Krypton (Kr)
noble-gasGas
मानक परमाणु भार
83.798 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p6गलनांक
-157.36 °Cक्वथनांक
-153.42 °Cघनत्व
3.733 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
0, +1, +2विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
3आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
13.999605 eVखोज का वर्ष
1898परमाणु त्रिज्या
उपलब्ध नहींविवरण
Krypton is a heavy noble gas in group 18. It is chemically very inert under ordinary conditions, monatomic, colorless, and present in air only as a minor trace constituent. Its closed electron shell makes compound formation difficult, but not impossible under strongly oxidizing or low-temperature laboratory conditions. Technologically, krypton is valued mainly for specialized lighting, gas lasers, insulating gas mixtures, and isotope applications rather than bulk chemical reactivity.
Krypton is a "noble" gas. It is characterized by its brilliant green and orange spectral lines.
The name derives from the Greek kryptos for "concealed" or "hidden". It was discovered in liquefied atmospheric air by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and the English chemist Morris William Travers in 1898. A wavelength in the atomic spectrum of 86Kr is a fundamental standard of length.
Krypton was discovered on May 30, 1898 by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Morris M. Travers, an English chemist, while studying liquefied air. Small amounts of liquid krypton remained behind after the more volatile components of liquid air had boiled away. The earth's atmosphere is about 0.0001% krypton.
From the Greek word kryptos, hidden. Discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers in the residue left after liquid air had nearly boiled away. In 1960 it was internationally agreed that the fundamental unit of length, the meter, should be defined in terms of the orange-red spectral line of 86Kr. This replaced the standard meter of Paris, which was defined in terms of a bar made of a platinum-iridium alloy. In October 1983, the meter, which originally was defined as being one ten millionth of a quadrant of the earth's polar circumference, was again redefined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures as being the length of a path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.
Pure krypton is a colorless, odorless gas at room temperature and pressure. When electrically excited at low pressure it emits a pale whitish to greenish light with strong spectral lines. Liquid and solid krypton are colorless under ordinary viewing conditions.
Krypton is used in some high-performance lamps, photographic flash tubes, and discharge lamps where its spectral output or high atomic mass is useful. Krypton-filled incandescent lamps can reduce filament evaporation compared with cheaper argon mixtures, although cost limits widespread use. Krypton fluoride excimer lasers use krypton with fluorine to generate ultraviolet light. ⁸⁵Kr has been used as a radioactive tracer and in some thickness-gauging applications, subject to regulatory control.
The high cost of obtaining krypton from the air has limited its practical applications. Krypton is used in some types of photographic flashes used in high speed photography. Some fluorescent light bulbs are filled with a mixture of krypton and argon gases. Krypton gas is also combined with other gases to make luminous signs that glow with a greenish-yellow light. In 1960, the length of the meter was defined in terms of the orange-red spectral line of krypton-86, an isotope of krypton.
Once thought to be completely inert, krypton is known to form a few compounds. Krypton difluoride (KrF2) is the easiest krypton compound to make and gram amounts of it have been produced.
For those that are curious, pictures of krypton gas and krypton plasma can be found in the Questions and Answers section of this site.
Krypton clathrates are prepared using hydroquinone and phenol. 85Kr can be used for chemical analysis by imbedding the isotope in various solids. During this process, kryptonates are formed. Kryptonate activity is sensitive to chemical reactions at the solution surface. Estimates of the concentration of reactants are therefore made possible. Krypton is used in certain photographic flash lamps for high-speed photography.
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
85Kr (with a half-life of 10.7 years) has been used in atmospheric monitoring programs to track the effect of atomic facilities on the surrounding environment. 85Kr is co-generated with plutonium in the fuel elements of nuclear fission reactors and can be monitored at short distances (i.e. 1 to 5 km) from an area of clandestine plutonium separation from spent fuel from the nuclear reactor. The differences in 85Kr levels in the atmosphere have been used to estimate the amount of plutonium separated at weekly intervals. The production of plutonium for nuclear weapons and the output from commercial reprocessing plants have released large amounts of 85Kr into the atmosphere [283] M. B. Kalinowski, H. Sartorius, S. Uhl, W. Weiss. J. Environ. Radioact.73, 203 (2004)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
85Kr has minimal natural production in the Earth, but its concentration in the atmosphere has increased steadily because of human activities related to the nuclear industry. 85Kr enters oceans, lakes, and groundwater through equilibration of the water with air. 85Kr is produced terrestrially as a fission product of nuclear reactors and released into the atmosphere with the noble gases. It is also produced in the atmosphere via the cosmic ray neutron-activation reaction, 84Kr (n, γ) 85Kr. Thus, the 85Kr specific activity can be used to determine the time since water was isolated from the atmosphere (Fig. IUPAC.36.1). This approach provides a valuable addition to the use of tritium (3H) as an indicator of ocean circulation and groundwater age on decadal (a period of 10 consecutive years) time scales [284] SAHRA – Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas. Isotopes & Hydrology-Krypton, SAHRA – Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (2014), Feb. 26; http://web.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/krypton.html., [285] United States Geological Survey. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Krypton, U.S. Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 26; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/kr_iig.html..
Krypton stable isotopes react in the upper atmosphere by cosmic-ray-induced spallation and neutron activation to produce radioactive 81Kr, with a half-life of approximately 2.1×105 years. In the atmosphere, 81Kr is chemically inert and has a long residence time; because of these characteristics, it is expected that 81Kr has a relatively constant and well-constrained atmospheric source. Natural cosmogenic 81Kr is incorporated from air into infiltrating groundwater and has been used to determine the age of groundwater over time scales ranging to over 106 years [286] N. C. Sturchio, X. Du, R. Purtschert, B. E. Lehmann, M. Sultan, L. J. Patterson, Z. T. Lu, P. Muller, T. Bigler, K. Bailey, T. P. O’Connor, L. Young, R. Lorenzo, R. Becker, Z. El Alfy, B. El Kaliouby, Y. Dawood, A. M. A. Abdallah. Geophys. Res. Lett.31, L05503 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019234., [287] L. Lerner. Krypton-81 Isotope can Help Map Underground Waterways, Argonne National Laboratory (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.anl.gov/articles/krypton-81-isotope-can-help-map-underground-waterways., [288] B. E. Lehman, H. Oeschger, H. H. Loosli., G. S. Hurst, S. L. Allman, C. H. Chen, S. D. Kramer, R. D. Willis, N. Thonnard. J. Geophys. Res.90, 11547 (1985)., [289] W. Jiang, K. Bailey, Z. T. Lua, P. Mueller, T. P. O’Connor, C. F. Cheng, S. M. Hu, R. Purtschert, N. C. Sturchio, Y. R. Sun, W. D. Williams, G. M. Yang. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta91, 1 (2012)..
Isotopes in Industry
85Kr has been used as the illumination element of indicator lights of appliances and can be combined with phosphors to create materials that glow in the dark. Light is created when radiation from 85Kr strikes the phosphor [98] R. Krebs. The History And Use Of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide, 2nd ed. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT (2006).. 85Kr can be used to detect container leaks by placing the radioactive gas inside a container and measuring (with a radiation detecting device) the amount of radioactive 85Kr that escapes. Because the gas is inert, Kr will not react with anything else in the container [98] R. Krebs. The History And Use Of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide, 2nd ed. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT (2006)..
Isotopes in Medicine
A patient can inhale gaseous radioactive 85Kr, which is then absorbed in the bloodstream, enabling the blood flow of the patient to be studied. Movement of the 85Kr can be tracked with a radiation detector to reveal pathways followed by the blood and to quantify blood velocity [99] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Medicine, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 23; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf55.html., [284] SAHRA – Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas. Isotopes & Hydrology-Krypton, SAHRA – Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (2014), Feb. 26; http://web.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/krypton.html., [290] M. J. Winter, The University of Sheffield, WebElements Ltd. Krypton, The University of Sheffield and WebElements Ltd (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.webelements.com/krypton/isotopes.html..
Krypton chemistry is limited and dominated by fluorine compounds. The best established neutral compound is krypton difluoride (KrF₂), a volatile, thermally unstable solid made by forcing krypton and fluorine into reaction under energetic conditions. KrF₂ is a powerful fluorinating and oxidizing agent and forms salts containing cations such as KrF⁺ under strongly acidic fluoride-ion-accepting conditions. No stable krypton oxides, hydrides, or ordinary salts are known under ambient conditions.
See more information at the Krypton compound page.
Stable krypton is chemically nontoxic and nonflammable, but it can displace oxygen in confined spaces and create an asphyxiation hazard without warning. Compressed krypton cylinders present ordinary high-pressure gas risks. Cryogenic liquid krypton can cause cold burns and oxygen-enrichment hazards in nearby air. Radioactive ⁸⁵Kr is a beta emitter and requires isotope-specific radiation controls; its hazard depends on activity, containment, and exposure route.
Natural krypton occurs in the atmosphere at about one part per million by volume and is produced mainly by long-term geochemical and atmospheric accumulation of noble gas isotopes. It is not biologically essential and has little chemical interaction with soils, water, or organisms. ⁸⁵Kr is released in small amounts from nuclear fuel reprocessing and reactor-related activities and disperses globally because krypton is a persistent atmospheric gas.
Commercial krypton is obtained by fractional distillation of liquefied air, usually as a by-product of large oxygen and nitrogen plants. Its very low atmospheric concentration makes separation energy-intensive compared with argon, so supply is limited and prices are sensitive to air-separation capacity and demand from lighting, laser, window-insulation, and specialty gas markets. Recycling is uncommon except in closed industrial systems or high-value gas mixtures. Substitution by argon, xenon, or other technologies is common when exact krypton properties are not required.
Krypton is present in the air to the extent of about 1 ppm. The atmosphere of Mars has been found to contain 0.3 ppm of krypton. Solid krypton is a white crystalline substance with a face-centered cubic structure which is common to all the "rare gases."
Krypton is a trace cosmic element formed mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and by explosive nucleosynthesis pathways. It is found in the atmospheres of planets and in meteorites at low abundance, often with isotope patterns that record stellar and solar-system histories. Its noble-gas character makes it useful in planetary science as a tracer of volatile retention and atmospheric loss.
- The metre was once defined using the orange-red spectral line of ⁸⁶Kr.
- Krypton is rarer in air than helium but easier to retain because it is heavier.
- KrF₂ can oxidize substances that resist many conventional oxidants.
- Krypton-filled glazing can improve insulation, but xenon is better and more expensive.
- The name comes from Greek kryptos, meaning hidden.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 116 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 202 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 3.733 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0322 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- गैस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- -157.36 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- -153.42 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 0.009 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.248 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 20.786 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- फलक-केंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 3 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 2.966
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- -1 eV (ऋणात्मक मान — परमाणु द्वारा अतिरिक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन बांधने की भविष्यवाणी नहीं)
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 13.999605 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 24.359924 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 35.838123 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 50.850175 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 64.690223 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- 0, +1, +2 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 8 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p6
ऊष्मागतिक
- त्रिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- -157.36 °C
- त्रिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 7.32e+4 Pa
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- -63.67 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 5.525e+6 Pa
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.01699746 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 0.09327875 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 0 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 36 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 48 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 35 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 5 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Kr-84
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1898
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 1e-4 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 2.1 × 10−4 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 572 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 8 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7439-90-9 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Kr
- InChI कुंजी
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Kr: 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 80 स्थिर | 79.91637808 ± 0.00000075 | 2.2860% | स्थिर |
| 82 स्थिर | 81.91348273 ± 0.00000094 | 11.5930% | स्थिर |
| 83 स्थिर | 82.91412716 ± 0.00000032 | 11.5000% | स्थिर |
| 84 स्थिर | 83.9114977282 ± 0.0000000044 | 56.9870% | स्थिर |
| 86 स्थिर | 85.9106106269 ± 0.0000000041 | 17.2790% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: क्वथनांक (-153.42 °C) से 178.4 °C अधिक
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
वर्तमान T पर आदर्श गैस नियम से अनुमानित
उन्नत
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
36 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kr I | 0 | 862 | 184 | 862 |
| Kr II | +1 | 1178 | 20 | 1178 |
| Kr III | +2 | 877 | 0 | 877 |
| Kr IV | +3 | 485 | 0 | 485 |
| Kr V | +4 | 174 | 0 | 174 |
| Kr VI | +5 | 142 | 0 | 142 |
| Kr VII | +6 | 73 | 0 | 73 |
| Kr VIII | +7 | 177 | 0 | 177 |
| Kr IX | +8 | 125 | 0 | 125 |
| Kr X | +9 | 46 | 0 | 46 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Kr I | 0 | 528 |
| Kr II | +1 | 163 |
| Kr III | +2 | 123 |
| Kr IV | +3 | 79 |
| Kr V | +4 | 43 |
| Kr VI | +5 | 45 |
| Kr VII | +6 | 28 |
| Kr VIII | +7 | 110 |
| Kr IX | +8 | 58 |
| Kr X | +9 | 36 |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (5)
Naturally occurring krypton contains six stable isotopes. Seventeen other unstable isotopes are recognized. The spectral lines of krypton are easily produced and some are very sharp. While krypton is generally thought of as a rare gas that normally does not combine with other elements to form compounds, it now appears that the existence of some krypton compounds can exist. Krypton difluoride has been prepared in gram quantities and can be made by several methods. A higher fluoride of krypton and a salt of an oxyacid of krypton also have been reported. Molecule-ions of ArKr+ and KrH+ have been identified and investigated, and evidence is provided for the formation of KrXe or KrXe+.
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80 स्थिर | 79.91637808 ± 0.00000075 | 2.2860% ± 0.0100% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 82 स्थिर | 81.91348273 ± 0.00000094 | 11.5930% ± 0.0310% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 83 स्थिर | 82.91412716 ± 0.00000032 | 11.5000% ± 0.0190% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 84 स्थिर | 83.9114977282 ± 0.0000000044 | 56.9870% ± 0.0150% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 86 स्थिर | 85.9106106269 ± 0.0000000041 | 17.2790% ± 0.0410% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 384.09 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | ID 649 | emission | 3s2.3p2 3P → 3s2.3p2 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 392.9 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8f 2F* → 3d10.9g 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 392.9 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8f 2F* → 3d10.9g 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 392.9 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8f 2F* → 3d10.9g 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 429.9 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8g 2G → 3d10.9h 2H* | मापित | NIST | |
| 429.9 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8g 2G → 3d10.9h 2H* | मापित | NIST | |
| 430 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8g 2G → 3d10.9h 2H* | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.2 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8h 2H* → 3d10.9i 2I | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.2 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8h 2H* → 3d10.9i 2I | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.2 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8h 2H* → 3d10.9i 2I | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.77 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8i 2I → 3d10.9k 2K* | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.77 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8i 2I → 3d10.9k 2K* | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.77 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8i 2I → 3d10.9k 2K* | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.81 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8k 2K* → 3d10.9l 2L | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.81 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8k 2K* → 3d10.9l 2L | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.81 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8k 2K* → 3d10.9l 2L | मापित | NIST | |
| 464 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | ID 672 | emission | 1s.5s 3S → 1s.5p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 466.79 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.10m 2M* → 3d10.12n 2N | मापित | NIST | |
| 466.79 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.10m 2M* → 3d10.12n 2N | मापित | NIST | |
| 466.79 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.10m 2M* → 3d10.12n 2N | मापित | NIST | |
| 510 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | ID 672 | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 563 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8p 2P* → 3d10.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 565.6 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8d 2D → 3d10.9p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 568.6 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8d 2D → 3d10.8f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 572.7 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8d 2D → 3d10.8f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 576.1 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8d 2D → 3d10.9p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 578.5 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.7f 2F* → 3d10.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 580.7 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8p 2P* → 3d10.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 583.2 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.7f 2F* → 3d10.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 584.9 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.8p 2P* → 3d10.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 605.6 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.9k 2K* → 3d10.10l 2L | मापित | NIST | |
| 605.6 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.9k 2K* → 3d10.10l 2L | मापित | NIST | |
| 605.6 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.9k 2K* → 3d10.10l 2L | मापित | NIST | |
| 606.6 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.9l 2L → 3d10.10m 2M* | मापित | NIST | |
| 606.6 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.9l 2L → 3d10.10m 2M* | मापित | NIST | |
| 606.6 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Kr VIII | emission | 3d10.9l 2L → 3d10.10m 2M* | मापित | NIST | |
| 637 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | ID 647 | emission | 3p6.3d 2D → 3p6.3d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 719.57 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | ID 674 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 117 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 121 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 108 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Bondi
- 202 pm
- Alvarez
- 207 pm
- UFF
- 414.1 pm
- MM3
- 215 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 212 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 115
- Pettifor
- 4
- Glawe
- 4
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 16.78 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.02 a.u.
- C₆
- 130 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 136 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक बंधुता
- प्रोटॉन बंधुता
- 424.6 kJ/mol
- गैसीय क्षारकता
- 402.4 kJ/mol
उत्कृष्ट गैसों के गुण
| HALOGENS | KrF2 |
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 115.78 K |
| क्वथनांक | 119.73 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 209.48 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब) | 5.53 MPa |
| त्रिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 115.77 K |
| त्रिक बिंदु (दाब) | 73.53 kPa |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (8)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.7684 |
| 2 | p | 3.953 |
| 2 | s | 9.602 |
| 3 | d | 15.3741 |
| 3 | p | 15.5658 |
| 3 | s | 14.9673 |
| 4 | p | 26.2308 |
| 4 | s | 24.6844 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (55)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 67 | 2p | 37% |
| 67 | B+ | — |
| 68 | B+ | — |
| 68 | B+p | 90% |
| 68 | p | — |
| 69 | B+ | 100% |
| 69 | B+p | 94% |
| 70 | B+ | 100% |
| 70 | B+p | 1.3% |
| 71 | B+ | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (509)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-4 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.1×10-4 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Krypton is present in the air to the extent of about 1 ppm. The atmosphere of Mars has been found to contain 0.3 ppm of krypton. Solid krypton is a white crystalline substance with a face-centered cubic structure which is common to all the "rare gases."
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Krypton https://periodic.lanl.gov/36.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
85Kr (with a half-life of 10.7 years) has been used in atmospheric monitoring programs to track the effect of atomic facilities on the surrounding environment. 85Kr is co-generated with plutonium in the fuel elements of nuclear fission reactors and can be monitored at short distances (i.e. 1 to 5 km) from an area of clandestine plutonium separation from spent fuel from the nuclear reactor. The differences in 85Kr levels in the atmosphere have been used to estimate the amount of plutonium separated at weekly intervals. The production of plutonium for nuclear weapons and the output from commercial reprocessing plants have released large amounts of 85Kr into the atmosphere [283] M. B. Kalinowski, H. Sartorius, S. Uhl, W. Weiss. J. Environ. Radioact.73, 203 (2004)..
संदर्भ (2)
- [283] M. B. Kalinowski, H. Sartorius, S. Uhl, W. Weiss. J. Environ. Radioact.73, 203 (2004).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Krypton.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.