Phosphorus (P)
nonmetalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
30.973762 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Ne] 3s2 3p3गलनांक
44.15 °Cक्वथनांक
280.5 °Cघनत्व
1820 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
2.19आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
10.486686 eVखोज का वर्ष
1669परमाणु त्रिज्या
100 pmविवरण
Phosphorus is a reactive nonmetal in group 15 and is essential to life as a component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and energy-transfer molecules. It does not occur naturally as the free element because it is readily oxidized, but it is abundant in phosphate minerals. Elemental phosphorus is notable for its several allotropes, especially highly reactive white phosphorus and more stable red and black forms.
Phosphorus exists in four or more allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid; when pure it is colorless and transparent. White phosphorus has two modifications: alpha and beta with a transition temperature at -3.8°C.
It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. It takes fire spontaneously in air, burning to the pentoxide.
The name derives from the Greek phosphoros for "bringing light" because it has the property of glowing in the dark. This was also the ancient name for the planet Venus, when it appears before sunrise. Phosphorus was discovered by the German merchant Hennig Brand in 1669.
In what is perhaps the most disgusting method of discovering an element, phosphorus was first isolated in 1669 by Hennig Brand, a German physician and alchemist, by boiling, filtering and otherwise processing as many as 60 buckets of urine. Thankfully, phosphorus is now primarily obtained from phosphate rock (Ca3(PO4)2).
From the Greek phosphoros, light bearing; ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise. Brand discovered phosphorus in 1669 by preparing it from urine.
White phosphorus consists of soft, waxy, pale material made of P₄ molecules and may glow faintly in air. Red phosphorus is a dark red to violet amorphous or polymeric solid. Black phosphorus is a layered, dark, graphite-like crystalline solid and is the most thermodynamically stable allotrope at ordinary conditions.
Most phosphorus is used indirectly through phosphate compounds, especially fertilizers, animal feed supplements, detergents where permitted, food additives, and industrial phosphates. Elemental white phosphorus has military use in smoke, illumination, and incendiary munitions, subject to legal restrictions. Red phosphorus is used on safety-match striking surfaces, in some flame-retardant systems, and as a reagent in chemical synthesis. Black phosphorus is studied for electronic and optoelectronic materials, but it is not a bulk commodity.
Phosphorus has three main allotropes: white, red and black. White phosphorus is poisonous and can spontaneously ignite when it comes in contact with air. For this reason, white phosphorus must be stored under water and is usually used to produce phosphorus compounds. Red phosphorus is formed by heating white phosphorus to 250°C (482°F) or by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight. Red phosphorus is not poisonous and is not as dangerous as white phosphorus, although frictional heating is enough to change it back to white phosphorus. Red phosphorus is used in safety matches, fireworks, smoke bombs and pesticides. Black phosphorus is also formed by heating white phosphorus, but a mercury catalyst and a seed crystal of black phosphorus are required. Black phosphorus is the least reactive form of phosphorus and has no significant commercial uses.
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is used in soft drinks and to create many phosphate compounds, such as triple superphosphate fertilizer (Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O). Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) is used as a cleaning agent and as a water softener. Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) is used to make china and in the production of baking powder. Some phosphorus compounds glow in the dark or emit light in response to absorbing radiation and are used in fluorescent light bulbs and television sets.
In recent years, concentrated phosphoric acids, which may contain as much as 70% to 75% P2O5 content, have become of great importance to agriculture and farm production. World-wide demand for fertilizers has caused record phosphate production. Phosphates are used in the production of special glasses, such as those used for sodium lamps.
Bone-ash calcium phosphate is used to create fine chinaware and to produce mono-calcium phosphate, used in baking powder.
Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze, and many other products. Trisodium phosphate is important as a cleaning agent, as a water softener, and for preventing boiler scale and corrosion of pipes and boiler tubes.
Phosphorus is also an essential ingredient of all cell protoplasm, nervous tissue, and bones.
Isotopes in Biology
32P (half-life of 14.3 days) is a radioactive isotope of phosphorus that is used to help understand the biological and chemical processes in plants. It is chemically identical to other isotopes of phosphorous and can be substituted in biological and chemical reactions. For example, a phosphate solution containing 32P (which has the identical behavior of non-radioactive 31P) can be inserted into the roots of a plant and its movement can then be tracked throughout the plant with the use of a Geiger counter. This movement detection study helps scientists to better understand how plants use phosphorous to reproduce and grow [131] B. Singh, J. Singh, A. Kaur. Int. J. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Res.4, 167 (2013)., [132] S. N. Levine, M. P. Stainton, D. W. Schindler. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.Sci.43, 366 (1986)..
At the molecular level, 32P can substitute for 31P in nucleotides of DNA or RNA (ribonucleic acid, a single stranded molecule that regulates genes). Radioactive probes can be created to help identify the presence, absence, and quantity of genes in a system [133] E. K. J. Pauwels, F. J. Cleton. Radiother. Oncol.1, 333 (1984)., [134] C. B. Wilson, A. A. Epenetos. Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol.1, 115 (1987)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
32P has been used as a tracer to help determine phosphorus nutrient cycling in eutrophied lakes (lakes rich in organic and mineral nutrients commonly leading to the excessive growth of phytoplankton, a self-feeding water organism) (Fig. IUPAC.15.1). In one experiment, phosphoric acid labeled with 32P was added to a lake that had been experimentally eutrophied. 32P was measured in microphytoplankton (plankton visible only with a microscope), phytoplankton, and zooplankton (tiny animals that live suspended in fresh or salt water), and the amount of incorporated 32P was determined [132] S. N. Levine, M. P. Stainton, D. W. Schindler. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.Sci.43, 366 (1986)..
33P has been used to better understand phosphorus dynamics in the environment at the sediment-surface level. Phosphorus is a necessary nutrient for many biota (the plant and animal life of a particular habitat, region, or geological period). Understanding bioavailability and sorption (bonding) of this nutrient to particles in soil is important for understanding ecosystem health. Organic and inorganic phosphorus substrates isotopically labeled with 33P can be tracked within a sediment system to determine their transport properties and availability to biota [135] L. Tuominen, H. Hartikainen, T. Kairesalo, P. Tallberg. Water Res.32, 2001 (1998)..
Isotopes in Industry
32P was added to tires in the 1950s by Goodrich Laboratories to help determine the location and depth of tire wear in performance tests [136] Popular Science Monthly: Mechanic and Handicraft, 91 (1951)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Beta emissions from the radioactive isotope 32P can be used in drug therapy of cancerous bone masses. By injecting a patient with a 32P pharmaceutical, tumors and other cells can be targeted for cell death, which also helps to alleviate pain [137] E. B. Silberstein, A. H. Elgazzar, A. Kapilivsky. Semin. Nucl. Med.22, 17 (1992)., [138] S. C. Srivastava. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol.45, 45 (2002).. For example, Polycythemia vera is the condition of having excess red blood cells in the bone marrow: 32P can be used to treat this condition by reducing the number of red blood cells. However, there is no cure for this condition [139] Mayo Clinic staff. Polycythemia Vera: Treatments and Drugs, Mayo Clinic (2017), April 4; http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polycythemia-vera/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20307498.. Using a 32P labeled bio-silicone product, 32P has been used as the radioactive target in brachytherapy of solid tumors in the lung [140] A. S. W. Goh, A. Y. F. Chung, R. H. G. Lo, T. N. Lau, S. W. K. Yu, M. Chng, S. Satchithanantham, S. L. E. Loong, D. C. E. Ng, B. C. Lim, S. Connor, P. K. H. Chow. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.67, 786 (2007).. Depending on the type of 32P-labeled compound (antibody or pharmaceutical drug), when it is ingested or injected into the body, specific body parts (blood, tumors, joints, or bones) can be targeted for visualization and imaged using a gamma camera. This is useful for imaging cancer sites and for treatment monitoring of oncologic patients [133] E. K. J. Pauwels, F. J. Cleton. Radiother. Oncol.1, 333 (1984)., [134] C. B. Wilson, A. A. Epenetos. Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol.1, 115 (1987)., [138] S. C. Srivastava. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol.45, 45 (2002)..
Phosphorus commonly forms compounds in the −3, +3, and +5 oxidation states. Phosphate chemistry, based on the PO₄³⁻ ion, dominates its geology and biology; calcium phosphate phases include apatite minerals and bone mineral. Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) is a major industrial acid and a precursor to many salts. Phosphorus trichloride (PCl₃) and phosphorus pentachloride (PCl₅) are important chlorinating and phosphorus-transfer reagents. Phosphine (PH₃) contains phosphorus in a reduced state and is toxic and flammable.
See more information at the Phosphorus compound page.
White phosphorus is pyrophoric, causes severe chemical burns, and is acutely toxic; it is commonly stored under water or inert atmosphere. Red phosphorus is much less reactive but can ignite if finely divided or contaminated with oxidants. Phosphine (PH₃) is a highly poisonous gas. Phosphate nutrients are biologically necessary, but concentrated acids, salts, dusts, and industrial reagents require normal chemical controls.
Phosphorus is very poisonous, 50 mg constituting an approximate fatal dose. Exposure to white phosphorus should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average per 40-hour work week). White phosphorus should be kept under water (as it is dangerously reactive in air) and should be handled with forceps, as contact with the skin may cause severe burns.
Phosphorus cycles mainly as phosphate in rocks, soils, waters, and organisms. Weathering releases phosphate, while biological uptake and sedimentation return it to soils and aquatic sediments. It is often a limiting nutrient in freshwater and some terrestrial systems. Excess runoff from fertilizers, manure, and wastewater can promote eutrophication and harmful algal growth. There is no significant atmospheric reservoir comparable to nitrogen.
Phosphorus supply is based chiefly on mining phosphate rock, especially apatite-rich sedimentary deposits and some igneous deposits. Most mined material is converted to phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) or processed directly for fertilizer production. Elemental phosphorus is made industrially by reducing phosphate rock with carbon in electric furnaces in the presence of silica, but this route is energy intensive and serves smaller chemical markets. Supply concerns focus on ore grade, impurities such as cadmium or uranium in some deposits, transport costs, and the concentration of high-quality reserves. Recycling from manure, sewage sludge, and food-system wastes is increasingly important but not yet a full substitute for mined phosphate.
Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. Phosphate rock, which contains the mineral apatite, an impure tri-calcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in Russia, in Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere.
Phosphorus is far less abundant cosmically than carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. It is produced in massive stars and supernova-related nucleosynthesis and is incorporated into interstellar dust, meteorites, and planetary crusts. In the Solar System it occurs mainly in phosphate minerals and, in reduced meteoritic settings, in phosphides such as schreibersite.
- White phosphorus was historically called a light-bearing substance because it slowly oxidizes and glows in moist air.
- Safety matches separate the oxidizer in the match head from red phosphorus on the striking surface.
- Black phosphorus can be exfoliated into phosphorene, a two-dimensional semiconductor studied in research.
- Phosphate rock may contain variable trace metals, so ore source affects fertilizer impurity profiles.
- Phosphorus has only one stable isotope, ³¹P.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 100 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 107 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 180 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 110 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 1820 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.017 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 44.15 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 280.5 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.769 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 23.824 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.19 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 2.253
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.7466 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 10.486686 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 19.769558 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 30.202744 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 51.444047 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 65.025334 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 5 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- अपररूप
- ["red", "white"]
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Ne] 3s2 3p3
ऊष्मागतिक
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- 721 °C
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.00684044 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 0.12851739 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 3.271597 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 3.271597 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 3.280303 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 15 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 16 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 24 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 1 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- P-31
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1669
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 1050 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 0.06 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 717 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 5 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7723-14-0 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/P
- InChI कुंजी
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
P: 3s² 3p³[Ne] 3s² 3p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p³परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31 स्थिर | 30.97376199842 ± 0.0000000007 | 100.0000% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (44.15 °C) से 19.2 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
उन्नत
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
15 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P I | 0 | 258 | 132 | 133 |
| P II | +1 | 100 | 73 | 73 |
| P III | +2 | 70 | 23 | 23 |
| P IV | +3 | 129 | 78 | 78 |
| P V | +4 | 48 | 30 | 30 |
| P VI | +5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| P VII | +6 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| P VIII | +7 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| P IX | +8 | 47 | 47 | 47 |
| P X | +9 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| P I | 0 | 289 |
| P II | +1 | 162 |
| P III | +2 | 129 |
| P IV | +3 | 211 |
| P V | +4 | 68 |
| P VI | +5 | 60 |
| P VII | +6 | 62 |
| P VIII | +7 | 65 |
| P IX | +8 | 48 |
| P X | +9 | 58 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 44 pm |
| +5 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 17 pm |
| +5 | 5 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 28.999999999999996 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 38 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (1)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 स्थिर | 30.97376199842 ± 0.0000000007 | 100.0000% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
122 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 460.2069 nm | 600 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3D → 3s2.3p.4d 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 422.2198 nm | 500 | P III | emission | 3s2.4s 2S → 3s2.4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 458.8032 nm | 500 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3D → 3s2.3p.4d 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 458.9846 nm | 500 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3D → 3s2.3p.4d 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 494.3497 nm | 500 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3D → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 602.418 nm | 500 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 604.308 nm | 500 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 405.9312 nm | 400 | P III | emission | 3s2.3d 2D → 3s2.4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 442.0712 nm | 400 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 1P* → 3s2.3p.4p 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 529.6077 nm | 400 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 542.588 nm | 400 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 545.0709 nm | 400 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3P → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 603.404 nm | 400 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 424.672 nm | 350 | P III | emission | 3s2.4s 2S → 3s2.4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 608.784 nm | 350 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 616.56 nm | 350 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 395.7641 nm | 300 | P III | emission | 3s.3p.(3P*).4s 4P* → 3s.3p.(3P*).4p 4P | मापित | NIST | |
| 408.0089 nm | 300 | P III | emission | 3s2.3d 2D → 3s2.4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 424.9655 nm | 300 | P IV | emission | 3s.4s 1S → 3s.4p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 462.6708 nm | 300 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3D → 3s2.3p.4d 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 465.8309 nm | 300 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3D → 3s2.3p.4d 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 495.4367 nm | 300 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3D → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 496.9701 nm | 300 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3D → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 525.3479 nm | 300 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 1P* → 3s2.3p.4p 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 534.4729 nm | 300 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 538.6895 nm | 300 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 531.6055 nm | 250 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 537.8192 nm | 250 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3P → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 558.8301 nm | 250 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3S → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 605.55 nm | 250 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 1D → 3s2.3p.5s 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 390.4811 nm | 200 | P III | emission | 3s.3p.(3P*).4s 4P* → 3s.3p.(3P*).4p 4P | मापित | NIST | |
| 405.7449 nm | 200 | P III | emission | 3s2.3d 2D → 3s2.4p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 438.5393 nm | 200 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 1P → 3s2.3p.5s 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.527 nm | 200 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3P → 3s2.3p.4d 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.923 nm | 200 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 1D → 3s2.3p.4d 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 486.4426 nm | 200 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3D → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 540.9722 nm | 200 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 548.3519 nm | 200 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3P → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 549.9697 nm | 200 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 550.7174 nm | 200 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3P → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 554.1139 nm | 200 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3P → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 558.3235 nm | 200 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3P → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 534.5854 nm | 180 | P I | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 547.7672 nm | 180 | P I | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).5p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 716.547 nm | 180 | P I | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).5d 4F | मापित | NIST | |
| 717.666 nm | 180 | P I | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).5d 4F | मापित | NIST | |
| 492.7197 nm | 150 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4p 3D → 3s2.3p.5s 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 519.1393 nm | 150 | P II | emission | 3s2.3p.4s 3P* → 3s2.3p.4p 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 510.9625 nm | 140 | P I | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).5p 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 515.4842 nm | 140 | P I | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).5p 4D* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 111 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 102 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 94 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Bondi
- 180 pm
- Batsanov
- 195 pm
- Alvarez
- 190 pm
- UFF
- 414.7 pm
- MM3
- 222 pm
- Dreiding
- 415 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 223 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 128 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 94
- Pettifor
- 90
- Glawe
- 89
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 6
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 25 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 1 a.u.
- C₆
- 185 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 187 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक बंधुता
- प्रोटॉन बंधुता
- 626.8 kJ/mol
- गैसीय क्षारकता
- 604.8 kJ/mol
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 8.6 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 4
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 39
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 5
- भंडार वितरण
- 45
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 29
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 317.3 K |
| क्वथनांक | 553.65 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 994.15 K |
| गलनांक | 852.35 K |
| क्वथनांक | 704.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 994.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (5)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.4422 |
| 2 | p | 4.0388 |
| 2 | s | 5.175 |
| 3 | p | 10.1136 |
| 3 | s | 9.3582 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (4)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 58 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 5 | IV | 31 | ||
| 5 | V | 43 | ||
| 5 | VI | 52 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (50)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 24 | p | — |
| 24 | B+ | — |
| 24 | B+p | — |
| 25 | p | — |
| 26 | B+ | 100% |
| 26 | B+p | 35.1% |
| 26 | 2p | 2% |
| 27 | B+ | 100% |
| 27 | B+p | 0.1% |
| 28 | B+ | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (504)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 8.47738 |
| 10.1617 | — | 8.27092 |
| 10.3261 | — | 8.06949 |
| 10.4931 | — | 7.87297 |
| 10.6628 | — | 7.68123 |
| 10.8353 | — | 7.49416 |
| 11.0106 | — | 7.31165 |
| 11.1886 | — | 7.13359 |
| 11.3696 | — | 6.95985 |
| 11.5535 | — | 6.79035 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.05×103 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Phosphorus https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele015.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
6×10-2 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Phosphorus https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele015.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. Phosphate rock, which contains the mineral apatite, an impure tri-calcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in Russia, in Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Phosphorus https://periodic.lanl.gov/15.shtml
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
White phosphorus may be made by several methods. By one process, tri-calcium phosphate, the essential ingredient of phosphate rock, is heated in the presence of carbon and silica in an electric furnace or fuel-fired furnace. Elementary phosphorus is liberated as vapor and may be collected under phosphoric acid, an important compound in making super-phosphate fertilizers.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Phosphorus https://periodic.lanl.gov/15.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Phosphorus.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.