Boron (B)
metalloidSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
10.81 u [10.806, 10.821]इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[He] 2s2 2p1गलनांक
2074.85 °Cक्वथनांक
3999.85 °Cघनत्व
2370 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−5, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
2.04आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
8.298019 eVखोज का वर्ष
1808परमाणु त्रिज्या
85 pmविवरण
Boron is a light metalloid in group 13, notable for electron-deficient bonding and a rich cluster chemistry. It occurs naturally only in compounds, mainly as borates in evaporite minerals and brines. Elemental boron is difficult to prepare in high purity and has several allotropes built from B₁₂ icosahedra. Technologically, boron is most important through borate minerals, borosilicate glass, detergents, ceramics, fertilizers, and neutron-absorbing materials.
An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Boron-10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard.
The name derives from the Arabic buraq for "white". Although its compounds were known for thousands of years, it was not isolated until 1808 by the French chemists Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard.
Boron was discovered by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jaques Thénard, French chemists, and independently by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808. They all isolated boron by combining boric acid (H3BO3) with potassium. Today, boron is obtained by heating borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O) with carbon, although other methods are used if high-purity boron is required.
From the Arabic word Buraq, Persian Burah. Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard.
Pure boron is usually encountered as a dark brown to black, hard, brittle solid with a semiconducting character. Amorphous boron is a powder, while crystalline allotropes have a dark, lustrous appearance; their properties depend strongly on purity and structure.
Most boron use is in compounds rather than the free element. Borates are used in glass fiber insulation, borosilicate glass, enamels, ceramics, detergents, flame retardants, and micronutrient fertilizers. Boron carbide, B₄C, is used in armor, abrasives, and control rods because it is very hard and absorbs neutrons. Elemental boron is used in small amounts in specialty alloys, pyrotechnic compositions, and semiconductor work. The isotope ¹⁰B is important in neutron detection, reactor control, and boron neutron capture therapy research and applications.
Boron is used in pyrotechnics and flares to produce a green color. Boron has also been used in some rockets as an ignition source. Boron-10, one of the naturally occurring isotopes of boron, is a good absorber of neutrons and is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors, as a radiation shield and as a neutron detector. Boron filaments are used in the aerospace industry because of their high-strength and lightweight.
Boron forms several commercially important compounds. The most important boron compound is sodium borate pentahydrate (Na2B4O7·5H2O). Large amounts of this compound are used in the manufacture of fiberglass insulation and sodium perborate bleach. The second most important compound is boric acid (H3BO3), which is used to manufacture textile fiberglass and is used in cellulose insulation as a flame retardant. Sodium borate decahydrate (Na2B4O7·10H2O), better known as borax, is the third most important boron compound. Borax is used in laundry products and as a mild antiseptic. Borax is also a key ingredient in a substance known as Oobleck, a strange material 6th grade students experiment with while participating in Jefferson Lab's BEAMS program. Other boron compounds are used to make borosilicate glasses, enamels for covering steel and as a potential medicine for treating arthritis.
Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter.
By far the most commercially important boron compound in terms of dollar sales is Na2B4O7 • 5H2O. This pentahydrate is used in very large quantities in the manufacture of insulation fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach.
Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile products. Use of borax as a mild antiseptic is minor in economical terms. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. Other boron compounds show promise in treating arthritis.
The isotope boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal.
Boron also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. The hydrides are easily oxidized with considerable energy liberation, and have been studied for use as rocket fuels. Demand is increasing for boron filaments, a high-strength, lightweight material chiefly employed for advanced aerospace structures.
Boron is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Carbonates, metalloboranes, phosphacarboranes, and other families comprise thousands of compounds.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of boron possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. Natural terrestrial materials show a substantial variation in boron isotopic abundance (Fig. IUPAC.5.1). The relative abundances of 10B and 11B have been used in a variety of environmental tracer applications [51] A. Vengosh, K. G. Heumann, S. Jaraske, R. Kasher. Environ. Sci. Technol.28, 1968 (1994)., [52] A. Vengosh. Biol. Trace Elem. Res.66, 145 (1998).. The isotope-amount ratio n(11B)/n(10B) of boron in a water sample depends on the source of the water and region through which the water flows, and it may also be affected by some types of contamination, such as dissolved borate in domestic wastewater. Different water sources may have their own distinct boron isotopic composition, e.g. seawater versus water from continental sources (Fig. IUPAC.5.1).
Isotopes in Industry
The large value of the absorption cross section of 10B for thermal neutrons makes this isotope useful for counting neutrons. 10B is being studied as a potential replacement for 3He in radiation detectors [32] G. V. Jean. Advancing Hidden Nuclear Material Detection, National Defense Industrial Association (2014), Feb. 28; http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2010/December/Pages/AdvancingHiddenNuclearMaterialDetection.aspx., [53] L. Foulke. Director of Nuclear Education Outreach, University of Pittsburgh. Introduction to Reactivity and Reactor Control, IAEA Workshop on Desktop Simulation (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloadable/Meetings/2011/2011-10-03-10-14-WS-NPTD/Foulke.1-Introduction.Reactivity.pdf., [54] P. Frame. Boron Trifluoride (BF3) Neutron Detectors, Oak Ridge Associated Universities (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.orau.org/PTP/collection/proportional%20counters/bf3info.htm.. The large thermal absorption cross section of 10B makes the isotope useful in control rods (Fig. IUPAC.5.2) [55] United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Pressurized Water Reactors, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/pwrs.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
10B has a high thermal neutron absorption cross section and can readily absorb neutrons via the reaction 10B+n→ 7Li+α. The alpha particles resulting from this reaction carry away a relatively large kinetic energy and are useful for the treatment of malignant tumors in cancer patients [56] D. Gabel. Radiother Oncol.30, 199 (1994)., [57] D. N. Slatkin. Neutron News1, 25 (1990)., [58] R. F. Barth, J. A. Coderre, M. C. G. Vicente, T. E. Blue. Clin. Cancer Res.11, 3987 (2005)..
Boron commonly shows the +3 oxidation state, but its bonding is often better described by electron-deficient multicenter structures. Boric acid, H₃BO₃, is a weak Lewis acid in water and a precursor to many borates. Borax, Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O, is a major industrial borate. Boron trioxide, B₂O₃, is a glass-forming oxide. Boron trifluoride, BF₃, is a strong Lewis acid used in synthesis, while diborane, B₂H₆, illustrates boron hydride cluster chemistry. Boron nitride, BN, occurs in graphite-like and diamond-like forms with useful thermal and mechanical properties.
See more information at the Boron compound page.
Elemental boron is not highly toxic in compact form, but fine powders can irritate eyes, skin, and the respiratory tract and may be combustible under some conditions. Soluble borates and boric acid, H₃BO₃, can be harmful at sufficient dose, especially with repeated or high exposure. Boron trifluoride, BF₃, and diborane, B₂H₆, are far more hazardous: the former is corrosive and toxic, and the latter is toxic and flammable. Neutron-absorbing ¹⁰B is stable and is not itself radioactive.
Elemental boron and the borates are not considered to be toxic, and they do not require special care in handling. However, some of the more exotic boron hydrogen compounds are definitely toxic and do require care.
Boron is a natural trace element in rocks, soils, seawater, geothermal waters, and evaporite deposits. Weathering releases borate species that are mobile in water, especially under neutral to alkaline conditions. It is an essential micronutrient for higher plants, but the margin between deficiency and toxicity can be narrow in sensitive crops. Natural and industrial sources include volcanic emissions, seawater aerosols, mining, glass manufacture, detergents, and irrigation return flows.
Boron is supplied almost entirely from borate minerals and boron-rich brines, not from mining elemental boron. Major commercial materials include borax, kernite, ulexite, and colemanite, which are refined into boric acid, H₃BO₃, borax, Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O, and other borates. Demand is led by glass, fiberglass, ceramics, detergents, agriculture, and specialty chemical uses. High-purity elemental boron and isotopically enriched ¹⁰B are much smaller specialty markets, with enrichment adding significant cost. Recycling is limited because boron is often dispersed in glass, ceramics, or formulations.
The element is not found free in nature, but occurs as orthoboric acid usually found in certain volcanic spring waters and as borates in boron and colemantie.
Important sources of boron are ore rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore). Both of these ores are found in the Mojave Desert. Tincal is the most important source of boron from the Mojave. Extensive borax deposits are also found in Turkey.
Boron exists naturally as 19.78% 10B isotope and 80.22% 11B isotope. High-purity crystalline boron may be prepared by the vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or tribromide with hydrogen on electrically heated filaments. The impure or amorphous, boron, a brownish-black powder, can be obtained by heating the trioxide with magnesium powder.
Boron of 99.9999% purity has been produced and is available commercially. Elemental boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium.
Boron is rare in the universe compared with neighboring light elements. It is not made efficiently by ordinary stellar fusion and is readily destroyed at stellar interior temperatures. Most cosmic boron is attributed to spallation reactions in which cosmic rays fragment heavier nuclei such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. In the Solar System it is concentrated mainly in crustal and evaporitic materials rather than metallic or volatile reservoirs.
- Natural boron is mainly a mixture of ¹⁰B and ¹¹B.
- The large neutron-capture cross section of ¹⁰B gives boron unusual nuclear importance for a light element.
- Many crystalline boron structures are based on B₁₂ icosahedra rather than simple close packing.
- Boron deficiency and boron toxicity can both occur in agriculture.
- Borosilicate glass resists thermal shock partly because boron lowers thermal expansion.
- Boron carbide, B₄C, is one of the hardest widely used ceramic materials.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 85 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 84 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 192 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 80 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 2370 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0046 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 2074.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 3999.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 27.4 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 1.026 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 11.087 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- चतुष्कोणीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.04 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 2.051
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.27972 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 8.298019 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 25.154917 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 37.930721 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 259.375272 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 340.227194 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −5, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 3 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [He] 2s2 2p1
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.52028813 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 4.974867 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 5.855833 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 5.855833 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 5.855833 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 5 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 6 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 16 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 2 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- B-11
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1808
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 10 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 4.44 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 873 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 3 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-42-8 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 2P°1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/B
- InChI कुंजी
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
B: 2s² 2p¹[He] 2s² 2p¹1s² 2s² 2p¹परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 स्थिर | 10.01293695 ± 0.00000041 | 19.9000% | स्थिर |
| 11 स्थिर | 11.00930536 ± 0.00000045 | 80.1000% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (2074.85 °C) से 2049.8 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B I | 0 | 371 | 269 | 371 |
| 11B I समस्थानिक | 0 | 53 | 0 | 53 |
| 10B I समस्थानिक | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| B II | +1 | 592 | 435 | 592 |
| 10B II समस्थानिक | +1 | 9 | 0 | 9 |
| 11B II समस्थानिक | +1 | 9 | 0 | 9 |
| B III | +2 | 390 | 106 | 390 |
| B IV | +3 | 478 | 234 | 478 |
| B V | +4 | 258 | 240 | 258 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| B I | 0 | 125 |
| 11B I समस्थानिक | 0 | 69 |
| 10B I समस्थानिक | 0 | 29 |
| B II | +1 | 157 |
| 10B II समस्थानिक | +1 | 10 |
| 11B II समस्थानिक | +1 | 10 |
| B III | +2 | 150 |
| B IV | +3 | 174 |
| B V | +4 | 101 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 3 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 1 pm |
| +3 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 11 pm |
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 27 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (2)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 स्थिर | 10.01293695 ± 0.00000041 | 19.9000% ± 0.7000% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 11 स्थिर | 11.00930536 ± 0.00000045 | 80.1000% ± 0.7000% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 391.482 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.2p 1P* → 1s2.2p2 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 391.687 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.2p 1P* → 1s2.2p2 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 391.817 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.2p 1P* → 1s2.2p2 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 394.447 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3d 3F* → 1s2.2p.4f 3F | मापित | NIST | |
| 394.587 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3d 3F* → 1s2.2p.4f 3F | मापित | NIST | |
| 394.82 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3d 3F* → 1s2.2p.4f 3F | मापित | NIST | |
| 395.038 nm | 18 | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3d 1D* → 1s2.2p.4f 1F | मापित | NIST | |
| 395.1698 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p2 1D → 1s2.2p2 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 399.024 nm | 70 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 1P* → 1s2.2s.8d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 400.017 nm | 136 | B III | emission | 1s.2s.(3S).4d 4D → 1s.2s.(3S).5f 4F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.1928 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.1928 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.1928 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.1928 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.1928 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.1928 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 414.697 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5d 2D → 1s2.8f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 414.708 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5d 2D → 1s2.8f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 414.708 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5d 2D → 1s2.8f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 415.284 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 415.284 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 415.471 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 415.471 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 415.471 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 415.584 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 417.896 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s.2p2 2P | मापित | NIST | |
| 417.927 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s.2p2 2P | मापित | NIST | |
| 418.099 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s.2p2 2P | मापित | NIST | |
| 418.13 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s.2p2 2P | मापित | NIST | |
| 419.4792 nm | 180 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3p 1P* → 1s2.2s.4s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 419.773 nm | 30 | B IV | emission | 1s.5s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 424.3 nm | 300 | B III | emission | 1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 424.359 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 424.37 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 427.274 nm | 50 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4s 3S → 1s2.2s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 429.571 nm | 50 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 1P* → 1s2.2s.7d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 436.147 nm | 60 | B III | emission | 1s.2p.(3P*).4f 2F → 1s.2p.(3P*).5g 2G* | मापित | NIST | |
| 436.61 nm | 100 | B III | emission | 1s.2p.(3P*).4f 4F → 1s.2p.(3P*).5g 4G* | मापित | NIST | |
| 443.11 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3d 3D* → 1s2.2p.4f 3F | मापित | NIST | |
| 443.185 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3d 3D* → 1s2.2p.4f 3F | मापित | NIST | |
| 443.291 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3d 3D* → 1s2.2p.4f 3F | मापित | NIST | |
| 445.943 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 445.943 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 445.943 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.112 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.112 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.2029 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.4s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.2151 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.4s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.2862 nm | 470 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.4s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 448.692 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 448.71 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.09 nm | 20 | B IV | emission | 1s.2s 1S → 1s.2p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.773 nm | 1700 | B III | emission | 1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.5g 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.853 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.859 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 450.481 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 450.482 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 451.9912773 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B V | emission | 7i 2I → 9k 2K* | मापित | NIST | |
| 451.9946377 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B V | emission | 7i 2I → 9k 2K* | मापित | NIST | |
| 453.229 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 1F* → 1s2.2p.3p 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 459.72 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s.2s.(3S).4d 4D → 1s.2s.(3S).5p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 459.73 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s.2p.(3P*).4p 4P → 1s.2p.(3P*).5s 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 461.114 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 461.114 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 461.114 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 461.32 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 463.217 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 463.243 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 463.263 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.69 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.69 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.701 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.701 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.701 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.701 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.701 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.701 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.58 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 1D → 1s.6f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.786 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5f 3F* → 1s.6g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.786 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5f 3F* → 1s.6g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.786 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5f 3F* → 1s.6g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.8 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5f 1F* → 1s.6g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.815 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5g 3G → 1s.6h 3H* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.815 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5g 3G → 1s.6h 3H* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.815 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5g 3G → 1s.6h 3H* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.815 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5g 1G → 1s.6h 3H* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.92 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5g 1G → 1s.6f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.92 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5g 3G → 1s.6f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.92 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5g 3G → 1s.6f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.927 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5g 3G → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.927 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5g 3G → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.927 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5g 3G → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.927 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5g 1G → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 468.31 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5p 1P* → 1s.6p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 468.481 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.6g 3G → 1s.8h 3H* | मापित | NIST | |
| 468.489 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.6f 3F* → 1s.8g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 468.489 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.6f 3F* → 1s.8g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 468.489 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.6f 3F* → 1s.8g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 468.5 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.6h 3H* → 1s.8i 3I | मापित | NIST | |
| 471.612 nm | 15 | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3d 1D* → 1s2.2p.4p 1P | मापित | NIST | |
| 471.99 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5p 1P* → 1s.6d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 477.384 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 477.384 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 477.384 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.42 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.42 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.4203 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.4203 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.4203 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.4203 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 481.276 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 481.276 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 481.276 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B IV | emission | 1s.5p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 491.746 nm | 500 | B III | emission | 1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 491.84 nm | 500 | B III | emission | 1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 494.0365 nm | 440 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 1D → 1s2.2s.4f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 494.4788284 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B V | emission | 6h 2H* → 7i 2I | मापित | NIST | |
| 494.4864305 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B V | emission | 6h 2H* → 7i 2I | मापित | NIST | |
| 498.848 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5p 2P* → 1s2.7d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 498.901 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5p 2P* → 1s2.7d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 512.579 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4d 3D → 1s2.2s.7f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 512.579 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4d 3D → 1s2.2s.7f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 512.579 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4d 3D → 1s2.2s.7f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 515.776 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5d 2D → 1s2.7f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 515.793 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5d 2D → 1s2.7f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 516.57 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5f 2F* → 1s2.7g 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 516.579 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5f 2F* → 1s2.7g 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 522.65 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5d 2D → 1s2.7p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 522.65 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5d 2D → 1s2.7p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 522.667 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5d 2D → 1s2.7p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 526.311 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2s.7g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 526.311 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2s.7g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 526.311 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2s.7g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 529.28 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 529.34 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s2.5p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 534.765 nm | 15 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4s 1S → 1s2.2p.3s 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 539.322 nm | 30 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 1P* → 1s2.2p.3p 1P | मापित | NIST | |
| 550.4527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.11f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 550.4622 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.11f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 556.3146 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.10f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 556.3244 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.10f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 563.30717 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3s 2S → 2s2.4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 563.32732 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3s 2S → 2s2.4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 564.4278 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.9f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 564.4379 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.9f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 576.1901 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.8f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 576.1901 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.8f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 576.2006 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.8f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 578.747 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4s 3S → 1s2.2s.5p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 578.747 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4s 3S → 1s2.2s.5p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 578.747 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4s 3S → 1s2.2s.5p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 581.833 nm | 60 | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2P → 2s.2p.(3P*).3d 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 582.116 nm | 100 | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2P → 2s.2p.(3P*).3d 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 582.228 nm | 10 | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2P → 2s.2p.(3P*).3d 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 594.2619 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.7f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 594.2619 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.7f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 594.2731 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.7f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 601.35 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 601.35 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 601.35 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 3P* → 1s2.2s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 602.772 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 602.837 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 602.837 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 608.039 nm | 85 | B II | emission | 1s2.2p2 1S → 1s2.2s.3p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 612.224 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p2 1S → 1s2.2s.3p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 612.508 nm | 93 | B III | emission | 1s.2s.(3S).3s 4S → 1s.2s.(3S).3p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 612.752 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s.2s.(3S).3s 4S → 1s.2s.(3S).3p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 612.797 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B III | emission | 1s.2s.(3S).3s 4S → 1s.2s.(3S).3p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 614.891 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4d 3D → 1s2.2s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 614.891 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4d 3D → 1s2.2s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 614.891 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4d 3D → 1s2.2s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 614.891 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4d 3D → 1s2.2s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 614.891 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4d 3D → 1s2.2s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 614.891 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4d 3D → 1s2.2s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 617.867 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.8s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 617.936 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.8s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 618.638 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2p.3p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 618.638 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2p.3p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 618.638 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2p.3p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 619.359 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2p.3p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 619.359 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2p.3p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 619.735 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2p.3p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 622.745 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.7d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 622.815 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.7d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 622.815 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.7d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 624.4557 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.6f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 624.4557 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.6f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 624.4681 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.6f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 628.551 nm | 30 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3d 1D → 1s2.2s.4p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 634.927 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2s.6g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 634.927 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2s.6g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 634.927 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 3F* → 1s2.2s.6g 3G | मापित | NIST | |
| 635.676 nm | 1 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4f 1F* → 1s2.2s.6g 1G | मापित | NIST | |
| 643.151 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.7s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 643.225 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.7s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 652.056 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4s 3S → 1s2.2p.3s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 652.959 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4s 3S → 1s2.2p.3s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 653.371 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4s 3S → 1s2.2p.3s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.269 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.6d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.345 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.6d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.345 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.6d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 657.112 nm | 0.5 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.5p 1P* → 1s2.2p.3p 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 671.765 nm | 0.5 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4d 1D → 1s2.2s.6f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 677.866 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.4p 2P* → 2s.2p2 2P | मापित | NIST | |
| 677.895 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.4p 2P* → 2s.2p2 2P | मापित | NIST | |
| 678.401 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.4p 2P* → 2s.2p2 2P | मापित | NIST | |
| 678.431 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.4p 2P* → 2s.2p2 2P | मापित | NIST | |
| 678.614 nm | 0.5 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4p 1P* → 1s2.2s.5d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 681.95167 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 681.95167 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 681.96637 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s.2p2 2D → 2s2.5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 697.688 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.3p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 703.027 nm | 4 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.3p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 703.203 nm | 3 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.3p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 703.233 nm | 2 | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.3p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 715.955 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3s 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 716.016 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3s 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 716.511 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3s 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 716.846 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3s 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 717.045 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3s 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 717.602 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2p.3s 3P* → 1s2.2p.3p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 720.593 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 720.685 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 720.685 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 720.766 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.6s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 720.859 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B I | emission | 2s2.3p 2P* → 2s2.6s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 722.85 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | B II | emission | 1s2.2s.4s 1S → 1s2.2s.5p 1P* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 85 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 78 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 73 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Truhlar
- 192 pm
- Batsanov
- 180 pm
- Alvarez
- 191 pm
- UFF
- 408.3 pm
- MM3
- 215 pm
- Dreiding
- 402 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 205 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 98 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 81
- Pettifor
- 86
- Glawe
- 86
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 20.5 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.1 a.u.
- C₆
- 99.5 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 99.2 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 4.7 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 5
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 34
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 5
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 12
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 12
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 2350.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 4273.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (3)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3205 |
| 2 | p | 2.5786 |
| 2 | s | 2.4238 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (3)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | III | 15 | ||
| 3 | IV | 25 | ||
| 3 | VI | 41 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (30)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | 2p | — |
| 7 | p | 100% |
| 8 | B+ | 100% |
| 8 | B+A | 100% |
| 9 | p | 100% |
| 12 | B- | 100% |
| 12 | B-A | 0.6% |
| 13 | B- | 100% |
| 13 | B-n | 0.3% |
| 14 | B- | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (502)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.48933 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.48084 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.4724 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.46401 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.45567 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.44738 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.43913 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.43093 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.42278 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.41467 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4.44 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The element is not found free in nature, but occurs as orthoboric acid usually found in certain volcanic spring waters and as borates in boron and colemantie.
Important sources of boron are ore rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore). Both of these ores are found in the Mojave Desert. Tincal is the most important source of boron from the Mojave. Extensive borax deposits are also found in Turkey.
Boron exists naturally as 19.78% 10B isotope and 80.22% 11B isotope. High-purity crystalline boron may be prepared by the vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or tribromide with hydrogen on electrically heated filaments. The impure or amorphous, boron, a brownish-black powder, can be obtained by heating the trioxide with magnesium powder.
Boron of 99.9999% purity has been produced and is available commercially. Elemental boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Boron https://periodic.lanl.gov/5.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Boron.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.