Zirconium (Zr)
transition-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
91.224 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Kr] 5s2 4d2गलनांक
1854.85 °Cक्वथनांक
4408.85 °Cघनत्व
6520 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
+1, +2, +3, +4विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
1.33आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
6.634126 eVखोज का वर्ष
1789परमाणु त्रिज्या
155 pmविवरण
Zirconium is a lustrous transition metal in group 4, chemically close to hafnium and titanium. It occurs mainly in zircon and related heavy minerals, almost always with hafnium as a companion. The metal is valued for its very low thermal-neutron absorption and its stable, adherent oxide film, which give it a central role in nuclear reactor materials and in corrosion-resistant alloys.
Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy(R) is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35°K.
The name derives from the Arabic zargun for "gold-like". It was discovered in zirconia by the German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in 1789. Zirconium was first isolated by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824 in an impure state, and finally by the chemists D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger in a pure state in 1914.
Zirconium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral jargon (ZrSiO4) in 1789. Zirconium was isolated by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 and finally prepared in a pure form in 1914. Obtaining pure zirconium is very difficult because it is chemically similar to hafnium, an element which is always found mixed with deposits of zirconium. Today, most zirconium is obtained from the minerals zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) through a process known as the Kroll Process.
From the Persian zargun, gold like. Zircon, the primary gemstone of zirconium, is also known as jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure. This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. The mineral was not known to contain a new element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Ceylon and identified the new element, which Werner named zircon (silex circonius), and which Klaproth called Zirkonertz (zirconia). The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small decomposition process they developed.
Pure zirconium is a silvery-gray, ductile metal when clean and massive. Finely divided zirconium can appear dark and is much more reactive than bulk metal. At ordinary temperatures the surface is protected by a thin layer of zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂.
The dominant high-value use of zirconium metal is in cladding and structural components for water-cooled nuclear fuel, where hafnium must be removed because it absorbs neutrons strongly. Zirconium alloys are also used in chemical-processing equipment exposed to corrosive media. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂, is used in refractories, ceramics, oxygen sensors, thermal-barrier coatings, and dental ceramics. Zirconium compounds serve in pigments, catalysts, tanning, and specialty glass formulations.
Zirconium is a corrosion resistant metal that is used in high performance pumps and valves. Since it also does not easily absorb neutrons, zirconium is widely used in nuclear reactors. The nuclear power industry uses nearly 90% of the zirconium produced each year, which must be nearly free of hafnium. Zirconium is also used as an alloying agent in steel, to make some types of surgical equipment and as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes.
Zircon (ZrSiO4) is a zirconium compound that can take many different forms, the most popular of which is a clear, transparent gemstone that can be cut to look like diamond and is frequently used in jewelry. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) can withstand very high temperatures and is used to make crucibles and to line the walls of high temperature furnaces. Zirconium carbonate (3ZrO2·CO2·H2O) is used in lotions to treat poison ivy.
It is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets, which offer hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractory material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed.
Isotopes in Industry
Zirconium enriched in 90Zr has been proposed for the cladding (covering) of reactor fuel elements (Fig. IUPAC.40.1) because it has a lower neutron absorption cross section than natural abundances of zirconium and is well suited for coverage of metal parts without absorbing neutrons [307] M. D. DeHart, H. Zhang, E. Shaber, M. A. Jessee. “A study of fast reactor fuel transmutation in a candidate dispersion fuel design”, in 11th Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation..
Zirconium chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state, reflecting the stability of Zr⁴⁺ in oxides and salts. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂, is a refractory ceramic with monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic forms; stabilized zirconias contain added oxides to retain high-temperature structures. Zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, is an important volatile precursor for metal production and organozirconium chemistry. Zircon, ZrSiO₄, is the principal mineral source. Lower oxidation states are known but are less common and often require special conditions.
See more information at the Zirconium compound page.
Massive zirconium metal has low acute toxicity and is usually limited in hazard by dust generation and processing conditions. Finely divided powder, turnings, and some dry residues are combustible and can ignite in air. Zirconium compounds vary in irritation and corrosivity; zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, reacts with moisture to release hydrogen chloride, HCl. Nuclear-grade zirconium is not inherently radioactive, but service in reactors can activate or contaminate materials.
Zirconium is a lithophile element and is held mainly in resistant minerals, especially zircon, rather than in soluble aqueous forms. Its compounds are generally not very mobile under ordinary surface conditions because zirconium(IV) hydrolyzes strongly and forms insoluble oxides and hydroxides. Weathering releases zircon grains to sediments and heavy-mineral sands, where they can persist for very long periods.
Commercial zirconium starts with mining of zircon-bearing heavy-mineral sands, often associated with titanium minerals such as ilmenite and rutile. For nuclear applications, zirconium must be separated from chemically similar hafnium, an expensive step that creates distinct nuclear-grade and hafnium-bearing markets. Metal is commonly produced through conversion to zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, followed by reduction. Demand is driven by nuclear fuel fabrication, ceramics, foundry sands, refractories, and specialty chemicals. Recycling is important for clean metal scrap, while ceramic and mineral uses are less readily recovered.
Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.
Zirconium is produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and by related heavy-element nucleosynthesis before incorporation into later generations of planets and meteorites. It is not among the most abundant cosmic elements, but it is readily detected in stellar spectra. In planetary materials it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and concentrates in silicate minerals rather than metallic cores.
- Zirconium and hafnium are so chemically similar that their separation became a major technical problem for reactor use.
- Ancient zircon grains preserve some of the oldest known records of Earth's crust.
- Zirconium dioxide can be made tough for ceramics by stabilizing high-temperature crystal forms.
- Bulk zirconium resists many acids, but hydrofluoric acid attacks its protective oxide film.
- The name zirconium comes from zircon, not from the modern synthetic gemstone cubic zirconia.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 155 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 175 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 186 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 145 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 6520 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0141 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 1854.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 4408.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 22.7 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.278 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 25.36 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- षट्कोणीय सघन संकुलित सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.33 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 1.32
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.426 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 6.634126 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 13.130045 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 23.17008 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 34.418478 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 80.348277 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- +1, +2, +3, +4 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 4 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Kr] 5s2 4d2
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.17515676 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 5.938747 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 6.311862 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 6.311862 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 6.322226 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 40 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 50 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 37 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 3 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Zr-90
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1789
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 165 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 3 × 10−5 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 323 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-67-7 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 3F2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Zr
- InChI कुंजी
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Zr: 4d² 5s²[Kr] 4d² 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d² 5s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 90 स्थिर | 89.9046977 ± 0.000002 | 51.4500% | स्थिर |
| 91 स्थिर | 90.9056396 ± 0.000002 | 11.2200% | स्थिर |
| 92 स्थिर | 91.9050347 ± 0.000002 | 17.1500% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (1854.85 °C) से 1829.8 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
40 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zr I | 0 | 459 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr II | +1 | 207 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr III | +2 | 490 | 490 | 490 |
| Zr IV | +3 | 76 | 0 | 76 |
| Zr V | +4 | 104 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr VI | +5 | 427 | 427 | 427 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Zr I | 0 | 262 |
| Zr II | +1 | 136 |
| Zr III | +2 | 140 |
| Zr IV | +3 | 35 |
| Zr V | +4 | 102 |
| Zr VI | +5 | 97 |
| Zr VII | +6 | 2 |
| Zr VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Zr IX | +8 | 2 |
| Zr X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 59 pm |
| +4 | 5 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 66 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 72 pm |
| +4 | 7 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 78 pm |
| +4 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 84 pm |
| +4 | 9 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 89 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (3)
Naturally occurring zirconium contains five isotopes. Fifteen other isotopes are known to exist. Zircon, ZrSiO4, the principal ore, is pure ZrO2 in crystalline form having a hafnium content of about 1%. Zirconium also occurs in some 30 other recognized mineral species. Zirconium is produced commercially by reduction of chloride with magnesium (the Kroll Process), and by other methods. It is a grayish-white lustrous metal. When finely divided, the metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The solid metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent toxicity of zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is invariably found in zirconium ores, and the separation is difficult.
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 90 स्थिर | 89.9046977 ± 0.000002 | 51.4500% ± 0.4000% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 91 स्थिर | 90.9056396 ± 0.000002 | 11.2200% ± 0.0500% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 92 स्थिर | 91.9050347 ± 0.000002 | 17.1500% ± 0.0800% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.0196 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 382.4611 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 382.7722 nm | 300 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 382.923 nm | 600 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 383.0087 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 383.7038 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 384.2399 nm | 270 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 390.7626 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 391.0786 nm | 3 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[13/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 391.6928 nm | 100 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 392.0624 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 392.5804 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 392.694 nm | 120 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 393.1478 nm | 100 | Zr III | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 4d.5d 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 396.3178 nm | 500 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 396.5231 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 397.1691 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 397.3984 nm | 220 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 398.854 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 401.632 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 401.6949 nm | 35 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 401.7561 nm | 3 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 401.8142 nm | 140 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 403.2482 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 403.3591 nm | 180 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 403.6779 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 408.0264 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 408.7114 nm | 150 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.5432 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.6379 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 413.2087 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 413.7442 nm | 500 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 414.6654 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 415.3368 nm | 2 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 416.0827 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 416.5293 nm | 15 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 417.1353 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 417.2872 nm | 300 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 419.3504 nm | 275 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 419.7309 nm | 15 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 419.8266 nm | 3000 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 420.3546 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 423.5695 nm | 275 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 431.7077 nm | 2000 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 434.2686 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[13/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 440.7385 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 456.1637 nm | 50 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 456.922 nm | 1800 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5g 2G → 4p6.6h 2H* | मापित | NIST | |
| 456.927 nm | 1800 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5g 2G → 4p6.6h 2H* | मापित | NIST | |
| 460.8973 nm | 60 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 500.71 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | ID 803 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 154 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 127 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 121 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 252 pm
- UFF
- 312.4 pm
- MM3
- 254 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 269 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 160 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 44
- Pettifor
- 49
- Glawe
- 49
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 112 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 13 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1360 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 14 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 3
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 39
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 6
- भंडार वितरण
- 40
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 75
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 75
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 2127.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 4679.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (10)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.841 |
| 2 | p | 4.0072 |
| 2 | s | 10.6262 |
| 3 | d | 14.4331 |
| 3 | p | 16.1545 |
| 3 | s | 15.6385 |
| 4 | d | 26.9284 |
| 4 | p | 26.54 |
| 4 | s | 25.0984 |
| 5 | s | 33.5545 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (6)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | 73 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | V | 80 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 86 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VII | 92 | ||
| 4 | VIII | 98 | ||
| 4 | IX | 103 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (56)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 77 | B+ | — |
| 77 | B+p | — |
| 77 | p | — |
| 78 | B+ | — |
| 78 | B+p | — |
| 79 | B+ | 100% |
| 79 | B+p | — |
| 80 | B+ | 100% |
| 81 | B+ | 100% |
| 81 | B+p | 0.1% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (724)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | — | 0.18706 |
| 1.0149 | — | 0.19051 |
| 1.0299 | — | 0.19402 |
| 1.0452 | — | 0.1976 |
| 1.0608 | — | 0.20124 |
| 1.0765 | — | 0.20499 |
| 1.0925 | — | 0.20885 |
| 1.1087 | — | 0.21277 |
| 1.1252 | — | 0.21677 |
| 1.142 | — | 0.22085 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.65×102 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Zirconium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3×10-5 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Zirconium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Zirconium https://periodic.lanl.gov/40.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Zirconium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.