2500% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
74 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 486.623 nm | 2300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4F | मापित | NIST | |
| 557.636 nm | 2100 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 570.812 nm | 1900 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 483.13 nm | 1600 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4P | मापित | NIST | |
| 564.926 nm | 1500 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 575.586 nm | 1500 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 544.984 nm | 1400 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 468.691 nm | 1310 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 476.605 nm | 1300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 2F | मापित | NIST | |
| 490.442 nm | 1300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 2F | मापित | NIST | |
| 566.622 nm | 1200 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 597.468 nm | 1200 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 548.795 nm | 1100 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 484.29 nm | 1000 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 486.513 nm | 1000 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 482.712 nm | 900 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.865 nm | 830 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 500.081 nm | 810 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 477.155 nm | 800 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4F | मापित | NIST | |
| 593.615 nm | 730 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.111 nm | 680 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 470.654 nm | 670 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 436.402 nm | 650 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 636.713 nm | 570 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 469.638 nm | 560 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 416.977 nm | 540 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 463.062 nm | 540 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).7s 2P | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.488 nm | 510 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 455.778 nm | 480 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 683.7663 nm | 430 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 5D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.716 nm | 400 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 428.583 nm | 370 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 394.798 nm | 340 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 422.572 nm | 340 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 396.921 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 410.105 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).5d 2S → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.732 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).5d 2S → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 496.187 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 400.653 nm | 310 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(3P) 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 438.51 nm | 310 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 417.929 nm | 300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(1S).6p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 427.343 nm | 300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).7s 2P | मापित | NIST | |
| 679.109 nm | 300 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 669.0154 nm | 290 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 5D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 453.708 nm | 260 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 397.592 nm | 250 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 416.356 nm | 250 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 398.176 nm | 240 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 425.114 nm | 240 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.888 nm | 230 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(3P) 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 136 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 128 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 121 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (ब्रैग)
- 133 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Bondi
- 206 pm
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 199 pm
- UFF
- 447 pm
- MM3
- 244 pm
- Dreiding
- 423 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 242 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 160 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 102
- Pettifor
- 92
- Glawe
- 94
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 38 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆
- 445 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 471 Ha·Bohr6
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 722.66 K |
| क्वथनांक | 1261.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 2329.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (11)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.0432 |
| 2 | p | 4.14 |
| 2 | s | 13.6688 |
| 3 | d | 14.1607 |
| 3 | p | 17.9911 |
| 3 | s | 18.0019 |
| 4 | d | 32.04 |
| 4 | p | 28.878 |
| 4 | s | 27.5916 |
| 5 | p | 41.1915 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (6)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | VI | 207 | Pauling's (1960) crystal radius, | |
| 4 | III | 66 | ||
| 4 | IV | 80 | ||
| 4 | VI | 111 | ||
| 6 | IV | 57 | calculated, | |
| 6 | VI | 70 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (67)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 104 | A | 100% |
| 105 | A | 100% |
| 106 | A | 100% |
| 107 | A | 70% |
| 107 | B+ | — |
| 107 | B+p | — |
| 108 | B+ | 51% |
| 108 | A | 49% |
| 108 | B+p | 2.4% |
| 108 | B+A | 0.1% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (508)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 9.70237 |
| 10.1617 | — | 9.72653 |
| 10.3261 | — | 9.75076 |
| 10.4931 | — | 9.77506 |
| 10.6628 | — | 9.7994 |
| 10.8353 | — | 9.77638 |
| 11.0106 | — | 9.72308 |
| 11.1886 | — | 9.67008 |
| 11.3696 | — | 9.61736 |
| 11.5535 | — | 9.54395 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Tellurium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele052.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Tellurium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele052.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Tellurium https://periodic.lanl.gov/52.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tellurium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.