Bromine (Br)
halogenLiquid
मानक परमाणु भार
79.904 u [79.901, 79.907]इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5गलनांक
-7.2 °Cक्वथनांक
58.8 °Cघनत्व
3102.8 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +7विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
2.96आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
11.81381 eVखोज का वर्ष
1825परमाणु त्रिज्या
115 pmविवरण
Bromine is a halogen, group 17 element, and the only nonmetal that is liquid near room temperature. Elemental bromine occurs as diatomic Br₂ and is a dense, volatile, strongly oxidizing substance. In nature bromine is found mainly as bromide ions in seawater, salt lakes, and subsurface brines. Its chemistry is intermediate between chlorine and iodine, with important roles in flame retardants, drilling fluids, pharmaceuticals, and photographic chemistry.
Bromine is the only nonmetallic liquid element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements and has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it.
The name derives from the Greek bromos for "bad stench" or "bad odour". It was first prepared by the German chemist Carl Löwig in 1825, but it was first publicly announced in 1826 by the French chemist and pharmacist Antoine-Jérôme Balard, and so the discovery is, therefore, credited to him.
The only nonmetallic element that is a liquid at normal room temperatures, bromine was produced by Carl Löwig, a young chemistry student, the summer before starting his freshman year at Heidelberg. When he showed his professor, Leopold Gmelin, the red, smelly liquid he had produced, Gmelin realized that this was an unknown substance and encouraged Löwig to produce more of it so they could study it in detail. Unfortunately, winter exams and the holidays delayed Löwig's work long enough for another chemist, Antoine-Jérôme Balard, to publish a paper in 1826 describing the new element. Balard was credited with the discovery and named it after the greek word for stench, bromos. Today, bromine is primarily obtained by treating brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas with chlorine.
From the Greek word bromos, stench. Discovered by Balard in 1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860.
Pure bromine is a dark red-brown, mobile liquid at ordinary conditions. It gives off a heavy red-brown vapor with a sharp, irritating odor. It freezes to a reddish solid and boils just above room temperature, so noticeable vapor is present from an open container.
Bromine compounds are used in flame retardants for plastics, textiles, and electronic materials, although some older persistent formulations have been restricted or replaced. Dense calcium bromide (CaBr₂), sodium bromide (NaBr), and zinc bromide (ZnBr₂) brines are used in oil and gas drilling and completion fluids. Silver bromide (AgBr) remains important in traditional photographic films and papers. Organobromine intermediates are also used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, and specialty chemicals.
Elemental bromine is a hazardous material. It causes severe burns when it comes in contact with the skin and its vapor irritates the eyes, nose and throat. Most of the bromine produced in the United States was used in the manufacture of ethylene dibromide(C2H4Br2), a chemical added to leaded gasolines that prevented the accumulation of lead compounds within the engine. With the discontinuation of leaded gasolines in favor of unleaded gasolines, the demand for bromine has been greatly reduced. Silver bromide (AgBr), a chemical used in photography, now accounts for the largest use of bromine. Other bromine compounds are used in fumigants, in flameproofing agents and in some compounds used to purify water. Tyrian purple, an expensive purple dye known to ancient civilizations, was produced from an organic bromine compound secreted from a sea mussel known as the murex.
Bromine is used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicines, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. Organic bromides are also important.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of bromine possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of bromine in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.35.1). These variations are useful in investigating the origin of substances and studying environmental, hydrological, and geological processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [278] R. L. Stotler, S. K. Frape, O. Shouakar-Stash. Chem. Geol.274, 38 (2010).. 79Br has been used as a groundwater tracer (Fig. IUPAC.35.2). Introduction of a solution spiked with 79Br to groundwater and measurement of the change in the isotope-amount ratio n(79Br)/n(81Br) over time has been used to monitor tracer breakthrough and to calculate bromide travel time [279] M. D’Alessandro, G. Bidoglio, F. Mousty, J. V. Sala Benito, A. Y. De Llano. J. Hydrol.193, 351 (1997)..
Isotopes in Medicine
77Br (with a half-life of 57 h) is used to label radiopharmaceuticals that bind to estrogen receptors for tumor imaging. 75Br (with a half-life of 97 min) is being used with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging [281] K. D. McElvany, J. A. Katzenellenbogen, K. E. Shafer, B. A. Siegel, S. G. Senderoff, M. J. Welch, Los Alamos Medical Radioisotope Group. J. Nucl. Med.23, 425 (1982)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
79Br is used in the proton cyclotron to produce 77Kr, which decays to 77Br via the reaction 79Br (p, 3n) 77Kr, which decays into 77Br [282] E. Galiano, R. Tilbury. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 105 (1998)..
Bromine commonly forms bromide salts containing Br⁻, including sodium bromide (NaBr) and potassium bromide (KBr). It shows positive oxidation states in interhalogen and oxyanion chemistry, such as bromine chloride (BrCl), hypobromous acid (HOBr), bromate (BrO₃⁻), and perbromate (BrO₄⁻), though the higher oxidation states are less stable than comparable chlorine species. Hydrogen bromide (HBr) is a strong acid in water. Many organobromine compounds are useful synthetic intermediates because carbon-bromine bonds are reactive toward substitution and coupling reactions.
See more information at the Bromine compound page.
Elemental bromine (Br₂) is highly corrosive, toxic by inhalation, and a severe irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Its vapor is hazardous even at low concentrations and reacts with many organic materials and reducing agents. Concentrated hydrobromic acid (HBr) is strongly acidic and corrosive. Some organobromine compounds are persistent, bioaccumulative, or toxic, but hazards vary widely with structure and exposure route.
Bromide is a natural constituent of seawater and evaporite brines, and it is cycled through oceans, salt deposits, aerosols, and biological processes. Marine organisms produce many organobromine compounds, some of which enter atmospheric chemistry. In water treatment, bromide can be oxidized to reactive bromine species and brominated disinfection by-products. Persistent brominated flame retardants can accumulate in sediments and biota, depending on their structure and use history.
Commercial bromine is produced mainly by oxidizing bromide-rich brines and stripping the liberated bromine from solution. Major feedstocks include highly saline inland brines, salt-lake brines, and some subsurface brines associated with mineral or hydrocarbon production. Demand is tied to flame retardants, drilling fluids, water-treatment chemicals, and specialty synthesis. Supply is geographically concentrated where suitable brines are available, and recycling is limited for many dispersive uses, although some brominated materials and process streams can be recovered or managed in closed systems.
A member of the halogen group, bromine is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Some bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm.
Bromine is a relatively scarce element in the cosmos compared with lighter halogens. It is produced by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars and is incorporated into dust, meteorites, and planetary materials in small amounts. On Earth and other volatile-bearing bodies, its geochemistry is controlled mainly by the soluble bromide ion, which concentrates in brines during evaporation.
- Bromine is one of only two elements that are liquid at standard laboratory temperatures; the other is mercury.
- Its name comes from a Greek word referring to stench, reflecting the odor of Br₂ vapor.
- Silver bromide darkens on exposure to light, a property central to photographic emulsions.
- Bromide ions are usually more concentrated in late-stage evaporite brines than in ordinary seawater.
- Elemental bromine is dense enough that many common solids float on it, but contact is dangerous.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 115 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 120 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 183 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 3102.8 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0235 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- द्रव सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- -7.2 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 58.8 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 0.005 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.474 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 75.69 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- विषमलंबाक्ष सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.96 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 2.685
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 3.3635 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 11.81381 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 21.591074 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 34.87112 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 47.782164 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 59.595205 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +7 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 7 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5
ऊष्मागतिक
- त्रिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- -7.25 °C
- त्रिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 5879 Pa
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- 315 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 1.034e+7 Pa
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.10955071 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 0.31051459 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 1.159766 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 1.159248 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 35 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 44 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 34 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 2 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Br-79
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1825
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 2.4 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 67.3 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 667 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 7 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7726-95-6 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 2P°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Br
- InChI कुंजी
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Br: 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 79 स्थिर | 78.9183376 ± 0.0000014 | 50.6900% | स्थिर |
| 81 स्थिर | 80.9162897 ± 0.0000014 | 49.3100% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (-7.2 °C) और क्वथनांक (58.8 °C) के बीच
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
द्रव प्रावस्था के लिए उपलब्ध नहीं है
उन्नत
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
35 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Br I | 0 | 170 | 54 | 170 |
| Br II | +1 | 118 | 3 | 0 |
| Br III | +2 | 75 | 0 | 0 |
| Br IV | +3 | 136 | 0 | 136 |
| Br V | +4 | 22 | 0 | 0 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Br I | 0 | 265 |
| Br II | +1 | 132 |
| Br III | +2 | 53 |
| Br IV | +3 | 43 |
| Br V | +4 | 10 |
| Br VI | +5 | 12 |
| Br VII | +6 | 6 |
| Br VIII | +7 | 12 |
| Br IX | +8 | 5 |
| Br X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 196 pm |
| +3 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 59 pm |
| +5 | 3 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 31 pm |
| +7 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 25 pm |
| +7 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 39 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (2)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 79 स्थिर | 78.9183376 ± 0.0000014 | 50.6900% ± 0.0700% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 81 स्थिर | 80.9162897 ± 0.0000014 | 49.3100% ± 0.0700% | स्थिर | stable |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 114 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 109 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 110 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (ब्रैग)
- 119 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Bondi
- 183 pm
- Batsanov
- 190 pm
- Alvarez
- 186 pm
- UFF
- 418.9 pm
- MM3
- 222 pm
- Dreiding
- 395 pm
- Rowland–Taylor
- 187 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 219 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 117 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 108
- Pettifor
- 98
- Glawe
- 100
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 8
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 7
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 21 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 1 a.u.
- C₆
- 162 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 187 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक बंधुता
- प्रोटॉन बंधुता
- 554.4 kJ/mol
- गैसीय क्षारकता
- 531.2 kJ/mol
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 44
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 7
- भंडार वितरण
- 64
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 57
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 57
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 265.95 K |
| क्वथनांक | 331.95 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 588.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब) | 10.34 MPa |
| त्रिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 265.9 K |
| त्रिक बिंदु (दाब) | 5.88 kPa |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (8)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.7529 |
| 2 | p | 3.9436 |
| 2 | s | 9.3566 |
| 3 | d | 15.4409 |
| 3 | p | 15.4292 |
| 3 | s | 14.7815 |
| 4 | p | 25.972 |
| 4 | s | 24.4472 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (5)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | VI | 182 | Pauling's (1960) crystal radius, | |
| 3 | IVSQ | 73 | ||
| 5 | IIIPY | 45 | ||
| 7 | IV | 39 | ||
| 7 | VI | 53 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (54)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 65 | p | — |
| 66 | p | — |
| 67 | p | — |
| 68 | p | — |
| 69 | p | 100% |
| 70 | B+ | 100% |
| 70 | B+p | — |
| 71 | B+ | 100% |
| 72 | B+ | 100% |
| 73 | B+ | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (506)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 5.16199 |
| 10.1617 | — | 5.31855 |
| 10.3261 | — | 5.47986 |
| 10.4931 | — | 5.64606 |
| 10.6628 | — | 5.8173 |
| 10.8353 | — | 5.99373 |
| 11.0106 | — | 6.17552 |
| 11.1886 | — | 6.36281 |
| 11.3696 | — | 6.5558 |
| 11.5535 | — | 6.75463 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.4 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
6.73×101 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
A member of the halogen group, bromine is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Some bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Bromine https://periodic.lanl.gov/35.shtml
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
Much of the bromine output in the U.S. was used in the production of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in making gasoline anti-knock compounds. Lead in gasoline, however, has been drastically reduced due to environmental considerations. This will greatly affect future production of bromine.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Bromine https://periodic.lanl.gov/35.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Bromine.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.