Argon (Ar)
noble-gasGas
मानक परमाणु भार
39.948 u [39.792, 39.963]इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Ne] 3s2 3p6गलनांक
-189.35 °Cक्वथनांक
-185.85 °Cघनत्व
1.7837 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
0विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
उपलब्ध नहींआयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
15.759612 eVखोज का वर्ष
1894परमाणु त्रिज्या
71 pmविवरण
Argon is a colorless noble gas and the third most abundant gas in Earth’s atmosphere, after nitrogen and oxygen. Its closed-shell electron configuration makes it chemically very inert under ordinary conditions. Most terrestrial argon is ⁴⁰Ar, produced by the radioactive decay of ⁴⁰K in rocks. The element is valued mainly as a dense, nonreactive atmosphere for industrial, analytical, and lighting applications.
Argon is two and one half times as soluble in water as nitrogen, having about the same solubility as oxygen. Argon is colorless and odorless, both as a gas and liquid. Argon is considered to be a very inert gas and is not known to form true chemical compounds, as do krypton, xenon, and radon.
The name derives from the Greek argos for "lazy" or "inactive" because it does not combine with other elements. It was discovered in 1894 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and the English physicist Robert John Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) in liquefied air. Rayleigh's initial interest derived from a problem posed by the English physicist Henry Cavendish in 1785, i.e., when oxygen and nitrogen were removed from air, there was an unknown residual gas remaining.
Argon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Lord Rayleigh, an English chemist, in 1894. Argon makes up 0.93% of the earth's atmosphere, making it the third most abundant gas. Argon is obtained from the air as a byproduct of the production of oxygen and nitrogen.
From the Greek argos, inactive. Its presence in air was suspected by Cavendish in 1785, discovered by Lord Raleigh and Sir William Ramsay in 1894.
Pure argon is a monatomic gas at ordinary temperature and pressure, with no color, odor, or taste. It liquefies to a colorless liquid at cryogenic temperature and freezes to a transparent solid. In electrical discharges it emits a pale violet to lavender glow, depending on pressure and lamp conditions.
Argon is widely used as an inert shielding gas in arc welding, metal refining, and heat treatment, especially where nitrogen or oxygen would react with hot metals. It fills incandescent and some fluorescent lamps, provides inert atmospheres for crystal growth and semiconductor processing, and serves as a carrier or plasma gas in analytical instruments such as gas chromatographs and inductively coupled plasma spectrometers. Argon lasers have been used in medicine, research, and display technology, although many older uses have been replaced by other laser systems.
Argon is frequently used when an inert atmosphere is needed. It is used to fill incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs to prevent oxygen from corroding the hot filament. Argon is also used to form inert atmospheres for arc welding, growing semiconductor crystals and processes that require shielding from other atmospheric gases.
Once thought to be completely inert, argon is known to form at least one compound. The synthesis of argon fluorohydride (HArF) was reported by Leonid Khriachtchev, Mika Pettersson, Nino Runeberg, Jan Lundell and Markku Räsänen in August of 2000. Stable only at very low temperatures, argon fluorohydride begins to decompose once it warms above -246°C (-411°F). Because of this limitation, argon fluorohydride has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
It is used in electric light bulbs and in fluorescent tubes at a pressure of about 400 Pa. and in filling photo tubes, glow tubes, etc. Argon is also used as an inert gas shield for arc welding and cutting, as blanket for the production of titanium and other reactive elements, and as a protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium crystals.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Argon’s chemically inert properties and three stable isotopes make it an ideal tracer of Earth processes [101] Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, D. Porcelli, C. J. Ballentine, and R. Wieler (Eds.), p. 844, Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society, Washington, DC (2002)., [157] SAHRA – Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas. Argon, SAHRA – Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (2014), Feb. 24; http://web.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/argon.html., [158] J. K. W. Lee. Chem. Geol.266, 104 (2009)., [159] F. M. Phillips, M. C. Castro. “Groundwater dating and residence-time measurements”, in Treatise on Geochemistry, J. I. Drever, H. D. Holland, and K. K. Turekian (Eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York (2003)., [160] T. Kobashi, J. P. Severinghaus, K. Kawamura. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.72, 4675 (2008)., [161] H. Sumino, K. Ikehata, A. Shimizu, K. Nagao, S. Nakada. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.175, 189 (2008)., [162] D. R. Hilton, K. Hammerschmidt, G. Loock, H. Friedrichsen. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.57, 2819 (1993)., [163] B. P. Christensen, P. M. Holm, A. Jambon, J. R. Wilson. Chem. Geol.178, 127 (2001)., [164] H. H. Loosli, B. E. Lehmann, W. Balderer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta53, 1825 (1989)., [165] T. Torgersen, B. M. Kennedy, H. Hiyagon, K. Y. Chiou, J. H. Reynolds, W. B. Clarke. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.92, 43 (1989)., [166] J. K. Böhlke. Pure Appl. Chem.86, 1421 (2014)., [167] P. R. Renne, K. A. Farley, T. A. Becker, W. D. Sharp. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.188, 435 (2001).. Measurements and models of the isotope-amount ratio n(40Ar)/n(36Ar) can provide insights about the evolution of the atmosphere and orogenic (mountain-building) history of the Earth. The comparison of results from potassium-argon and n(40Ar)/n(39Ar) isotope-amount-ratio dating methods with results from other dating methods has been used to study temperature histories of rocks through differences in apparent ages caused by excess argon or partial argon gas loss. The isotope-amount ratio n(40Ar)/n(36Ar) of dissolved argon in groundwater can provide hydrologic information, such as rates of crustal degassing and relative groundwater age. 38Ar produced by cosmic-ray bombardment of rocks and soils at Earth’s surface can provide information about surface exposure history and erosion rate.
Isotopes in Geochronology
Argon isotopes are used to date rock samples, especially volcanic rocks, using two related techniques (Fig. IUPAC.18.1) [101] Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, D. Porcelli, C. J. Ballentine, and R. Wieler (Eds.), p. 844, Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society, Washington, DC (2002)., [168] G. B. Dalrymple, M. A. Lanphere. Potassium-Argon Dating: Principles, Techniques and Applications to Geochronology, p. 258, Freeman, San Francisco (1969)., [169] I. McDougall, T. M. Harrison. Geochronology and Thermochronology by the 40Ar/39Ar Method, p. 212, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1999)., [170] United States Geological Survey. Periodic Table-Argon, U.S. Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 25; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ar_iig.html..
–The first technique is potassium-argon dating (K-Ar), which is based on the decay of radioactive 40K to stable 40Ar. By comparing the concentrations of potassium and 40Ar in a sample, it is possible to determine how long the sample has been accumulating radiogenic 40Ar to determine the “age” of the sample. The half-life of 40K is approximately 1.25×109 years, making this a useful tool for dating rocks range in age from about 106 to 109 years.
–A modification of the potassium-argon dating technique is the n(40Ar)/n(39Ar) isotope-amount-ratio technique, in which a sample is irradiated in a nuclear reactor to produce 39Ar from 39K. The isotope-amount ratio n(40Ar)/n(39Ar) is then determined, and from this, the approximate age of the rock can be calculated (Fig. IUPAC.18.2).
The study of 37Ar (half-life of 35 days), 39Ar (half-life of 268 years), and 40Ar concentrations in groundwater can provide information about the production and release of these isotopes from rocks and other sources into groundwater and the relative ages of different groundwaters [159] F. M. Phillips, M. C. Castro. “Groundwater dating and residence-time measurements”, in Treatise on Geochemistry, J. I. Drever, H. D. Holland, and K. K. Turekian (Eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York (2003)., [164] H. H. Loosli, B. E. Lehmann, W. Balderer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta53, 1825 (1989)., [165] T. Torgersen, B. M. Kennedy, H. Hiyagon, K. Y. Chiou, J. H. Reynolds, W. B. Clarke. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.92, 43 (1989)., [171] B. E. Lehmann, R. Purtschert. Appl. Geochem.12, 727 (1997)., [172] H. Z. Loosli, B. E. Lehmann, W. M. Smethie, Jr. “Noble gas radioisotopes: 37Ar, 85Kr, 39Ar, 81Kr”, in Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology, P. G. Cook and A. L. Herczeg (Eds.), Kluwer, Boston (2000)., [173] R. Yokochi, N. C. Sturchio, R. Purtschert. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta88, 19 (2012)..
Isotopes in Industry
38K (half-life of 7.6 min), which is produced by the reactions 38Ar (p, n) 38K and 40Ar (n, 3n) 38K, is a widely used blood-flow tracer. Because 38Ar is more expensive, 40Ar, which also offers many additional advantages as a target, is more commonly used to produce 38K for medical purposes [176] K. Nagatsu, A. Kubodera, K. Suzuki. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1505 (1998)., [177] J. R. Mercer, M. J. M. Duke, S. A. McQuarrie. Appl. Radiat. Isot.52, 1413 (2000).. 41Ar (half-life of 1.82 h) is used as an industrial gas-flow tracer to help track the movement of gases because its inert properties, half-life, and gamma radiation make it well suited for this purpose [177] J. R. Mercer, M. J. M. Duke, S. A. McQuarrie. Appl. Radiat. Isot.52, 1413 (2000)..
Argon has no stable neutral compounds under ordinary conditions, and its chemistry is extremely limited compared with heavier noble gases. The best established neutral argon compound is argon fluorohydride, HArF, made in cryogenic matrices and stable only at very low temperature. Argon can form ions and weakly bound complexes in plasmas, mass spectrometers, and solids, including ArH⁺ and van der Waals adducts. Clathrate-like trapping of argon in cages is physical inclusion rather than normal valence chemistry.
See more information at the Argon compound page.
Argon is not chemically toxic and is nonflammable, but it is an asphyxiant because it can displace breathable air, especially in confined or low-lying spaces. Liquid argon can cause severe cold burns and can embrittle some materials. Gas released from cryogenic liquid expands strongly and may create oxygen-deficient atmospheres. High-pressure cylinders add mechanical and handling hazards.
Atmospheric argon is well mixed and chemically persistent because it reacts only under exceptional conditions. Natural ⁴⁰Ar accumulates from decay of ⁴⁰K within minerals and is released slowly by weathering, volcanism, and degassing. Argon has no known biological role and is not a greenhouse gas of practical concern, since it does not absorb strongly in the main thermal infrared bands under atmospheric conditions.
Commercial argon is obtained almost entirely by fractional distillation of liquefied air, usually as a coproduct of large oxygen and nitrogen plants. Supply is therefore tied to industrial gas infrastructure and to demand for bulk oxygen in steelmaking, chemicals, and other sectors. Ultra-high-purity grades require additional purification to remove oxygen, nitrogen, water, and hydrocarbons. Recycling is uncommon for general welding use but can be economical in closed or high-purity systems such as specialized metallurgy and semiconductor processing.
The gas is prepared by fractionation of liquid air because the atmosphere contains 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 ppm of 36Ar.
Argon is a significant cosmic noble gas, produced mainly in massive stars during oxygen and silicon burning and dispersed by supernovae. In the Solar System it occurs in planetary atmospheres, meteorites, and the solar wind, but its abundance varies strongly because noble gases are readily lost from small or warm bodies. Radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar is especially important in rocky planets and in potassium-argon geochronology.
- Argon’s name comes from the Greek word for inactive, reflecting its chemical inertness.
- Atmospheric argon is mostly radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar, not primordial ³⁶Ar.
- Argon is denser than air, so leaks can accumulate in pits and poorly ventilated spaces.
- Potassium-argon dating depends on the retention of ⁴⁰Ar produced inside minerals.
- Argon is often preferred over helium when a heavier, less thermally conductive inert gas is useful.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 71 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 106 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 188 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 1.7837 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0242 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- गैस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- -189.35 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- -185.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 0.018 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.52 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 20.786 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- फलक-केंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 3.242
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- -1 eV (ऋणात्मक मान — परमाणु द्वारा अतिरिक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन बांधने की भविष्यवाणी नहीं)
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 15.759612 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 27.629765 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 40.73514 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 59.580205 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 74.840258 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- 0 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 8 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Ne] 3s2 3p6
ऊष्मागतिक
- त्रिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- -189.34 °C
- त्रिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 6.89e+4 Pa
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- -122.463 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 4.863e+6 Pa
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.01222988 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 0.06664248 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 0 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 18 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 22 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 26 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 3 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Ar-40
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1894
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 3.5 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 0.45 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 526 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 8 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-37-1 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ar
- InChI कुंजी
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Ar: 3s² 3p⁶[Ne] 3s² 3p⁶1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36 स्थिर | 35.967545105 ± 0.000000028 | 0.3336% | स्थिर |
| 38 स्थिर | 37.96273211 ± 0.00000021 | 0.0629% | स्थिर |
| 40 स्थिर | 39.9623831237 ± 0.0000000024 | 99.6035% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: क्वथनांक (-185.85 °C) से 210.8 °C अधिक
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
वर्तमान T पर आदर्श गैस नियम से अनुमानित
उन्नत
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
18 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ar I | 0 | 461 | 428 | 429 |
| Ar II | +1 | 2858 | 307 | 2858 |
| Ar III | +2 | 509 | 80 | 509 |
| Ar IV | +3 | 256 | 42 | 256 |
| Ar V | +4 | 111 | 18 | 111 |
| Ar VI | +5 | 104 | 6 | 104 |
| Ar VII | +6 | 218 | 21 | 218 |
| Ar VIII | +7 | 141 | 27 | 141 |
| Ar IX | +8 | 178 | 2 | 178 |
| Ar X | +9 | 92 | 1 | 92 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Ar I | 0 | 504 |
| Ar II | +1 | 419 |
| Ar III | +2 | 125 |
| Ar IV | +3 | 58 |
| Ar V | +4 | 49 |
| Ar VI | +5 | 44 |
| Ar VII | +6 | 95 |
| Ar VIII | +7 | 72 |
| Ar IX | +8 | 98 |
| Ar X | +9 | 71 |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (3)
Naturally occurring argon is a mixture of three isotopes. Twelve other radioactive isotopes are known to exist.
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 36 स्थिर | 35.967545105 ± 0.000000028 | 0.3336% ± 0.0021% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 38 स्थिर | 37.96273211 ± 0.00000021 | 0.0629% ± 0.0007% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 40 स्थिर | 39.9623831237 ± 0.0000000024 | 99.6035% ± 0.0025% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
1065 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 458.989759 nm | 25704 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 472.686807 nm | 23442 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 696.543 nm | 10000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 706.72175 nm | 10000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 738.39801 nm | 10000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 440.098598 nm | 8710 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 501.716264 nm | 7413 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 476.486444 nm | 2344 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 460.956692 nm | 2291 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 487.986345 nm | 2239 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 727.29354 nm | 2000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 427.752786 nm | 1995 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 434.806354 nm | 1995 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 480.602014 nm | 1820 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 454.505166 nm | 1738 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 442.60008 nm | 1514 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.79009 nm | 1445 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 473.590548 nm | 1000 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 714.7041 nm | 1000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 413.172327 nm | 891 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 496.507942 nm | 891 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 457.934934 nm | 871 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 484.780955 nm | 832 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 437.988058 nm | 794 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2S* → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5s 2P | मापित | NIST | |
| 407.200431 nm | 708 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 443.018862 nm | 661 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 448.181045 nm | 646 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 437.075295 nm | 617 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.119915 nm | 603 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 437.966649 nm | 550 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 611.492319 nm | 537 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).3d 2G → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 410.391181 nm | 447 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5s 4P | मापित | NIST | |
| 617.227751 nm | 407 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).3d 2G → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 415.85907 nm | 400 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 420.067472 nm | 400 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 506.203703 nm | 398 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 437.132854 nm | 355 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 500.93342 nm | 355 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.475916 nm | 347 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 422.815775 nm | 331 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.289342 nm | 288 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 426.652661 nm | 288 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 488.904194 nm | 288 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 423.721956 nm | 269 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 664.369734 nm | 269 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4F → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 385.058079 nm | 263 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 440.009637 nm | 257 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 443.099589 nm | 251 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 493.320891 nm | 251 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 514.17826 nm | 224 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 96 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 107 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 96 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Bondi
- 188 pm
- Alvarez
- 194 pm
- UFF
- 386.8 pm
- MM3
- 199 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 197 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 114
- Pettifor
- 3
- Glawe
- 3
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 11.083 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.007 a.u.
- C₆
- 64.2 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 67.4 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक बंधुता
- प्रोटॉन बंधुता
- 369.2 kJ/mol
- गैसीय क्षारकता
- 346.3 kJ/mol
उत्कृष्ट गैसों के गुण
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 83.81 K |
| क्वथनांक | 87.3 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 150.69 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब) | 4.86 MPa |
| त्रिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 83.81 K |
| त्रिक बिंदु (दाब) | 68.89 kPa |
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (5)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.4925 |
| 2 | p | 3.9918 |
| 2 | s | 5.7696 |
| 3 | p | 11.2359 |
| 3 | s | 10.2432 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (46)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 29 | 2p | 100% |
| 30 | 2p | 100% |
| 31 | B+ | 100% |
| 31 | B+p | 68.3% |
| 31 | 2p | 9% |
| 31 | B+pA | 0.4% |
| 31 | 3p | 0.1% |
| 31 | B+A | 0% |
| 31 | 2p | 0% |
| 32 | B+ | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (506)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.5 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4.5×10-1 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The gas is prepared by fractionation of liquid air because the atmosphere contains 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 ppm of 36Ar.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Argon https://periodic.lanl.gov/18.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Argon.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.