Niobium (Nb)
transition-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
92.90637 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Kr] 5s1 4d4गलनांक
2476.85 °Cक्वथनांक
4743.85 °Cघनत्व
8570 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
1.6आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
6.75885 eVखोज का वर्ष
1801परमाणु त्रिज्या
145 pmविवरण
Niobium is a refractory transition metal of group 5, chemically similar to tantalum and commonly occurring with it in oxide minerals. It is valued for its ability to strengthen steel at very small additions and for forming superconducting intermetallic compounds. In most compounds niobium is pentavalent, but lower oxidation states are well established, especially in halides and cluster chemistry.
Niobium is a shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to oxidize in air at 200°C, and when processed at even moderate temperatures must be placed in a protective atmosphere.
The name derives from the Greek mythological character Niobe, who was the daughter of Tantalus, because the elements niobium and tantalum were originally thought to be identical. Niobium was discovered in a black mineral from America called columbite by the British chemist and manufacturer Charles Hatchett in 1801 and he called the element columbium. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston claimed that columbium and tantalum were identical.
Forty years later, the German chemist and pharmacist, Heinrich Rose, determined that they were two different elements in 1846 and gave the name niobium because it was so difficult to distinguish it from tantalum. The name columbium continued to be used in America and niobium in Europe until IUPAC adopted the name niobium in 1949. Niobium was first isolated by the chemist C. W. Blomstrand in 1846.
The story of niobium's discovery is a bit confusing. The first governor of Connecticut, John Winthrop the Younger, discovered a new mineral around 1734. He named the mineral columbite ((Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6) and sent a sample of it to the British Museum in London, England. The columbite sat in the museum's mineral collection for years until it was analyzed by Charles Hatchett in 1801. Hatchett could tell that there was an unknown element in the columbite, but he was not able to isolate it. He named the new element columbium. The fate of columbium took a drastic turn in 1809 when William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist and physicist, compared the minerals columbite and tantalite ((Fe, Mn)(Ta, Nb)2O6) and declared that columbium was actually the element tantalum. This confusion arose because tantalum and niobium are similar metals, are always found together and are very difficult to isolate.
Niobium was rediscovered and renamed by Heinrich Rose in 1844 when he produced two new acids, niobic acid and pelopic acid, from samples of columbite and tantalite. These acids are very similar to each other and it took another twenty-two years and a Swiss chemist named Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac to prove that these were two distinct chemicals produced from two different elements. Metallic niobium was finally isolated by the Swedish chemist Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand in 1864. Today, niobium is primarily obtained from the minerals columbite and pyrochlore ((Ca, Na)2Nb2O6(O, OH, F)).
Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalu. Discovered in 1801 by Hatchett in an ore sent to England. The metal was first prepared in 1864 by Blomstrand, who reduced the chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemicstry (IUPAC) in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. Many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by this name. Most metallurgists, leading metal societies, and all but one of the leading U.S. commercial producers, however, still refer to the metal as "columbium."
Pure niobium is a soft, ductile, lustrous gray metal when freshly prepared. It is solid under ordinary conditions and develops a thin protective oxide film in air. The metal has a high melting point and can be worked when sufficiently pure, but interstitial oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen can make it less ductile.
The largest use of niobium is as ferroniobium in high-strength low-alloy steels, where small additions improve strength, toughness, and grain control. Niobium-bearing steels are used in pipelines, structural steel, automotive parts, and some pressure vessels. Niobium-titanium and niobium-tin superconductors are used in magnets for MRI systems, particle accelerators, and research instruments. Niobium is also used in some nickel-base superalloys, welding alloys, corrosion-resistant equipment, and electronic components such as niobium capacitors.
Niobium is used as an alloying agent and for jewelry, but perhaps its most interesting applications are in the field of superconductivity. Superconductive wire can be made from an alloy of niobium and titanium which can then be used to make superconductive magnets. Other alloys of niobium, such as those with tin and aluminum, are superconductive as well. Pure niobium is itself a superconductor when it is cooled below 9.25 K (-442.75°F). Superconductive niobium cavities are at the heart of a machine built at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. This machine, called an electron accelerator, is used by scientists to study the quark structure of matter. The accelerator's 338 niobium cavities are bathed in liquid helium and accelerate electrons to nearly the speed of light.
Niobium is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advanced air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. The element has superconductive properties; superconductive magnets have been made with Nb-Zr wire, which retains its superconductivity in strong magnetic fields. This type of application offers hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Niobium is also commonly used for jewelry.
Isotopes in Biology
95Nb (with a half-life of 35 days) and 95Nb-oxalates have been used to study the absorption, retention and distribution of niobium in the body [309] F. R. Mraz, G. R. Eisele. Radiat. Res.72, 533 (1977)., [310] F. Paquet, P. Houpert, M. Verry, G. Grillon, J. D. Harrison, H. Métivier. Radiat. Prot. Dosim.79, 191 (1998)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Nuclear physicists are trying to study the generation of new isotopes and their elements in stars (astrophysical nucleosynthesis) via the rapid neutron capture process (r-process). Physicists at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Facility (RIBF) of the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Wako, Japan, have begun creating and studying highly neutron-rich isotopes that are thought to only be produced by the r-process. The data for many neutron-rich isotopes is incomplete, and the RIKEN team is filling in key missing information that is needed to simulate the r-process (including information on the half-lives of the neutron-rich isotopes). So far, the half-lives of 38 neutron-rich isotopes have been measured from krypton to technetium, including 111Nb and 112Nb. When the missing information has been obtained, physicists will have a better understanding of the r-process and how elements are created [311] RIKEN Research. The Importance of Fundamental Measurements, RIKEN Research (2017), Feb. 26; http://www.riken.jp/en/research/rikenresearch/highlights/6600/., [312] S. Nishimura, Z. Li, H. Watanabe, K. Yoshinaga, T. Sumikama, T. Tachibana, K. Yamaguchi, M. Kurata-Nishimura, G. Lorusso, Y. Miyashita, A. Odahara, H. Baba, J. S. Berryman, N. Blasi, A. Bracco, F. Camera, J. Chiba, P. Doornenbal, S. Go, T. Hashimoto, S. Hayakawa, C. Hinke, E. Ideguchi, T. Isobe, Y. Ito, D. G. Jenkins, Y. Kawada, N. Kobayashi, Y. Kondo, R. Krücken, S. Kubono, T. Nakano, H. J. Ong, S. Ota, Z. Podolyák, H. Sakurai, H. Scheit, K. Steiger, D. Steppenbeck, K. Sugimoto, S. Takano, A. Takashima, K. Tajiri, T. Teranishi, Y. Wakabayashi, P. M. Walker, O. Wieland, H. Yamaguchi. Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 052502 (2011)..
Isotopes in Medicine
95Nb and 95mNb (with a half-life of 3.6 days) have been used in tumor research and tumor imaging studies (Fig. IUPAC.41.1) [313] A. Ando, I. Ando. J. Radiat. Res.31, 97 (1990)., [314] A. Ando, I. Ando. Acta Radiol. Suppl.374, 65 (1990)., [315] V. Radchenko, P. Bouziotis, G. Loudos, S. Xanthopoulos, H. Hauser, M. Esienhut, B. Ponsard, F. Roesch. J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm.56, S69 (2013).. The m in the superscript of 95mNb indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Niobium chemistry is dominated by the +5 oxidation state. Niobium pentoxide, Nb₂O₅, is the most important oxide and a common intermediate in extraction and materials processing. Niobium pentachloride, NbCl₅, is a volatile Lewis-acidic halide used in synthesis and as a precursor to other niobium compounds. Lower halides such as niobium tetrachloride, NbCl₄, and cluster compounds contain Nb–Nb bonding. Carbides and nitrides, including niobium carbide, NbC, and niobium nitride, NbN, are hard refractory materials; NbN can be superconducting depending on composition and structure.
See more information at the Niobium compound page.
Compact niobium metal is generally of low chemical toxicity, but fine powder can burn and presents a dust exposure hazard. Machining dusts, fumes from welding, and soluble or reactive niobium compounds should be handled as industrial particulates or corrosive chemicals according to their form. Natural niobium consists essentially of stable ⁹³Nb, while radioactive niobium isotopes are mainly research or activation products and have isotope-specific radiological hazards.
Niobium occurs at low concentrations in the crust, chiefly in resistant oxide minerals such as pyrochlore and columbite rather than as native metal. It is not known to have an essential biological role. Under surface conditions niobium is relatively immobile because pentavalent niobium forms insoluble oxides and strongly sorbs to mineral surfaces. Mining and processing residues are the main localized environmental concern.
Niobium is produced mainly from pyrochlore concentrates, commonly converted to ferroniobium for direct steelmaking use. Separation from tantalum can be important in ores where both elements occur, but the dominant niobium supply is tied to large carbonatite-hosted deposits. Demand is strongly linked to steel production and infrastructure. Recycling occurs indirectly through niobium-bearing steel scrap and specialty alloy scrap, although dilute additions make full element-specific recovery difficult. Substitution is possible in some steels with vanadium, titanium, or molybdenum, but performance and processing trade-offs limit direct replacement.
The element is found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, parochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of parochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Nigeria, Zaire, and in Russia.
Niobium is a trace cosmic element produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars. It is less abundant than neighboring lighter transition metals and is not a major rock-forming element in planetary materials. In meteorites and terrestrial rocks it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and tends to remain with oxide and silicate phases rather than metallic iron.
- Niobium was long known as columbium, and that name persisted in parts of industry for many years.
- The stable isotope ⁹³Nb makes natural niobium nearly monoisotopic.
- Niobium microalloying can change steel properties at additions well below one percent.
- Niobium and tantalum are difficult to separate because their ionic sizes and chemistry are very similar.
- The superconducting compound niobium-tin is Nb₃Sn.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 145 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 164 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 207 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 134 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 8570 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0108 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 2476.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 4743.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 53.7 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.265 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 24.6 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- अंतःकेंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.6 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 1.41
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.893 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 6.75885 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 14.320049 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 25.040086 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 37.611129 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 50.572974 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 5 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Kr] 5s1 4d4
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.27776338 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 7.151371 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 7.617764 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 7.617764 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 7.597036 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 41 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 52 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 38 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 1 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Nb-93
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1801
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 20 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 1 × 10−5 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 330 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-03-1 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 6D1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Nb
- InChI कुंजी
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Nb: 4d⁴ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁴ 5s¹परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 93 स्थिर | 92.906373 ± 0.000002 | 100.0000% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (2476.85 °C) से 2451.8 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
41 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nb I | 0 | 509 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb II | +1 | 150 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb III | +2 | 108 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb IV | +3 | 819 | 819 | 819 |
| Nb V | +4 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Nb I | 0 | 395 |
| Nb II | +1 | 354 |
| Nb III | +2 | 189 |
| Nb IV | +3 | 183 |
| Nb V | +4 | 31 |
| Nb VI | +5 | 105 |
| Nb VII | +6 | 32 |
| Nb VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Nb IX | +8 | 2 |
| Nb X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 72 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 68 pm |
| +4 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 79 pm |
| +5 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 48 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 64 pm |
| +5 | 7 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 69 pm |
| +5 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 74 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (1)
Eighteen isotopes of niobium are known. The metal can be isolated from tantalum, and prepared in several ways.
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 93 स्थिर | 92.906373 ± 0.000002 | 100.0000% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.5416 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3P → 4d.6p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 382.5694 nm | 200000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1F* → 4d.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 382.5875 nm | 250000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 383.106 nm | 15000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3D → 4d.6p 1D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 385.2874 nm | 60000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 385.5325 nm | 10000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 386.9546 nm | 8000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 1P | मापित | NIST | |
| 387.5455 nm | 100000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3G → 4d.6p 1D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 388.2203 nm | 60000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 389.8028 nm | 100000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3S → 4d.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 390.0115 nm | 25000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 391.6922 nm | 8000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 392.1878 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 1P → 4d.6p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 394.057 nm | 25000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 394.3315 nm | 20000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 398.5759 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4d.6p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 400.1839 nm | 4000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 403.2233 nm | 40000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.998 nm | 10000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 405.2616 nm | 15000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 1P → 4d.6p 1D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 406.3412 nm | 200000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 406.4694 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 409.6529 nm | 7000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 459.6 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | ID 841 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 147 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 125 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 116 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Batsanov
- 215 pm
- Alvarez
- 256 pm
- UFF
- 316.5 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 251 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 146 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 48
- Pettifor
- 52
- Glawe
- 53
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 98 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 8 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1140 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 10.87 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 4
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 98
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 8
- भंडार वितरण
- 97
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 48
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 48
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 2750.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 5014.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (10)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.8577 |
| 2 | p | 4.0178 |
| 2 | s | 10.8748 |
| 3 | d | 14.753 |
| 3 | p | 16.3844 |
| 3 | s | 15.8285 |
| 4 | d | 29.7624 |
| 4 | p | 26.9156 |
| 4 | s | 25.7172 |
| 5 | s | 35.079 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (7)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 86 | ||
| 4 | VI | 82 | from r^3 vs V plots, estimated, | |
| 4 | VIII | 93 | ||
| 5 | IV | 62 | calculated, | |
| 5 | VI | 78 | ||
| 5 | VII | 83 | calculated, | |
| 5 | VIII | 88 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (67)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 79 | p | — |
| 79 | B+ | — |
| 79 | B+p | — |
| 80 | p | — |
| 80 | B+ | — |
| 80 | B+p | — |
| 81 | p | — |
| 81 | B+ | — |
| 81 | B+p | — |
| 82 | B+ | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (757)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | — | 0.09113 |
| 0.5079 | — | 0.09258 |
| 0.516 | — | 0.09406 |
| 0.5242 | — | 0.09557 |
| 0.5325 | — | 0.0971 |
| 0.5409 | — | 0.09865 |
| 0.5495 | — | 0.10023 |
| 0.5582 | — | 0.10161 |
| 0.5671 | — | 0.103 |
| 0.5761 | — | 0.10441 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-5 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The element is found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, parochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of parochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Nigeria, Zaire, and in Russia.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Niobium https://periodic.lanl.gov/41.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Niobium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.