Lithium (Li)
alkali-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
6.94 u [6.938, 6.997]इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[He] 2s1गलनांक
180.5 °Cक्वथनांक
1341.85 °Cघनत्व
534 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
+1विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
0.98आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
5.391715 eVखोज का वर्ष
1817परमाणु त्रिज्या
145 pmविवरण
Lithium is the lightest metal and the first alkali metal. It forms Li⁺ very readily, yet its small ion gives lithium chemistry a distinctive hardness, strong hydration, and extensive organometallic chemistry. In nature it occurs only in compounds, mainly in brines, pegmatite minerals, and some clays. Its low atomic mass, high electrochemical potential, and ability to move reversibly through host materials make it central to rechargeable batteries.
Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
The name derives from the Latin lithos for "stone" because lithium was thought to exist only in minerals at that time. It was discovered by the Swedish mineralogist Johan August Arfwedson in 1818 in the mineral petalite LiAl(Si2O5)2. Lithium was isolated in 1855 by the German chemists Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.
Lithium was discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAl(Si2O5)2) by Johann August Arfvedson in 1817. It was first isolated by William Thomas Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy through the electrolysis of lithium oxide (Li2O). Today, larger amounts of the metal are obtained through the electrolysis of lithium chloride (LiCl). Lithium is not found free in nature and makes up only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word lithos, stone. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water.
Pure lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes quickly in air, forming dull gray surface films of oxide, nitride, hydroxide, and carbonate. It is the least dense solid element at ordinary conditions and can be cut with a knife.
Most lithium demand is tied to lithium-ion batteries, where lithium ions shuttle between intercalation or conversion materials rather than existing as metallic lithium in normal operation. Lithium metal is used in some primary batteries and specialized rechargeable cells. Lithium compounds are also used in heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lubricating greases, air-treatment chemicals, aluminum production, and pharmaceutical salts such as lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, for selected mood disorders.
Many uses have been found for lithium and its compounds. Lithium has the highest specific heat of any solid element and is used in heat transfer applications. It is used to make special glasses and ceramics, including the Mount Palomar telescope's 200 inch mirror. Lithium is the lightest known metal and can be alloyed with aluminium, copper, manganese, and cadmium to make strong, lightweight metals for aircraft. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of spacecraft. Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2) is used as a general purpose and high temperature lubricant. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is used as a drug to treat manic depression disorder.
Lithium reacts with water, but not as violently as sodium.
Since World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Lithium carbonate is used for the treatment of bipolar disease and other mental illness conditions.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of lithium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. Natural terrestrial materials show a substantial variation in lithium isotopic abundance (Fig. IUPAC.3.1), and these natural isotopic abundances have been used to determine sources of dissolved lithium and to investigate environmental processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)..
Variations in isotope-amount ratiosn(7Li)/n(6Li) can help determine the source of some water. Because the relative abundances of lithium isotopes can change during hydrothermal processes, isotopic analysis of lithium in water can help distinguish water derived from marine sedimentary rocks from water derived from hydrothermally altered igneous rocks (Fig. IUPAC.3.2) [36] T. D. Bullen, Y. K. Kharaka. “Isotopic composition of Sr, Nd, and Li in thermal waters from the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park and surrounding region”, in Water-Rock Interaction. in 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Rotterdam, Balkema Publishers (1992)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Industry
7Li, as hydroxide monohydrate (7LiOH•H2O), is used to maintain the pH level of the coolant used in pressurized water reactors in the nuclear power industry [39] International Atomic Energy Agency. Assessment and Management of Ageing of Major Nuclear Power Plant Components Important to Safety, IAEA-TECDOC-1361. 235 (2003)., [40] F. Nordmann. “Aspects on chemistry in french nuclear power plants”, in 14th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam in Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.. Lithium plays a role in the construction of a thermonuclear bomb, which differs from a fission weapon in that it uses the energy released when two light atomic nuclei (i.e. deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H)) fuse to form helium and a high energy neutronvia this DT reaction. 6Li is used, in the form of 6Li deuteride (6Li 2H), as fusion fuel capable of producing tritium when bombarded with neutrons within the weapon via the reaction 6Li (n, 3H) 4He [41] FUSION EXPO. Controlled Fusion: The Energy Option for the 21st Century, FUSION EXPO (2011), November 6; http://www.fusion-eur.org/fusion_cd/popu.htm..
Li-based laboratory reagents have found their way into surface water and can be easily identified. Although a military secret in the 1950s, it is now known that substantial amounts of 6Li (normally having an isotopic abundance of 0.076) were removed from chemical reagents to be used in nuclear weapon development. Reagents containing the remaining lithium depleted in 6Li (having an isotopic abundance as low as 0.025) were sold to both chemical manufacturers and to laboratory chemists for their use [42] N. E. Holden. Chem. Int.32(1), 12 (2010).. The distinctive isotopic signature of depleted 6Li, having a n(7Li)/n(6Li) ratio of 39, compared to a ratio of 12 in naturally occurring terrestrial materials, enables easier detection of this lithium source in polluted waterways and the environment [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
7Li is a decay product of the 10B (neutron, alpha) 7Li reaction, which has a peak value for room temperature neutrons. Brain tumor cells are typically found some 5 to 7 cm below the surface of the skull. After 10B has been introduced to or entered the tumor cells, a beam of neutrons of energy slightly above room temperature is introduced to the affected areas. The energy of these neutrons is reduced to room temperature by the time they react with the 10B, which then disintegrates into high energy charged particles (7Li and 4He), which deposit their kinetic energy in nearby (predominately cancerous) cells and destroys them. Any adjacent normal cells are unaffected [43] R. F. Barth. J. Neurooncol.62, 1 (2003)..
Lithium almost always has the +1 oxidation state in ordinary chemistry. Important compounds include lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, lithium hydroxide, LiOH, lithium chloride, LiCl, and lithium fluoride, LiF. Lithium hydride, LiH, is a reactive hydride and hydrogen source. Organolithium reagents such as butyllithium, C₄H₉Li, are strong bases and nucleophiles used in synthesis. Lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO₂, and lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO₄, are well-known battery cathode materials.
See more information at the Lithium compound page.
Lithium metal reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide, LiOH, and flammable H₂, and finely divided metal can ignite. Strongly basic lithium compounds can be corrosive, while soluble lithium salts can affect the nervous system, kidneys, and thyroid at excessive doses. Therapeutic use of lithium salts requires controlled dosing. Battery fires involve additional hazards from electrolytes, heat, and decomposition products, not only lithium itself.
Lithium is widely dispersed at low concentrations in rocks, soils, natural waters, and seawater. Weathering releases Li⁺, which can remain in solution, exchange onto clays, or concentrate in closed-basin brines through evaporation. It has no established essential biological role in humans, although trace exposure is common. Mining and brine extraction can alter water balances, salinity, dust levels, and local habitats if poorly managed.
Commercial lithium is produced mainly from hard-rock pegmatites, especially spodumene, and from continental brines concentrated by evaporation or direct extraction methods. The principal traded chemicals are lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, and lithium hydroxide, LiOH, with battery-grade purity a major value factor. Demand is strongly linked to rechargeable batteries, while ceramics, greases, and other uses form smaller markets. Recycling from batteries is growing but is constrained by collection, chemistry differences, and process economics.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
Lithium is unusually scarce in the cosmos compared with hydrogen and helium. Some ⁷Li was formed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but lithium is readily destroyed inside stars at temperatures below those needed to burn many heavier nuclei. Additional lithium is made by cosmic-ray spallation and in certain stellar events. Its abundance in old stars is important in tests of early-universe models.
- Lithium floats on many hydrocarbon oils because its density is lower than theirs.
- Natural lithium is a mixture mainly of ⁷Li with a smaller fraction of ⁶Li.
- Lithium gives a crimson color in flame tests, though sodium contamination can mask it.
- Lithium nitride, Li₃N, forms directly when lithium is exposed to nitrogen.
- The name comes from Greek lithos, reflecting its discovery in a mineral source.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 145 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 128 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 182 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 123 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 534 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0131 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 180.5 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 1341.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 84.8 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 3.582 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 24.86 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- अंतःकेंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 0.98 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 0.912
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.61804 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 5.391715 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 75.640357 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 122.454781 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- +1 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 1 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [He] 2s1
ऊष्मागतिक
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- 2950 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 6.7e+7 Pa
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.03109292 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 1.524589 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 1.65207 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 1.65207 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 1.651034 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 3 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 4 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 11 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 2 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Li-7
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1817
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 20 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 0.18 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 349 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 1 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7439-93-2 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Li
- InChI कुंजी
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Li: 2s¹[He] 2s¹1s² 2s¹परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 स्थिर | 6.0151228874 ± 0.0000000016 | 7.5900% | स्थिर |
| 7 स्थिर | 7.0160034366 ± 0.0000000045 | 92.4100% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (180.5 °C) से 155.5 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
उन्नत
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li I | 0 | 344 | 257 | 328 |
| Li II | +1 | 663 | 564 | 630 |
| Li III | +2 | 144 | 144 | 144 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Li I | 0 | 182 |
| Li II | +1 | 179 |
| Li III | +2 | 149 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 59 pm |
| +1 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 76 pm |
| +1 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 92 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (2)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 स्थिर | 6.0151228874 ± 0.0000000016 | 7.5900% ± 0.0400% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 7 स्थिर | 7.0160034366 ± 0.0000000045 | 92.4100% ± 0.0400% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383.559 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 383.564 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 387.8838 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 391.5292 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 391.5342 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 391.5344 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 398.5481 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 398.5535 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 413.2557 nm | 40 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 413.2613 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 413.2615 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 415.519 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 419.115 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 427.306 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 427.312 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 432.21 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 432.226 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 432.53 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 432.54 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 432.542 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 432.554 nm | 5 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 432.562 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 432.578 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.8225057 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.8277799 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.8581249 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.866202 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.8846443 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.8847466 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.897364 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.8975539 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.9032229 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.9032561 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.9095915 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.90966 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.9118883 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.9157307 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.9220996 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.9223809 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.9224003 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.933185 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.9357979 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 460.282 nm | 13 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 463.61 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.14 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.153 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.188 nm | 2 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.806 nm | 3 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 474.15 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.836 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 479.239 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 484.278 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 484.292 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 484.294 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 484.304 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 484.321 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 484.331 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 488.12 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 488.147 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 488.169 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 491.912 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 497.166 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 497.174 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 503.791 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 510.8 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.7p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 519.919 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 519.928 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 519.937 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 519.947 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 527 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 532.949 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 532.96 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 532.98 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 539.3 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.153 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.172 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.175 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.665 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 541.091 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 541.122 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 541.236 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 541.237 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 541.256 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 546.84 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 548.346 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 548.44 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 548.509 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 552.54 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 565.388 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 565.409 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 565.421 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 610.353 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 610.364 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 610.366 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 611.81 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 613.864 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 625.222 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 625.235 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 625.248 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 625.263 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 653.14 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 654.566 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 655.319 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.006 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.052 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.143 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.16 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.191 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.306 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.307 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 656.336 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 662.07 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 664.252 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 664.269 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 664.281 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 664.48 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 664.77 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 668.73 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 670.776 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 670.791 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 678.09 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 133 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 124 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (ब्रैग)
- 150 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Bondi
- 181 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 212 pm
- UFF
- 245.1 pm
- MM3
- 255 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 220 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 155 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 1
- Pettifor
- 12
- Glawe
- 12
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 164.1125 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.0005 a.u.
- C₆
- 1392 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1410 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 13 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 1
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 62
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 7
- भंडार वितरण
- 58
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 75
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 68
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 453.65 K |
| क्वथनांक | 1615.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 3223.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब) | 67 MPa |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (2)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3094 |
| 2 | s | 1.7208 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (3)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 73 | ||
| 1 | VI | 90 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 106 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (17)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | p | — |
| 4 | p | 100% |
| 5 | p | 100% |
| 8 | B- | 100% |
| 8 | B-A | 100% |
| 9 | B- | 100% |
| 9 | B-n | 50.5% |
| 10 | n | 100% |
| 11 | B- | 100% |
| 11 | B-n | 86.3% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (501)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.11642 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.11743 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.11844 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.11947 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.12051 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.12155 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.12261 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.12367 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.12444 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.12502 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.8×10-1 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Lithium https://periodic.lanl.gov/3.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Lithium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.