Potassium (K)
alkali-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
39.0983 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Ar] 4s1गलनांक
63.38 °Cक्वथनांक
758.85 °Cघनत्व
890 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−1, +1विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
0.82आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
4.340664 eVखोज का वर्ष
1807परमाणु त्रिज्या
220 pmविवरण
Potassium is an alkali metal and a major rock-forming and biological element. It occurs naturally only in compounds, chiefly as K⁺ in salts, feldspars, micas, and clay minerals. The metal is highly electropositive, reacts vigorously with water, and is stored away from air and moisture. In living cells, potassium is the principal intracellular cation and is central to osmotic balance and electrical signaling.
It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. Except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal. It is soft, easily cut with a knife, and is silvery in appearance immediately after a fresh surface is exposed. It rapidly oxidizes in air and must be preserved in a mineral oil such as kerosene.
As with other metals of the alkali group, it decomposes in water with the evolution of hydrogen. It catches fire spontaneously on water. Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames.
The name derives from the English "potash" or "pot ashes" because it is found in caustic potash (KOH). The symbol K derives from the Latin kalium via the Arabic qali for alkali. It was first isolated by the British chemist Humphry Davy in 1807 from electrolysis of potash (KOH).
Although potassium is the eighth most abundant element on earth and comprises about 2.1% of the earth's crust, it is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. Metallic potassium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 through the electrolysis of molten caustic potash (KOH). A few months after discovering potassium, Davy used the same method to isolate sodium. Potassium can be obtained from the minerals sylvite (KCl), carnallite (KCl·MgCl2·6H2O), langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)3) and polyhalite (K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2H2O). These minerals are often found in ancient lake and sea beds. Caustic potash, another important source of potassium, is primarily mined in Germany, New Mexico, California and Utah. Pure potassium is a soft, waxy metal that can be easily cut with a knife. It reacts with oxygen to form potassium superoxide (KO2) and with water to form potassium hydroxide (KOH), hydrogen gas and heat. Enough heat is produced to ignite the hydrogen gas. To prevent it from reacting with the oxygen and water in the air, samples of metallic potassium are usually stored submerged in mineral oil.
From the English word, potash - pot ashes; Latin kalium, Arab qali, alkali. Discovered in 1807 by Davy, who obtained it from caustic potash (KOH); this was the first metal isolated by electrolysis.
Pure potassium is a very soft, silvery metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes rapidly in air as oxide, hydroxide, and carbonate layers form. It has a low melting point for a metal and can be cut with a knife; samples are commonly kept under dry mineral oil or inert gas.
Elemental potassium has limited direct use because sodium is cheaper and less reactive for many purposes. It is used in some laboratory reductions and in potassium-sodium alloys for heat-transfer applications where a liquid metal is useful. Most practical demand is for potassium compounds, especially fertilizers that supply plant-available K⁺. Potassium salts are also used in glass, soaps, pyrotechnics, food processing, and chemical manufacturing.
Potassium forms an alloy with sodium (NaK) that is used as a heat transfer medium in some types of nuclear reactors.
Potassium forms many important compounds. Potassium chloride (KCl) is the most common potassium compound. It is used in fertilizers, as a salt substitute and to produce other chemicals. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used to make soaps, detergents and drain cleaners. Potassium carbonate (KHCO3), also known as pearl ash, is used to make some types of glass and soaps and is obtained commercially as a byproduct of the production of ammonia. Potassium superoxide (KO2) can create oxygen from water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) through the following reaction: 2KO2 + H2O + 2CO2 => 2KHCO3 + O2. It is used in respiratory equipment and is produced by burning potassium metal in dry air. Potassium nitrate (KNO3), also known as saltpeter or nitre, is used in fertilizers, match heads and pyrotechnics.
The greatest demand for potash has been in its use for fertilizers. Potassium is an essential constituent for plant growth and is found in most soils.
An alloy of sodium and potassium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer medium. Many potassium salts are of utmost importance, including the hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, cyanide, sulfate, chromate, and dichromate.
Isotopes in Biology
The mole fraction of 40K, n(40K)/n(K), is used to study the effects of potassium in soil on the growth of plants. Plants need potassium to promote growth and reproduction, and potassium also helps plants resist drought and diseases. The mole fraction of 40K is being studied at different depths in several soil types to determine how soil properties affect the fractionation of 40K [178] R. Fujiyoshi, Y. Satake, T. Sumiyoshi. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.281, 553 (2009)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The amount ratio n(40K)/n(40Ar) is used in potassium-argon dating by geologists, archaeologists, and paleoanthropologists to determine the age of rocks. This dating method is based on the radioactive decay of 40K, having a half-life of 1.248×109 years, to 40Ar. When lava crystalizes, 40Ar can no longer escape and begins increasing in concentration in a rock (Fig. IUPAC.19.1) [179] United States Geological Survey. Geology and Geophysics, U.S. Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 25; http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/common/geochronology.html., [180] New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources. K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar Methods, New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources (2014), Feb. 25; http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/labs/argon/methods/home.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
38K, which has a half-life of 7.6 min and is produced by a nuclear reaction involving 38Ar and 40Ar as targets, is a widely used blood-flow tracer. Because 38Ar is more expensive, 40Ar, which also offers many additional advantages as a target, is more commonly used to produce 38K for medical purposes [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf., [176] K. Nagatsu, A. Kubodera, K. Suzuki. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1505 (1998)., [181] P. G. Melon, C. Brihaye, C. Degueldre, M. Guillaume, R. Czichosz, P. Rigo, H. E. Kulbertus, D. Comar. J. Nucl. Med.35, 1116 (1994)..
Potassium chemistry is dominated by the +1 oxidation state and the K⁺ ion. Common compounds include potassium chloride (KCl), the main fertilizer potash salt; potassium hydroxide (KOH), a strong base used in alkaline chemistry; potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃); potassium nitrate (KNO₃), an oxidizing salt; and potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), in which potassium is only the counterion to permanganate. Potassium forms ionic halides, oxides, superoxide potassium superoxide (KO₂), and many double salts and aluminosilicates.
See more information at the Potassium compound page.
Metallic potassium is a severe fire and chemical hazard. It reacts with water to form potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrogen (H₂), often with enough heat to ignite the gas. Concentrated potassium hydroxide is strongly corrosive. Soluble potassium salts vary widely in hazard; ordinary dietary amounts are essential, but excessive intake or medical exposure can disturb heart rhythm. Natural potassium contains radioactive ⁴⁰K at low abundance.
Potassium is abundant in the crust and is released slowly by weathering of silicate minerals, then cycled through soils, waters, plants, and organisms as K⁺. It is not degraded, but it is redistributed by erosion, leaching, uptake, and ion exchange on clays. Potassium is an essential plant nutrient, and deficiency limits crop growth in many soils. The isotope ⁴⁰K is a natural source of background radiation.
The potassium economy is centered on potash minerals and brines rather than the free metal. Commercial products are mined or solution-mined from evaporite deposits and processed mainly into potassium chloride (KCl), with potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) important for chloride-sensitive crops. Demand is strongly linked to agriculture, so fertilizer logistics and ore quality dominate supply. Elemental potassium is made by chemical reduction or electrochemical routes on a much smaller scale and is not a bulk commodity comparable with sodium.
The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth's crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty.
Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained. Potash is mined in Germany, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 3000 ft in Saskatchewan, promise to be important in coming years.
Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium.
Potassium is produced in stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova-related processes but is far less abundant cosmically than lighter elements such as sodium, magnesium, and silicon. In rocky planets it behaves as a moderately incompatible lithophile element, concentrating in crustal rocks and evolved magmas. Radioactive ⁴⁰K contributed heat to early planetary interiors and remains important in geochronology.
- The chemical symbol K comes from kalium, a Neo-Latin name derived from alkali sources.
- Potassium metal is less dense than water, although contact with water is violently reactive.
- Potassium chloride can be purple or reddish as a mineral because of impurities or radiation-induced color centers.
- Potassium-argon dating depends on the decay of ⁴⁰K to ⁴⁰Ar trapped in minerals.
- Potassium superoxide (KO₂) has been used in breathing equipment because it reacts with CO₂ and moisture to release O₂.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 220 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 203 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 275 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 203 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 890 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0453 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 63.38 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 758.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 79 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.757 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 29.6 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- अंतःकेंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 0.82 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 0.734
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.5014 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 4.340664 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 31.625109 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 45.803258 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 60.91721 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 82.660285 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −1, +1 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 1 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Ar] 4s1
ऊष्मागतिक
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- 1950 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 1.6e+7 Pa
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.02414883 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 0.79701508 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 0.92449604 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 0.92449604 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 0.92242317 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 19 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 20 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 29 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 2 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- K-39
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1807
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 2.09e+4 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 399 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 523 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 8, 1 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-09-7 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/K
- InChI कुंजी
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
K: 4s¹[Ar] 4s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39 स्थिर | 38.9637064864 ± 0.0000000049 | 93.2581% | स्थिर |
| 41 स्थिर | 40.9618252579 ± 0.0000000041 | 6.7302% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (63.38 °C) से 38.4 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
उन्नत
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
22 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| 41K I समस्थानिक | 0 | 8 |
| 40K I समस्थानिक | 0 | 3 |
| 39K I समस्थानिक | 0 | 123 |
| K I | 0 | 299 |
| K II | +1 | 97 |
| K III | +2 | 40 |
| K IV | +3 | 38 |
| K V | +4 | 40 |
| K VI | +5 | 28 |
| K VII | +6 | 81 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 137 pm |
| +1 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 138 pm |
| +1 | 7 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 146 pm |
| +1 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 151 pm |
| +1 | 9 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 155 pm |
| +1 | 10 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 159 pm |
| +1 | 12 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 164 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (2)
Seventeen isotopes of potassium are known. Ordinary potassium is composed of three isotopes, one of which is 40°K (0.0118%), a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 1.28 x 109 years.
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 39 स्थिर | 38.9637064864 ± 0.0000000049 | 93.2581% ± 0.0044% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 41 स्थिर | 40.9618252579 ± 0.0000000041 | 6.7302% ± 0.0044% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
141 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 693.8764 nm | 20 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 691.10815 nm | 19 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.41422 nm | 18 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.72132 nm | 17 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 580.17662 nm | 17 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 583.18899 nm | 17 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 578.23999 nm | 16 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 581.21521 nm | 15 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 535.95761 nm | 14 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 533.96873 nm | 13 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 511.225448 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 532.32786 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 534.29693 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.6d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 693.62861 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.4d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 696.46903 nm | 12 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.4d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.23725 nm | 11 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.3d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 509.717137 nm | 11 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.7d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 509.920005 nm | 11 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 464.1875 nm | 10 | K I | emission | 3p6.4s 2S → 3p6.3d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 496.503213 nm | 10 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 508.423399 nm | 10 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 482.924 nm | 9 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 486.975897 nm | 9 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 495.081801 nm | 9 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 495.614802 nm | 9 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.10s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 389.7896 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 418.6232 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 460.849 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 480.43395 nm | 8 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.10d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 485.609209 nm | 8 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.9d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 486.348075 nm | 8 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.11s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 500.564 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 612.028 nm | 8 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3F* → 3p5.4p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 381.7547 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4p 3D → 3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 400.122 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 413.4705 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 422.296 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 422.566 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3P* → 3p5.4p 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 426.334 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 3P* → 3p5.4p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 430.498 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3P* → 3p5.4p 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 430.911 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 438.816 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.4s 1P* → 3p5.4p 1P | मापित | NIST | |
| 475.737719 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.11d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 479.104132 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.10d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 484.98645 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.11s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 505.625 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3P* → 3p5.4p 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 630.728 nm | 7 | K II | emission | 3p5.3d 3F* → 3p5.4p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 696.41712 nm | 7 | K I | emission | 3p6.4p 2P* → 3p6.4d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 380.0162 nm | 6 | K II | emission | 3p5.4p 3D → 3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 381.657 nm | 6 | K II | emission | 3p5.4p 3P → 3p5.4d 3P* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 196 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 193 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (ब्रैग)
- 207 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Bondi
- 275 pm
- Batsanov
- 280 pm
- Alvarez
- 273 pm
- UFF
- 381.2 pm
- MM3
- 309 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 234 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 235 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 3
- Pettifor
- 10
- Glawe
- 10
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 2
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 2
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 1
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 289.7 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.3 a.u.
- C₆
- 3923 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 3910 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 45.63 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 0
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 21
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 5
- भंडार वितरण
- 61
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 81
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 81
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 336.65 K |
| क्वथनांक | 1032.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 2223.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब) | 16 MPa |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (6)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.5105 |
| 2 | p | 3.9728 |
| 2 | s | 5.9938 |
| 3 | p | 11.2744 |
| 3 | s | 10.3201 |
| 4 | s | 15.5048 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (7)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 151 | ||
| 1 | VI | 152 | ||
| 1 | VII | 160 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 165 | ||
| 1 | IX | 169 | ||
| 1 | X | 173 | ||
| 1 | XII | 178 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (53)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 31 | 3p | 100% |
| 32 | p | — |
| 33 | p | — |
| 34 | p | — |
| 35 | B+ | 100% |
| 35 | B+p | 0.4% |
| 36 | B+ | 100% |
| 36 | B+p | 0% |
| 36 | B+A | 0% |
| 37 | B+ | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (503)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.03426 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.03529 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.03635 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.03744 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.03856 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.03972 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.04091 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.04214 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.0434 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.04471 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.09×104 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Potassium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele019.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3.99×102 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Potassium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele019.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth's crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty.
Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained. Potash is mined in Germany, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 3000 ft in Saskatchewan, promise to be important in coming years.
Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Potassium https://periodic.lanl.gov/19.shtml
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
Potassium is never found free in nature, but is obtained by electrolysis of the hydroxide, much in the same manner as prepared by Davy's first process. Thermal methods also are commonly used to produce potassium (such as by reduction of potassium compounds with CaC2, C, Si, or Na).
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Potassium https://periodic.lanl.gov/19.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Potassium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.